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Der Entscheid des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds (SNF) vom 17. Dezember 2025, der auf dessen Website kommuniziert wurde, hat zur Folge, dass sich seine Förderung von Buchpublikationen für Open Access auf Forschungsschriften beschränken wird, die aus einem vom SNF finanzierten Projekt hervorgehen, sowie auf Dissertationen und Habilitationen. Zudem begrenzt der SNF seine Vergütung der Publikationsgebühren. Dieser Entscheid sorgt sowohl bei Forschenden als auch bei Verlagen, insbesondere im Bereich der Sozial- und Geisteswissenschaften, für grosse Besorgnis.

Ich bitte den Bundesrat daher um die Beantwortung folgender Fragen:

Der SNF hatte bislang und seit vielen Jahrzehnten den Auftrag, die Finanzierung sämtlicher Publikationen von Forscherinnen und Forschern sicherzustellen, insbesondere die Publikation von wissenschaftlichen Büchern. Dies wird gemäss der neuen Regelung ab dem 1. Januar 2027 nicht mehr der Fall sein. Wie bewertet der Bundesrat diesen Entscheid?
Der SNF erhält jährlich rund 1,4 Milliarden Franken vom Bund, wovon im Jahr 2024 6,2 Millionen Franken für die Publikation von Monographien vorgesehen waren, was weniger als 0,5 Prozent des Budgets des SNF entspricht. Welche Einsparungen erhofft sich der SNF durch diese Sparmassnahme?
Zahlreiche Forschende hatten Publikationen mit dem Förderinstrument «Open-Access-Buchpublikation» geplant; dies ist nun nicht mehr möglich, insbesondere für einen Teil des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses. Kann der Bundesrat abschätzen, wie viele Forscherinnen und Forscher infolge des Entscheids des SNF, das Reglement über die Open-Access-Publikationsförderung zu ändern, keine Publikationsmöglichkeit mehr haben werden?
Besonders Nachwuchsforschende müssen regelmässig qualitativ hochwertige Arbeiten veröffentlichen, um auf eine Anstellung an einer Universität oder Hochschule hoffen zu können. Eine ganze Generation junger Forscherinnen und Forscher (Assistentinnen und Assistenten sowie wissenschaftliche Mitarbeitende, Oberassistentinnen und -assistenten sowie Maîtres d’enseignement et de recherches) wird Schwierigkeiten haben, Publikationsmöglichkeiten zu finden. Dies schränkt die Karriereentwicklung der Forschenden ein, insbesondere im Vergleich zur ausländischen Konkurrenz bei Bewerbungsverfahren. Wie beurteilt der Bundesrat die Auswirkungen dieses Entscheids des SNF auf die Karriereentwicklung des Schweizer Wissenschaftsnachwuchses?
Die heute für die Vergütung der Verlagsleistungen geltenden Kostenansätze beruhen auf einer zweijährigen Studie, in deren Rahmen die Verlage dem SNF ihre gesamten Produktionskosten und sämtliche Rechnungen transparent offengelegt haben. Der SNF hielt im Schlussbericht zur SNF-Studie OAPEN-CH vom April 2018 zur Höhe der Book Processing Charges (BPC) fest: «Die neue Publikationspolitik stützt sich auf die Ergebnisse von OAPEN-CH. Die Höhe der BPC orientiert sich an den durchschnittlichen Herstellungskosten von Open-Access-Monographien. Ihre Ausgestaltung stellt nicht nur auf die Kosten der Verlagsleistungen ab, sondern berücksichtigt auch die gestiegenen Anforderungen an die Qualitätssicherung und die Metadaten.» Im Basismodul wurde die BPC-Pauschale daher auf bis zu 15 000 Franken festgelegt. Der Entscheid des SNF vom Dezember 2025, die Vergütung für Verlagsleistungen auf maximal 12 000 Franken zu reduzieren, steht somit in völligem Widerspruch zu seinen eigenen Aussagen sowie zu den Ergebnissen seiner gemeinsam mit den Verlagen über zwei Jahre hinweg durchgeführten Studie. Wie erklärt der Bundesrat einen so offensichtlichen Widerspruch?
Mehrere Schweizer Institutionen, darunter swissuniversities, haben im Rahmen von «Read and Publish»-Vereinbarungen Abkommen mit grossen ausländischen Verlagsgruppen geschlossen. In diesem Zusammenhang werden den Verlagen Beträge für die Veröffentlichung von Open-Access-Artikeln gezahlt; die pro Artikel bezahlten Beiträge belaufen sich auf etwa 2000 Franken und liegen oftmals sogar noch darüber. Aufgrund der geänderten Politik des SNF werden zumindest einige Forschende, die ihre Bücher derzeit mithilfe des Open-Access-Förderinstruments des SNF veröffentlichen, dies künftig nicht mehr tun können. Es besteht die Gefahr, dass sie sich an grosse internationale Verlagsgruppen wenden, um ihre Sammelbände als Sonderausgabe einer Fachzeitschrift zu veröffentlichen. Heute kosten zehn Artikel mit jeweils 30 000 Zeichen, die mit dem derzeitigen Förderinstrument des SNF bei einem Schweizer Verlag veröffentlicht werden, 15 000 Franken. Dieselben zehn Artikel würden bei grossen internationalen Verlagsgruppen 20 000 Franken oder mehr kosten. Ist der Bundesrat der Ansicht, dass diese Kostensteigerung einem verantwortungsvollen Umgang mit den finanziellen Ressourcen und den Steuergeldern der Bürgerinnen und Bürger entspricht?
Hat der SNF im Vorfeld dieses raschen Kurswechsels die Universitäten und Hochschulen oder andere Akteure der Forschungslandschaft, insbesondere die Schweizerische Akademie der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften oder die Schweizer Verlage selbst, angehört und sich mit ihnen ausgetauscht?
Die vom SNF beschlossene Änderung der Regelung wurde im Dezember 2025 im Zusammenhang mit dem Entlastungspaket 2027 angekündigt. Nun, da das Entlastungspaket vom Parlament abgeschwächt wurde, sollte der SNF seinen Entscheid nicht noch einmal überdenken?
Die Schweizer Verlage spielen eine äusserst wichtige Rolle zur Verbreitung wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten, die sich an Schweizer Fachpersonen richten und einen Bezug zur schweizerischen Gesetzgebung oder zu schweizerischen Besonderheiten aufweisen (z. B. im Bereich Rechtswissenschaft, Bildung, Pflege, Soziale Arbeit, Geschichte, Wirtschaft usw.). Dabei übernehmen sie eine wichtige Vermittlungsfunktion, die von ausländischen Verlagen nicht in gleicher Weise wahrgenommen werden kann, um die betroffenen Fachpersonen zu erreichen. Wie beurteilt der Bundesrat die Bedeutung der Arbeit dieser Verlage? Wird der Verlust an Fachgebieten, die über Verlage verfügen, welche die Forschungsergebnisse an die entsprechenden Fachpersonen vermitteln, nicht die Berufsausübung in diesen Bereichen beeinträchtigen? Und wird dadurch nicht auch die Wirkung der an den Hochschulen und Universitäten unseres Landes stattfindenden Forschung geschwächt?

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Frage 1/2/7/8

Der Bundesrat verfolgt das Ziel, die mit öffentlichen Mitteln erarbeiteten wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse zugänglich zu machen und die internationale Entwicklung im Bereich von Open Access (OA) aktiv zu verfolgen.

Das SBFI schliesst mit dem SNF für jede BFI-Periode eine Leistungsvereinbarung ab, welche auf die strategische Planung des SNF, die BFI-Botschaft und die Finanzbeschlüsse der Bundesversammlung abgestützt ist. Der SNF definiert auf dieser Basis seine Prioritäten. Dabei berücksichtigt er die Auswirkungen auf Disziplinen und Karrieren und ist mit den Akteuren im Austausch.

Die OA-Förderung wurde 2018 zur Etablierung von OA eingeführt und hat massgeblich dazu beigetragen, dass heute rund 70 % der Publikationen von Schweizer Forschenden frei zugänglich sind. Sie umfasst die Unterstützung von Buchpublikationen (Monographien), Zeitschriftenartikeln sowie Beiträgen in Sammelbänden. Der SNF hat seine Delegiertenversammlung mit Vertretungen der Hochschulen, der Akademien der Wissenschaften und des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses über die Anpassungen der Finanzierung von Publikationen vorinformiert. Die Anpassungen sind Teil seiner Fokussierung im Förderportfolio und nehmen die aktuellen Entwicklungen der nationalen OA-Strategie auf.

Frage 3&4

Der SNF hat keine Angaben zur Zahl der betroffenen Forschenden. Im BFI-Bereich bestehen bereits alternative Finanzierungs- und Publikationsmöglichkeiten, insbesondere durch die Hochschulen selbst. Zudem ist davon auszugehen, dass sich das Angebot künftig weiterentwickeln und diversifizieren wird.

Der SNF schränkt die Antragsberechtigung für die Veröffentlichung von Qualifikationsschriften auch mit der neuen OA-Förderung nicht ein und legt somit weiter besonderes Gewicht auf die Nachwuchsförderung. Die Buchveröffentlichungen von Dissertationen und Habilitationen werden weiterhin gefördert, auch wenn die Ergebnisse nicht aus SNF finanzierter Forschung resultieren.

Frage 5

Das Pilotprojekt OAPEN-CH zeigte grosse Kostenunterschiede zwischen den Verlagen. Der SNF setzte die Förderbeträge zu Beginn bewusst hoch an, um den Übergang zu Open Access zu unterstützen. Da dieser Wandel inzwischen weitgehend vollzogen ist, werden die Beiträge ab 2027 angepasst. Mit 12'000 CHF im Basismodul und bis zu 32'000 CHF bei zusätzlichen Leistungen für Buchpublikationen bleibt die Förderung im internationalen Vergleich weiterhin hoch.

Frage 6

Publikationen in Fachzeitschriften (Gegenstand der «Read and Publish»-Abkommen) und Bücher sowie Beiträge in Sammelbänden sind nicht direkt vergleichbar. Sie unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich ihres Publikationsformats, ihrer Kostenstruktur sowie ihres wissenschaftlichen Zwecks. Jede Fachdisziplin gewichtet diese unterschiedlichen Möglichkeiten anders und hat auch mit der neuen Regelung die Möglichkeiten, Unterstützungsbeiträge für alle Publikationsformate zu erhalten. Es kann daher nicht ohne Weiteres davon ausgegangen werden, dass Forschende bei einer Anpassung der OA-Förderung auf ein anderes Publikationsformat und internationale wissenschaftliche Verlage ausweichen werden.

Frage 9

Dem Bundesrat liegen keine belastbaren Informationen zur Bedeutung der Buchförderung des SNF für die Geschäftsmodelle der Schweizer Verlage vor. Vor diesem Hintergrund lässt sich nicht abschliessend beurteilen, welche Auswirkungen die vorgesehenen Anpassungen auf die betroffenen Verlage haben werden. Die Förderinstrumente des SNF sind primär auf gute Rahmenbedingungen für die Forschung und die Forschenden ausgerichtet. Sollten sich die angepassten OA-Richtlinien als nicht zweckmässig erweisen, können entsprechende Rückmeldungen über die Delegiertenversammlung des SNF eingebracht werden.

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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1615":1616,"_1632":798,"_1633":1634,"_1635":1636,"_1637":985,"_1316":558,"_1290":358,"_19":562,"_1638":565,"_1621":368,"_1639":1640,"_1641":769,"_1423":318,"_128":328,"_1618":470,"_133":338,"_130":568,"_135":348,"_1642":1095,"_1643":1229,"_1644":1265,"_1645":1229,"_1646":1647,"_1648":1229,"_1649":1650,"_1651":558,"_1652":737,"_1653":1229,"_1654":1636,"_1655":562,"_1622":437,"_1656":1657,"_1228":1229,"_1658":675,"_1241":1229,"_126":573,"_1659":1451,"_1660":1308,"_1661":1346,"_1662":1640,"_1663":1435,"_1623":378,"_1664":1427,"_1665":1229},"section_switcher",{"_1613":1614,"_1615":1616,"_1617":318,"_124":514,"_128":328,"_1618":470,"_1619":404,"_1290":358,"_135":348,"_1620":338,"_1621":368,"_1622":437,"_1623":378,"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629,"_1630":1631},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1723":1724,"_1725":1726,"_1667":1727,"_269":1728},"intro",{"_1669":1670,"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674,"_1675":1676,"_1677":1678,"_1679":1680,"_1681":1682},"en",{"_1683":1718,"_1685":1719,"_1687":1720,"_1689":1721,"_1691":1722},"de",{"_1683":1713,"_1685":1714,"_1687":1715,"_1689":1716,"_1691":1717},"fr",{"_1683":1708,"_1685":1709,"_1687":1710,"_1689":1711,"_1691":1712},"it",{"_1683":1703,"_1685":1704,"_1687":1705,"_1689":1706,"_1691":1707},"es",{"_1683":1698,"_1685":1699,"_1687":1700,"_1689":1701,"_1691":1702},"pt",{"_1683":1693,"_1685":1694,"_1687":1695,"_1689":1696,"_1691":1697},"rm",{"_1683":1684,"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690,"_1691":1692},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1150,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1152,"_1799":1154,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807,"_1808":1809,"_623":624,"_1810":1811,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1815,"_1816":1817,"_1818":1819},"nav",{"_1615":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1740":673,"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629,"_1630":1631,"_1617":318,"_124":514,"_1619":404,"_1618":470,"_128":328,"_1622":437,"_1290":358,"_135":348,"_1620":338,"_1621":368,"_1623":378,"_1745":1730,"_1746":1747,"_1593":1594,"_1748":1749,"_1595":1596,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1734,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790},{"_1683":1718,"_1685":1719,"_1687":1720,"_1689":1721,"_1691":1722},{"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1733":1734,"_1735":1736},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1795":1821,"_1800":1822,"_1823":200,"_1824":183,"_1825":183,"_1826":200,"_1827":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]