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Die Vorsteherin des EJPD hat angeordnet, dass die Regierung der Republik und des Kantons Tessin bis zum 1. April 2000 das Casino Admiral, das zurzeit 75 Personen beschäftigt - davon leben 64 im Tessin - schliessen muss. Diese Anordnung wurde von der kantonalen Presse verbreitet und hat bei den Partnern und den Zulieferern des Casinos Admiral und vor allem bei den Familien, deren Mitglieder von der Kündigung bedroht sind, grosse Sorgen ausgelöst.

Das Casino Admiral hat seit seiner Eröffnung (November 1997) bis heute nie Anlass zu irgendwelchen Klagen oder Beschwerden gegeben. Hingegen ist es das bestbesuchte Casino der Schweiz (1200 Besucherinnen und Besucher pro Tag, 400 000 im Jahr). Es geniesst national wie international einen ausgezeichneten Ruf.

a. Zudem verzeichnet es einen Jahresumsatz von über 50 Millionen Franken.

b. Aufgrund dieser Zahlen hat es 17,1 Millionen Franken Abgaben in den zwei Jahren 1998/99 entrichtet - Abgaben an die Gemeinde Mendrisio sowie Gemeinde-, Kantons- und Bundessteuern.

c. Im gleichen Zeitraum hat das Casino Admiral 10,82 Millionen für Mietzinsen, verschiedene Anschaffungen, Werbeinvestitionen, berufliche Weiterbildung und Werbung tout court ausgegeben.

d. Die Anfangsinvestitionen - für \"Mendrisio 1\" und \"Mendrisio 2\" - belaufen sich auf rund 22 Millionen Franken.

Der Admiral-Komplex umfasst auch ein Theater mit 522 Sitzplätzen, einen Saal für Kongresse und Bankette, eine mit allem Notwendigen ausgestattete Küche, zwei Restaurants und verschiedene Konferenzsäle, die regelmässig von bedeutenden Firmen der Gegend wie auch des ganzen Kantons benutzt werden.

Die juristischen Gründe, die das EJPD in der Schliessungsverfügung anführt, stellen eine offensichtliche Ungleichbehandlung des Casinos Admiral im Vergleich zu anderen Spielbanken in der Schweiz (ganz besonders zu denjenigen von Biel und Schaffhausen) dar. Zudem hat das Casino Admiral bereits vor dem Inkrafttreten des Moratoriums ein Gesuch sowohl um die Bewilligung des Kantons wie auch um diejenige des Bundes gestellt. Die Bewilligung des Kantons hat es erhalten, diejenige des Bundes ist seit 1995 hängig.

","affair_title",24129,"19993642_5","Eingereichter Text","

Ich ersuche den Bundesrat um Antwort auf folgende Fragen:

1. Ist er nicht auch der Ansicht, dass gegenüber dem Casino Admiral in Mendrisio, dessen Gesuch von 1995 noch immer nicht beantwortet ist, ein Fall von Rechtsverweigerung vorliegt?

2. Wurde das Casino Admiral nicht anders behandelt als andere Strukturen (namentlich Biel und Schaffhausen), die sich eigentlich in derselben Situation befanden, aber im Gegensatz zu Mendrisio eine Bewilligung für das Boulespiel erhalten haben?

3. Ist er nicht auch der Ansicht, dass das Schneckentempo, mit dem das Eidgenössische Justiz- und Polizeidepartement (EJPD) das neue Spielbankengesetz (SBG) und die dazugehörende Verordnung (noch immer nicht fertig) ausgearbeitet hat, mitverantwortlich ist für diese Situation?

4. Stimmt es, dass das Gesuch der Stadt Biel aufgrund mündlicher Versprechen von Beamten, die für den Entscheid über die Bewilligung für das Boulespiel nicht einmal zuständig waren, positiv beantwortet wurde?

5. Ist es zulässig und gerecht, dass das Schicksal des Gesuches des Casinos Admiral von einer abweichenden (und völlig unhaltbaren) Meinung von Beamten abhängt, die für die Erteilung der Bewilligung für das Boulespiel nicht einmal zuständig sind?

6. Gedenkt der Bundesrat, das Verhalten dieser Beamten zu überprüfen, um herauszufinden, ob sie gegenüber dem Gesuch des Casinos Admiral nicht voreingenommen waren?

7. Wurde das Parlament bei der Abstimmung über die Übergangsbestimmungen im neuen SBG umfassend informiert über die Lage, in der sich das Casino Admiral befindet, über die Art und Weise, wie sein Gesuch behandelt wurde, und über das, was im Gegensatz dazu im Fall von Biel und Schaffhausen geschehen ist?

8. Hatte die Vorsteherin des EJPD, als sie die Schliessung des Casinos Admiral verfügte, Kenntnis von allen in dieser Interpellation aufgeführten Elementen?

9. Gedenkt sie nicht, auf ihren Entscheid vom 16. Dezember 1999 zurückzukommen, das am 24. April 1996 beschlossene Moratorium aufzuheben und über das Gesuch des Casinos Admiral zu entscheiden?

10. Oder will sie nicht als Alternative Lösungen vorschlagen, so dass die Schliessung des Casinos Admiral verhindert werden könnte, eine Schliessung, die sich auf die ganze Region des Mendrisiotto, die zu den von der schlechten Wirtschaftslage der Neunzigerjahre am stärksten betroffenen Regionen gehört, negativ auswirken würde?

",24128,"19993642_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Zur Chronologie der Ereignisse

Im Verlauf des ersten Quartals 1996 musste das EJPD feststellen, dass die Situation im Bereich der Kursäle und der Geldspielautomaten aufgrund eines unerwartet dynamischen Booms ausser Kontrolle zu geraten und das neue SBG zu präjudizieren drohte. Deshalb wurden die Vertreter der Kantone Ende März 1996 anlässlich der Konferenz der kantonalen Justiz- und Polizeidirektoren vom damaligen Vorsteher des EJPD informiert, dass er dem Bundesrat ein Moratorium für die Erteilung kantonaler Boulespielbewilligungen und die grundsätzliche Überprüfung der Homologationspraxis für Geldspielautomaten beantragen werde. Der entsprechende Beschluss des Bundesrates vom 24. April 1996 wurde den Kantonen und den übrigen Interessierten in geeigneter Form mitgeteilt. Dies galt auch für die Casinobetreiber von Mendrisio, deren Gesuch um Genehmigung der kantonalen Boulespielbewilligung beim Bund hängig war. Sie wurden auch darüber informiert, dass ihr Gesuch unter das beschlossene Moratorium falle.

Nachdem Anfang 1997 in einigen Kantonen Tendenzen festgestellt werden mussten, die Zielsetzungen des bundesrätlichen Moratoriums zu unterlaufen, indem reine Automatencasinoprojekte ohne Boulespiel und somit ohne entsprechende Genehmigung des Bundes forciert wurden, sah sich der damalige Vorsteher des EJPD gezwungen, dies in einem Rundschreiben an alle Kantone bzw. in einem speziellen Schreiben vom 27. Juni 1997 an den Kanton Tessin mitzuteilen und ausdrücklich vor solchen Vorhaben zu warnen. Er führte namentlich aus, dass die Errichtung solcher Automatencasinos auf eigene Verantwortung bzw. eigenes Risiko geschehe. Diese Warnung gab die Tessiner Kantonsregierung in einem Schreiben vom 8. Juli 1997 an die Initianten des Projektes Mendrisio weiter und lehnte ausdrücklich jegliche Verantwortlichkeit des Kantons Tessin oder der Eidgenossenschaft ab für den Fall, dass sich das Risiko realisieren würde.

Weil sich das Casino Admiral nicht an diese Warnung hielt und im November 1997 seinen Betrieb dennoch eröffnete, sah sich der Bundesrat gezwungen, nicht zuletzt auch wegen der dadurch ausgehenden Signalwirkung für weitere Automatencasinoprojekte am 22. April 1998 mit dem Erlass der Geldspielautomatenverordnung zum zweiten Mal die Notbremse zu ziehen. Die Rechtmässigkeit dieser Massnahme hat das Bundesgericht inzwischen vollumfänglich bestätigt. Auch das Parlament hat die neue bundesrätliche Geldspielpolitik mit der Verabschiedung des neuen SBG - insbesondere auch der hart umstrittenen Übergangsregelung - grundsätzlich unterstützt. Laut Übergangsregelung erhalten nur jene bestehenden Kursäle eine provisorische Konzession, die über eine vom Bund genehmigte Boulespielbewilligung verfügen. Verschiedene Anträge, die u. a. dem Casino Admiral den vorläufigen Weiterbetrieb nach Inkraftsetzung des neuen SBG erlaubt hätten, wurden abgelehnt.

Im vergangenen Dezember prüfte der Bundesrat, ob die Aufhebung des Moratoriums ein gangbarer Weg sei, um die Schliessung der Automatencasinos zu verhindern. Er hat u. a. deshalb davon abgesehen, weil dadurch die zahlreichen Kantone bzw. Projekte gestraft würden, die sich an das Moratorium und die spätere Warnung gehalten haben. Profitieren würden dagegen einzelne Projekte, welche das Moratorium und die Warnungen missachtet haben. Eine solche Situation kann der Bundesrat nicht verantworten. Der Bundesrat fällte keinen neuen Entscheid, sondern bestätigte die Rechtslage, nach der das Casino Admiral mit der Inkraftsetzung des neuen SBG schliessen muss.

Zu den Fragen im Einzelnen:

1. Sowohl die Tessiner Behörden wie auch das Casino Admiral wurden bereits im Jahre 1996 vom EJPD darüber ins Bild gesetzt, dass die Verordnung vom 1. März 1929 über den Spielbetrieb in Kursälen dem Bundesrat einen sehr grossen Ermessensspielraum bei der Genehmigung kantonaler Boulespielbewilligungen einräumt. In diesem Zusammenhang ist entscheidend, dass die Genehmigung einer Boulespielbewilligung durch den Bundesrat konstitutiven und nicht bloss deklarativen Charakter hat und kein Rechtsanspruch auf eine Genehmigung eines Projektes durch den Bundesrat besteht. Das ist nicht nur im Falle von Mendrisio so, sondern auch bei den übrigen elf Gesuchen, die vor (Leukerbad, Biel und Schaffhausen) bzw. nach dem Moratorium eingereicht wurden. Der erwähnte Ermessensspielraum ist auch Ausgangsbasis für das Moratorium, welches der Bundesrat am 24. April 1996 beschlossen hatte, weil sonst die extreme Steigerung der Anzahl bzw. die ungleiche Verteilung der Kursäle in den verschiedenen Kantonen bzw. Regionen die Arbeiten am neuen SBG bzw. dessen Zielsetzungen präjudiziert hätte.

2. Gleich wie das Gesuch von Mendrisio wurde auch das Gesuch von Leukerbad behandelt. Beide wurden dem Bund vor dem Moratoriumsbeschluss zur Genehmigung unterbreitet, und beide fielen unter das Moratorium.

Das Gesuch des Regierungsrates des Kantons Tessin für den Kursaal Mendrisio ging Mitte November 1995 bei den Bundesbehörden ein. Nachdem diese bei den Tessiner Behörden noch fehlende Unterlagen eingefordert hatten (bei den Gesuchen von Biel und Schaffhausen war dies nicht mehr notwendig, weil diese bereits im Frühjahr/Sommer 1995 mit dem Bundesamt für Polizeiwesen Kontakt aufgenommen hatten und ihre Gesuche vor der Einreichung entsprechend vorbereiten konnten), konnte die eigentliche Prüfung des Gesuches an die Hand genommen werden. Zunächst wurde die Prüfung aus verfahrensökonomischen Gründen auf die umstrittene Frage beschränkt, ob Mendrisio aufgrund der geographischen Nähe zum nur etwa 15 Autobahnkilometer entfernten, bestehenden Kursaalstandort Lugano einen eigenständigen Fremdenverkehrsplatz im Sinne von Artikel 1 der Verordnung über den Spielbetrieb in Kursälen darstelle. Anlass für die Bundesbehörden zur Überprüfung dieser Frage bestand umso mehr, als der damalige Kursaal in Stabio, das sich in unmittelbarer Nähe von Mendrisio befindet, im Jahre 1986 selbst darum gebeten hatte, den Betrieb mangels Besucherfrequenzen bzw. fehlender Rentabilität des Boulespiels schliessen zu dürfen.

Das bedeutete, dass für den Bund objektiv grosse Bedenken bestehen mussten, ob ein Kursaal mit Boulespiel im Mendrisiotto die Voraussetzungen von Artikel 1 der Verordnung über den Spielbetrieb in Kursälen erfüllte. Zur Abklärung dieses Sachverhalts fanden neben telephonischen und schriftlichen Kontakten auch mehrere Sitzungen und schliesslich Mitte Februar 1996 ein Augenschein vor Ort statt. Neben der Klärung der (Vor-)Frage betreffend der Eigenständigkeit des Fremdenverkehrsplatzes konnte die Überprüfung der weiteren Genehmigungsvoraussetzungen (z. B. Rechtsform, Zusammensetzung, Finanzierung der Trägerschaft eines Kursaals, räumliche Voraussetzungen) bis zum Erlass des Moratoriums nicht abgeschlossen werden. Hier war nicht klar, ob das Gesuch alle Voraussetzungen erfüllte.

Was die Gesuche von Schaffhausen und Biel betrifft, ist die Sachlage verschieden: Im Fall von Schaffhausen sind die Bundesbehörden bereits im Sommer 1995 erstmals kontaktiert worden, was den Gesuchstellern erlaubte, ihr Gesuch optimal vorzubereiten; das eigentliche Genehmigungsgesuch ging beim Bund am 5. Dezember 1995 ein. Die Prüfung des Gesuches war deshalb wesentlich einfacher und damit zeitsparender, so dass das EJPD das Gesuch am 12. März 1996 an den Bundesrat zur Beschlussfassung weiterleitete.

Was das Gesuch von Biel betrifft, war der Bundesrat gezwungen gewesen, eine Zusicherung des Bundesamtes für Polizeiwesen zu honorieren, welche im Rahmen der Vorprüfung des Projektes gemacht worden war, und die Genehmigung zu erteilen. Wäre diese Zusicherung nicht gemacht worden, wäre das Gesuch von Biel - nota bene genauso wie das Gesuch des Kantons Wallis betreffend Leukerbad - ohne weiteres auch unter das Moratorium gefallen und wäre nicht genehmigt worden. Das Gesuch von Mendrisio bzw. des Kantons Tessin ist demnach auch nicht das einzige, das vor dem Moratorium beim Bund eingereicht wurde und keine Genehmigung erhalten hat.

3. Die Erarbeitung des neuen SBG durch die Expertenkommission gestaltete sich - nachdem die Schweiz keine nennenswerte Erfahrung in diesem Bereich hatte und die gegenläufigen Interessen immer wieder heftig aufeinanderprallten - als sehr schwierig und zeitraubend. Hinzu kam, dass nach der Annahme des zukünftigen neuen Spielbankenartikels in der Bundesverfassung im Jahre 1993 die interessierten Kreise sehr ungeduldig wurden und - trotz nach wie vor geltendem Spielbankenverbot - möglichst rasch und zahlreich ins hochlukrative Casino- und Geldspielautomatengeschäft einsteigen wollten. Gerade dieser extrem grosse Druck hat zu dem eingangs beschriebenen Boom geführt und hat die Arbeiten am neuen SBG zusätzlich stark erschwert bzw. verzögert, weil sich der Bundesrat bzw. das EJPD mehrmals gezwungen sah, mit zum Teil einschneidenden Massnahmen die gesetzliche Ordnung wieder durchzusetzen (Moratorium, Erlass Geldspielautomatenverordnung).

Was die Situation von Mendrisio betrifft, erfolgte die Eröffnung des Casinobetriebes wie erwähnt in voller Kenntnis des eingegangenen Risikos. Es kann deshalb nicht angehen, dem EJPD nachträglich ein Mitverschulden für eine Situation zuzuschieben, vor deren Eintreten es zuvor ausdrücklich gewarnt hat. Im Übrigen haben die Betreiber in der Zwischenzeit bereits grossen finanziellen Nutzen aus ihrer Risikobereitschaft gezogen.

4. Mit Schreiben vom 17. November 1995 wurde das Gesuch um Genehmigung der kantonalen Boulespielbewilligung für den Kursaal Biel eingereicht, nachdem bereits am 2. August 1995 ein Gesuch um Vorprüfung eingegangen war. Aufgrund des fortgeschrittenen, positiv verlaufenen Prüfungsverfahrens wurde Vertretern des Kursaals Biel vom zuständigen Bundesamt zugesichert, dass man die Genehmigung des Gesuches beantragen werde. Gestützt auf diese Zusicherung tätigte der Kursaal Biel noch vor dem Moratoriumbeschluss des Bundesrates vom 24. April 1996 erhebliche Investitionen. Die Zusicherung bzw. die gestützt darauf erfolgten Investitionen veranlassten den Bundesrat, diese entsprechend der konstanten Bundesgerichtspraxis zu honorieren und die kantonale Boulespielbewilligung für den Kursaal Biel im Sinne einer einmaligen Ausnahme vom Moratorium am 9. Mai 1996 zu genehmigen.

5. Der Bundesrat hält fest, dass das \"Schicksal\" des Casinos Admiral keineswegs von der Meinung von Beamten abhängt, sondern vom Entscheid des Bundesrates bzw. des Parlamentes.

6. Der damalige Vorsteher des EJPD liess sich über die einzelnen Dossiers und Vorgänge - und dies gilt ganz besonders für Mendrisio - genau ins Bild setzen. Dem Bundesrat liegen keine Hinweise auf irgend eine Voreingenommenheit von Beamten des Bundes gegenüber dem Gesuch des Casinos Admiral vor, weshalb sich eine entsprechende Untersuchung erübrigt.

7. Es gibt kaum eine andere Bestimmung im neuen SBG, welche so eingehend in den parlamentarischen Beratungen diskutiert worden ist wie die heutige Übergangsregelung für den Weiterbetrieb der Kursäle und der Geldspielautomaten ausserhalb der bundesrätlich genehmigten Kursäle. Die Auswirkungen dieser Bestimmungen auf die zwölf hängigen Genehmigungsgesuche bzw. das Casino Admiral waren hinlänglich bekannt, wurden doch zahlreiche Anträge abgelehnt, welche u. a. den Weiterbetrieb des Casinos Admiral ermöglicht hätten.

Der damalige Vorsteher des EJPD hatte in beiden vorberatenden Kommissionen zu den beiden Automatencasinos in Mendrisio und Herisau Stellung genommen. Auch im jeweiligen Ratsplenum kam die Angelegenheit zur Sprache. In diesem Zusammenhang erscheint dem Bundesrat bemerkenswert, dass, angesichts der offensichtlichen Konsequenzen der beschlossenen Übergangsbestimmung für das Casino Admiral, in keinem Votum die jetzt im Rahmen dieser Interpellation geltend gemachten Vorwürfe zur Sprache kamen.

8. Entgegen der Annahme des Interpellanten hat die Vorsteherin des EJPD nie eine Schliessung des Casinos Admiral verfügt. Aufgrund des Parlamentsentscheides fehlen dem Casino Admiral von vornherein die rechtlichen Voraussetzungen für eine provisorische Konzession nach Artikel 61 Absatz 1 SBG, weil es über keine vom Bund genehmigte kantonale Boulespielbewilligung verfügt. Deshalb muss es mit der Inkraftsetzung des neuen SBG seinen Betrieb einstellen. Die Tessiner Regierung verlangte aus diesem Grund von den Bundesbehörden, die fehlende Genehmigung nachträglich doch noch zu erteilen. Die Vorsteherin des EJPD unterbreitete dieses Anliegen dem dafür zuständigen Bundesrat. Dieser entschied am 13. Dezember 1999, das bestehende Moratorium für die Genehmigung des Boulespiels nicht aufzuheben. Im Brief vom 16. Dezember 1999 teilte die Vorsteherin des EJPD der Tessiner Regierung diesen Entscheid mit.

Im Vorfeld der Antragstellung an den Bundesrat betreffend Nichtaufhebung des Moratoriums hatte sich die Vorsteherin des EJPD eingehend mit der Situation, in der sich die Initianten der Casinos in Mendrisio, Herisau sowie der anderen zehn hängigen Gesuche befinden, befasst und den Bundesrat vor der Beschlussfassung dementsprechend informiert.

9. Am 13. Dezember 1999 hat der Bundesrat seinen damaligen Beschluss vom 24. April 1996 (Moratorium) bestätigt. Diese Bestätigung durch den Bundesrat erfolgte in Kenntnis der entscheidwesentlichen Tatsachen. Seither wurden keine neuen Tatsachen oder Argumente vorgebracht, welche Anlass geben würden, auf den Entscheid zurückzukommen. Insbesondere wurden auch in Bezug auf die Vorwürfe, der Bundesrat habe die Genehmigung des Gesuches des Casinos Admiral 1996 unrechtmässig verweigert, keine neuen Argumente vorgelegt, die nicht schon damals geprüft und widerlegt worden waren. In diesem Sinn hat der Bundesrat seinen Entscheid, das Moratorium nicht aufzuheben, im Rahmen der Beantwortung des Wiedererwägungsgesuches des Tessiner Regierungsrates betreffend Casino Admiral mit Beschluss vom 19. Januar 2000 nochmals bestätigt.

10. Die Vorsteherin des EJPD hat im Vorfeld der Antragstellung an den Bundesrat sehr sorgfältig geprüft, ob es mögliche Alternativen zur Schliessung der Automatencasinos in Herisau und Mendrisio gebe. Die eingehende Analyse dieser Alternativen hat aber gezeigt, dass der einzige gangbare Weg über die Aufhebung des Moratoriums führen würde. Damit hätte zwar eine Schliessung des Automatencasinos in Mendrisio verhindert werden können, gleichzeitig würden aber alle diejenigen zahlreichen Kantone bestraft, die sich an das bundesrätliche Moratorium gehalten und Spielbankenprojekte auf ihrem Kantonsgebiet bis zum Inkrafttreten des neuen SBG zurückgestellt haben. Diese drohende Ungleichbehandlung einer Vielzahl von Kantonen zugunsten von Mendrisio in Kauf zu nehmen wäre umso ungerechter, als dessen Inititanten trotz schriftlicher rechtzeitiger Warnung seitens des EJPD und der Tessiner Kantonsregierung selber und in vollem Bewusstsein des Risikos ein fait accompli schafften, für dessen negativen Folgen sie nun den Bundesrat verantwortlich machen wollen.

Der Bundesrat bedauert sehr, dass durch die Schliessung des Casinos Admiral Arbeitsplätze verloren gehen. Er ist aber überzeugt, dass dieser Verlust von Arbeitsplätzen im Kanton Tessin durch die Neukonzessionierung von A- und B-Spielbanken nach Inkrafttreten des neuen SBG mehr als wettgemacht wird.

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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1635":1636,"_1652":818,"_1653":1654,"_1655":1656,"_1657":1005,"_1336":578,"_1310":378,"_78":582,"_1658":585,"_1641":388,"_1659":1660,"_1661":789,"_1443":338,"_74":348,"_1638":490,"_19":358,"_76":588,"_81":368,"_1662":1115,"_1663":1249,"_1664":1285,"_1665":1249,"_1666":1667,"_1668":1249,"_1669":1670,"_1671":578,"_1672":757,"_1673":1249,"_1674":1656,"_1675":582,"_1642":457,"_1676":1677,"_1248":1249,"_1678":695,"_1261":1249,"_72":593,"_1679":1471,"_1680":1328,"_1681":1366,"_1682":1660,"_1683":1455,"_1643":398,"_1684":1447,"_1685":1249},"section_switcher",{"_1633":1634,"_1635":1636,"_1637":338,"_70":534,"_74":348,"_1638":490,"_1639":424,"_1310":378,"_81":368,"_1640":358,"_1641":388,"_1642":457,"_1643":398,"_1644":1645,"_1646":1647,"_1648":1649,"_1650":1651},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1687":1747,"_289":1748},"intro",{"_1689":1690,"_1691":1692,"_1693":1694,"_1695":1696,"_1697":1698,"_1699":1700,"_1701":1702},"en",{"_1703":1738,"_1705":1739,"_1707":1740,"_1709":1741,"_1711":1742},"de",{"_1703":1733,"_1705":1734,"_1707":1735,"_1709":1736,"_1711":1737},"fr",{"_1703":1728,"_1705":1729,"_1707":1730,"_1709":1731,"_1711":1732},"it",{"_1703":1723,"_1705":1724,"_1707":1725,"_1709":1726,"_1711":1727},"es",{"_1703":1718,"_1705":1719,"_1707":1720,"_1709":1721,"_1711":1722},"pt",{"_1703":1713,"_1705":1714,"_1707":1715,"_1709":1716,"_1711":1717},"rm",{"_1703":1704,"_1705":1706,"_1707":1708,"_1709":1710,"_1711":1712},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. 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Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1811":1812,"_1813":1814,"_1815":1170,"_1816":1817,"_1818":1172,"_1819":1174,"_1820":1821,"_1822":1823,"_1824":1825,"_1826":1827,"_1828":1829,"_643":644,"_1830":1831,"_1832":1833,"_1834":1835,"_1836":1837,"_1838":1839},"nav",{"_1635":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":693,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1644":1645,"_1646":1647,"_1648":1649,"_1650":1651,"_1637":338,"_70":534,"_1639":424,"_1638":490,"_74":348,"_1642":457,"_1310":378,"_81":368,"_1640":358,"_1641":388,"_1643":398,"_1765":1750,"_1766":1767,"_1613":1614,"_1768":1769,"_1615":1616,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1754,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810},{"_1703":1738,"_1705":1739,"_1707":1740,"_1709":1741,"_1711":1742},{"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1815":1841,"_1820":1842,"_1843":217,"_1844":203,"_1845":203,"_1846":217,"_1847":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]