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Anwältinnen und Anwälte setzen für die Kommunikation mit ihrer Klientschaft vermehrt Fernkommunikationsmittel wie Telefon, Fax und Internet ein. Dabei besteht vonseiten des Marktes ein Bedürfnis, die Dienstleistungen von Anwälten auch ausschliesslich über diese Kommunikationsmittel zu beziehen. Das belegen die zahlreichen Telefon- und Internet-Beratungsdienste von Konsumentenzeitschriften und Verbänden, aber auch die entsprechende Tendenz im Bereich der Medizin. Bei letzterer wird die Erbringung von Dienstleistungen über Fernkommunikationsmittel zur Einsparung von Kosten durch Staat und Privatwirtschaft, insbesondere durch die Krankenkassen, geradezu propagiert.

Gegenüber der Erbringung der Dienstleistungen von Anwälten über Fernkommunikationsmittel sind dagegen Aufsichtsbehörden und Gerichte bis heute zurückhaltend bis ablehnend (vgl. insbesondere BGE 124 I 310). Diese Haltung ist letztmals bei der Einführung des neuen BGFA und der entsprechenden Überprüfung der Anwälte wieder zum Ausdruck gekommen. Die zurückhaltende bis ablehnende Haltung steht jedoch im Widerspruch zum Geist des BGFA (Freizügigkeitsgesetz!) und der auch in der neuen Verfassung verankerten Wirtschaftsfreiheit.

Die Skepsis gegenüber der Erbringung von Dienstleistungen von Anwälten über Fernkommunikationsmittel läuft aber auch der Entwicklung in Europa, insbesondere in unserem Nachbarland Deutschland, diametral entgegen. So sieht die E-Commerce-Richtline der EU (RL 2000/31/EG vom 8. Juni 2000) explizit vor, dass die Mitgliedstaaten sicherstellen, \"dass die Verwendung kommerzieller Kommunikation, die Bestandteil eines von einem Angehörigen eines reglementierten Berufes angebotenen Dienstes der Informationsgesellschaft sind oder einen solchen Dienst darstellen, gestattet ist, soweit die berufsrechtlichen Regeln .... eingehalten werden\" (Art. 8 Abs. 1 RL). In einem neueren Urteil (vom 26. September 2002, I ZR 44/00 und I ZR 102/00) hat der deutsche Bundesgerichtshof zudem entschieden, dass einer telefonischen Rechtsauskunft durch Anwälte über eine 0190-Nummer nichts entgegensteht.

Es ist auch aus der Sicht der Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten unbefriedigend, dass in der Schweiz jedermann unabhängig von seiner Ausbildung Rechtsberatung ausschliesslich über Fernkommunikationsmittel anbieten und erbringen darf, den juristisch qualifizierten Anwälten dieser Absatzkanal jedoch verwehrt bleibt. Damit werden die Anwälte sowohl im Inland wie auch gegenüber den europäischen Anwälten doppelt diskriminiert. Aufgrund der Haltung der Behörden und Gerichte ist dieser unbefriedigende Zustand auf dem Wege der Gesetzgebung zu beseitigen.

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Ich bitte den Bundesrat, die schweizerische Gesetzgebung so anzupassen, dass Anwältinnen und Anwälte explizit dazu ermächtig werden, ihre Dienstleistungen unter Einhaltung der Berufsregeln auch ausschliesslich über Telefon, Fax, Internet und andere Fernkommunikationsmittel anzubieten und zu erbringen.

Zu diesem Zweck ist Artikel 12 des Bundesgesetzes über die Freizügigkeit der Anwälte (BGFA) nach Buchstabe c mit einem weiteren Buchstaben wie folgt zu ergänzen:

\"Sie dürfen ihre Dienstleistungen unter Einhaltung der Berufsregeln auch ausschliesslich über Telefon, Fax, Internet und andere Fernkommunikationsmittel anbieten und erbringen\".

",39466,"20033489_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Der Bundesrat geht mit der Motionärin einig, dass auch Anwältinnen und Anwälte moderne Fernkommunikationsmittel vermehrt einsetzen und dass die Gesetzgebung - wenn nötig - an diese Entwicklung angepasst werden muss.

Anwältinnen und Anwälte können ihre Dienstleistungen bereits heute mittels moderner Fernkommunikationsmittel anbieten und erbringen. Sie können telefonisch Rechtsauskunft erteilen, Rechtsschriften per Fax oder E-Mail an ihre Klientinnen und Klienten richten, sofern diese damit einverstanden sind usw. Dies gilt - entgegen der Annahme der Motionärin - auch für die in einem kantonalen Anwaltsregister eingetragenen Anwältinnen und Anwälte. Diese haben allerdings die Berufsregeln des Bundesgesetzes über die Freizügigkeit der Anwälte (BGFA) nicht nur in ihrer forensischen Tätigkeit zu respektieren, sondern in ihrer gesamten Berufsausübung, also auch bei der Rechtsberatung.

Dies gilt in diesem Zusammenhang insbesondere für die Pflicht zur Wahrung des Berufsgeheimnisses (Art. 13 BGFA) und für die Pflicht der sorgfältigen und gewissenhaften Berufsausübung (Art 12 Bst. a BGFA). So könnte beispielsweise die Erteilung von Rechtsberatung ausschliesslich mittels Telefon bei komplexen oder heiklen Fällen zu einer Verletzung der Pflicht zur sorgfältigen und gewissenhaften Berufsausübung führen, weil ein komplizierter Sachverhalt aufgrund einer ausschliesslich telefonischen Schilderung eventuell nicht genügend präzise analysiert werden könnte.

Die Tatsache, dass registrierte Anwältinnen und Anwälte auch bei der Rechtsberatung strengen Berufsregeln unterstehen, während Personen, die nicht in einem Anwaltsregister eingetragen sind, uneingeschränkt Rechtsberatung anbieten und erteilen können, ist auch aus der Sicht der Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten vorteilhaft, da der Registereintrag für Qualität der anwaltlichen Leistung bürgt. Grundsätzlich gilt folglich, dass nach geltendem Recht auch registrierte Anwältinnen und Anwälte ihre Dienstleistungen mittels moderner Fernkommunikationsmittel erbringen können. Eine Änderung des BGFA im Sinne der Motionärin ist insofern nicht erforderlich.

In dem von der Motionärin zitierten Entscheid bestätigte das Bundesgericht ein kantonales Verbot, Rechtsberatung unter Benutzung von Telebusiness anzubieten (BGE 124 I 310ff.). Das Problem in diesem Fall war allerdings nicht das Anbieten von telefonischer Rechtsberatung, sondern die Tatsache, dass diese Beratung via Telebusiness erfolgte, einem System, bei dem sich das Honorar ausschliesslich nach der Gesprächszeit richtete. In der Schweiz wird die Frage der Honorarberechnung - wenn überhaupt - auf kantonaler Ebene geregelt. Bei der Festlegung des Honorars ist der Zeitaufwand bloss einer von mehreren Faktoren. Als weitere Kriterien sind beispielsweise die Komplexität des Falles sowie die wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse der Klientin oder des Klienten zu berücksichtigen.

Die Frage der Zulässigkeit der Verwendung moderner Fernkommunikationsmittel stellt sich auch im forensischen Bereich immer mehr. Hier ist die Verwendung von Fernkommunikationsmitteln allerdings (noch) mit vielfältigen Problemen verbunden. Gemäss heutiger Rechtslage ist beispielsweise das Einreichen einer Rechtsschrift ans Bundesgericht per Telefax nicht zulässig, weil es an einer (gültigen) Unterschrift des Beschwerdeführers oder dessen Vertreters fehlt (vgl. BGE 121 II 252ff.). Im Verkehr mit anderen Gerichts- und Verwaltungsbehörden des Bundes wird die Einreichung von Rechtsschriften per Telefax vereinzelt als zulässig erachtet (vgl. z. B. Art. 23 Abs. 1 der Verordnung über die Schweizerische Asylrekurskommission, Art. 19 des Bundesgesetzes über das öffentliche Beschaffungswesen).

Im Zusammenhang mit dem elektronischen Verkehr mit den Behörden ist insbesondere auch auf das Problem der digitalen Unterschrift hinzuweisen. In seiner Botschaft zur Totalrevision der Bundesrechtspflege hat der Bundesrat das Thema des elektronischen Verkehrs mit Gerichts- und Verwaltungsbehörden des Bundes eingehend erörtert (vgl. Botschaft vom 28. Februar 2001 zur Totalrevision der Bundesrechtspflege, BBl 2001 4202, Ziff. 2.6). Der Frage der Zulässigkeit der Verwendung elektronischer Kommunikationsmittel im Zivil- und Strafverfahren wird in den Projekten zur Vereinheitlichung des Zivilprozessrechtes und des Strafprozessrechtes nachgegangen. So ist z. B. im Vorentwurf der Expertenkommission vom Juni 2003 für eine Schweizerische Zivilprozessordnung in Artikel 120 vorgesehen, dass eine Eingabe an das Gericht in Papierform oder elektronisch erfolgen kann. Bei elektronischer Übermittlung muss die Eingabe mit einer anerkannten elektronischen Signatur versehen sein. Zudem kann das Gericht verlangen, dass die Eingabe in Papierform nachgereicht wird.

Schliesslich kann auf das E-Government-Projekt JusLink hingewiesen werden, das vom Bundesgericht in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Schweizerischen Anwaltsverband und dem Bundesamt für Justiz koordiniert wird. Mit JusLink soll der Rechtsverkehr zwischen Anwältinnen und Anwälten und Gerichten sowie unter den Gerichten selbst hauptsächlich auf elektronischem Weg stattfinden. Bereits Mitte 2004 werden die ersten Anwältinnen und Anwälte JusLink testen, indem sie ihre Eingaben samt allfälligen Beweisen auf elektronischem Weg an das zuständige Gericht senden (zu den Details vgl. www.govlink.ch). Für einen flächendeckenden Einsatz von JusLink fehlen allerdings noch die rechtlichen Grundlagen, insbesondere auch in den Kantonen.

Aus diesen Gründen erachten wir die mit der Motion verlangte Ergänzung des BGFA nicht für geeignet. Der Bundesrat ist aber bereit, im Rahmen der nächsten Revision des BGFA zu prüfen, ob für die Erbringung von Dienstleistungen von Anwältinnen und Anwälten über Fernkommunikationsmittel auf Bundesebene noch Regelungsbedarf besteht.

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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1631":1632,"_1648":814,"_1649":1650,"_1651":1652,"_1653":1001,"_1332":574,"_1306":374,"_77":578,"_1654":581,"_1637":384,"_1655":1656,"_1657":785,"_1439":334,"_19":344,"_1634":486,"_79":354,"_75":584,"_81":364,"_1658":1111,"_1659":1245,"_1660":1281,"_1661":1245,"_1662":1663,"_1664":1245,"_1665":1666,"_1667":574,"_1668":753,"_1669":1245,"_1670":1652,"_1671":578,"_1638":453,"_1672":1673,"_1244":1245,"_1674":691,"_1257":1245,"_72":589,"_1675":1467,"_1676":1324,"_1677":1362,"_1678":1656,"_1679":1451,"_1639":394,"_1680":1443,"_1681":1245},"section_switcher",{"_1629":1630,"_1631":1632,"_1633":334,"_70":530,"_19":344,"_1634":486,"_1635":420,"_1306":374,"_81":364,"_1636":354,"_1637":384,"_1638":453,"_1639":394,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643,"_1644":1645,"_1646":1647},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1683":1743,"_285":1744},"intro",{"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690,"_1691":1692,"_1693":1694,"_1695":1696,"_1697":1698},"en",{"_1699":1734,"_1701":1735,"_1703":1736,"_1705":1737,"_1707":1738},"de",{"_1699":1729,"_1701":1730,"_1703":1731,"_1705":1732,"_1707":1733},"fr",{"_1699":1724,"_1701":1725,"_1703":1726,"_1705":1727,"_1707":1728},"it",{"_1699":1719,"_1701":1720,"_1703":1721,"_1705":1722,"_1707":1723},"es",{"_1699":1714,"_1701":1715,"_1703":1716,"_1705":1717,"_1707":1718},"pt",{"_1699":1709,"_1701":1710,"_1703":1711,"_1705":1712,"_1707":1713},"rm",{"_1699":1700,"_1701":1702,"_1703":1704,"_1705":1706,"_1707":1708},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1166,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1168,"_1815":1170,"_1816":1817,"_1818":1819,"_1820":1821,"_1822":1823,"_1824":1825,"_639":640,"_1826":1827,"_1828":1829,"_1830":1831,"_1832":1833,"_1834":1835},"nav",{"_1631":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":689,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643,"_1644":1645,"_1646":1647,"_1633":334,"_70":530,"_1635":420,"_1634":486,"_19":344,"_1638":453,"_1306":374,"_81":364,"_1636":354,"_1637":384,"_1639":394,"_1761":1746,"_1762":1763,"_1609":1610,"_1764":1765,"_1611":1612,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1750,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806},{"_1699":1734,"_1701":1735,"_1703":1736,"_1705":1737,"_1707":1738},{"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). 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