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Die Neat scheint massiv teurer zu werden als geplant. Im Tunnelbau haben die Preise seit 1991 stark angezogen, wie die parlamentarische NAD in ihrem ersten Bericht feststellt. Hinzu kommen projektbedingte Mehrkosten von 438 Millionen Franken. Beim Lötschberg-Basistunnel liegen die Offerten für die grossen Bauvergaben gemäss der Alptransit Lötschberg bis zu 8 Prozent über den Kostenvoranschlägen der Planung von 1991. Damit liegen diese Kosten um über 500 Millionen Franken höher als der vom Nationalrat im Herbst 1999 gesprochene Kredit. Für den Gotthard-Basistunnel liegen (noch) keine vergleichbaren Zahlen vor.

Weiter wird die Neat durch projektbedingte Mehrkosten wegen Projektänderungen, Planauflagen und der Geologie verteuert. Die NAD erwartet bei der Gotthardachse Kostenüberschreitungen von 332 Millionen Franken und bei der Lötschbergachse solche von 106 Millionen Franken. Diese Mehrkosten sind durch die Reserven von etwa 1,7 Milliarden Franken gedeckt, die das Parlament im Rahmen des neuen Neat-Gesamtkredits von 12,6 Milliarden Franken bewilligte. Die Inanspruchnahme dieser Reserven ist für die Aufsichtsdelegation Ultima Ratio. Zuvor müssten Massnahmen bis hin zu einer Verzichtplanung beim Ausbaustandard geprüft werden. Dabei könnten die Bestellungen des Bundes geändert, Standards angepasst oder Projektteile zurückgestellt werden, ohne dass jedoch bei den Sicherheitsanforderungen abgebaut würde. Diese Verfahren wurden bereits beim Bau der Vereinalinie der Rhätischen Bahn erfolgreich angewendet.

Vor diesem Hintergrund ist die Suche nach Einsparungsmöglichkeiten, insbesondere nach alternativen, kostengünstigeren Tunnelbauweisen wichtiger als je zuvor. Bereits 1997 habe ich in einer Interpellation (97.3340, Kostengünstige Tunnelbauweise für Neat/Alptransit) den Bundesrat auf mögliche Alternativen aufmerksam gemacht. Angesichts der veränderten Situation und der sich abzeichnenden Mehrkosten müssten solche jetzt umgehend und ernsthaft geprüft werden.

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Der vorgesehene Ausbau des schweizerischen Schienennetzes ist mit grossen Investitionen für Tunnelbauten verbunden. Dies trifft insbesondere im Rahmen des Neat/Alptransit-Vorhabens zu. Dabei kommt einer sorgfältigen Evaluation der Baumethode im Interesse eines haushälterischen Umgangs mit den finanziellen Mitteln grösste Bedeutung zu. Heute deutet aufgrund der ersten Vergebungen vieles darauf hin, dass die Neat massiv teurer wird als geplant und vom Parlament bewilligt. Bezüglich Baumethoden und Standards sind deshalb vor der Vergabe grosser Baulose alle Einsparungsmöglichkeiten nochmals zu überprüfen und, soweit vertretbar, zu berücksichtigen.

Vor diesem Hintergrund ersuche ich den Bundesrat um Beantwortung folgender Fragen:

1. Die bevorstehende Vergabe von grossen Baulosen im Tunnelbau scheint zu Preiserhöhungen zu führen, die massiv über der allgemeinen Teuerung sowie jener im Baugewerbe liegen. Ist diese Tendenz über die Teuerungsklausel abgedeckt, oder müssen dazu bereits die im Baukredit vorgesehenen Reserven beansprucht werden?

2. Trotz der beim Vereinatunnel gemachten guten Erfahrungen mit einschaliger und demzufolge Kosten sparender Tunnelbauweise scheint dieses Verfahren in den Alptransit-Tunnels nicht zur Anwendung zu kommen. Welche Faktoren sind dafür verantwortlich, dass nicht wenigstens in jenen Bereichen der Alptransit-Tunnels, die bezüglich Geologie und Hydrologie dafür in Frage kommen, das einschalige Verfahren zur Anwendung gelangt?

3. Ist die Meinung, dass der durchgehend doppelschalige Ausbau bei Tunnellängen ab 20 Kilometern unbedingt notwendig sei, auch wenn dies weder die Geologie noch die Hydrologie erfordert, noch haltbar?

4. Ist das einschalige Spritzbetonverfahren überhaupt gleichwertig und gleichzeitig wie die konventionelle Zweischalen-Baumethode in die Prüf- und Evaluationsverfahren einbezogen worden? Allenfalls, warum nicht?

5. Welche Schritte wird das BAV unternehmen, um die Ausbaustandards im Sinne der im Bericht der Neat-Aufsichtsdelegation (NAD) geäusserten Bedenken zu überprüfen?

6. Das offizielle Projekt beruht auf einer Konstruktion, wie sie \"schon immer\", z. B. auch beim neuen Bahntunnel Zürich-Thalwil, ausgeführt wurde. Wäre aufgrund der Bedenken der NAD nicht der Zeitpunkt gegeben, gemachte Erfahrungen im Inland (Vereinatunnel, Glattstollen) und Ausland (z. B. Flughafenbahn Oslo, vierte Röhre Elbetunnel) beizuziehen, um zu wirtschaftlicheren Lösungen zu gelangen?

7. Sind die Anforderungen an die Aerodynamik mit dem Erfordernis einer möglichst glatten Tunneloberfläche vom Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnis her gerechtfertigt, und wurden sie nicht durch neuere Untersuchungen relativiert? Wenn ja, wie wurde darauf reagiert?

8. Selbst unter Beibehaltung des Ausbruchquerschnitts für zweischalige Bauweise hätte die Anwendung der einschaligen Bauweise, soweit es die Geologie und die Hydrologie erlauben, gegenüber dem Vollausbau vermutlich erhebliche Kostenreduktionen zur Folge. Liegen entsprechende Untersuchungen und Kostenschätzungen vor?

",24166,"19993652_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Die Interpellation zielt auf den haushälterischen Umgang mit den finanziellen Mitteln für die Neat-Tunnelbauten ab. Dies ist auch das Anliegen des Bundesrates. Die nötigen Instrumente und Steuerungsmechanismen sind vorhanden, um die Baukosten im Griff zu behalten. Im Übrigen gehören bei der Entwicklung eines Grossprojektes Abklärungen über Optimierungen und Kosteneinsparungen zu den permanenten Aufgaben der Ersteller und der Aufsichtsbehörde.

Zu den einzelnen Fragen nimmt der Bundesrat wie folgt Stellung:

1. Hinsichtlich höherer Kosten gilt es zu unterscheiden zwischen Mehrkosten und Teuerung:

Von Mehrkosten spricht man im Falle von höheren Kosten infolge Bestellungsänderung oder Eintreten von unvorhersehbaren Ereignissen. Sie können eintreffen, weil z. B. höhere Anforderungen an die Sicherheit gestellt werden oder die am Bau angetroffene Geologie schlechter ist als prognostiziert. Wenn diese Mehrkosten nicht durch andere Einsparungen im Projekt kompensiert werden können, kann sie der Bundesrat aus den im Neat-Gesamtkredit enthaltenen Reserven auffangen. Im Neat-Gesamtkredit sind dafür 1669 Millionen Franken enthalten. Heute sind von den Erstellern leistungsbedingte Mehrkosten in der Höhe von rund 400 Millionen Franken angekündigt.

Von Teuerung spricht man, wenn die höheren Kosten aus der Marktpreis- und Konjunkturentwicklung resultieren. Auf diese Entwicklung haben der Bund und die Ersteller kaum Einfluss. Der Verlauf dieser Teuerung ist für lange dauernde Projekte wie die Neat nicht zuverlässig prognostizierbar. Bis anhin wurde der Zürcher Index für Wohnbauteuerung verwendet. Gemäss einer Untersuchung müssen jedoch für den Tunnelbau Fragezeichen zu seiner Eignung gemacht werden. Zurzeit wird deshalb ein Ersatz geprüft. Die Teuerung, wie auch weitere nicht genau voraussehbare Kostenfaktoren (Bauzinsen und Mehrwertsteuer), sind im neuen Neat-Gesamtkredit nicht enthalten. Die entsprechenden Finanzmittel sind jedoch in der Fondsrechnung mit 3,5 bis 4 Milliarden Franken für die Neat vorgesehen. Der Bundesrat kann den Neat-Gesamtkredit mittels Krediterweiterungen um die Bauzinsen, die Teuerung und die Mehrwertsteuer aufstocken.

2. Bei den neuen Basistunnels am Gotthard und Lötschberg sind die Anforderungen an das Tunnelklima, an die Aerodynamik sowie an Betrieb und Erhaltung im Vergleich zum Vereinatunnel wesentlich höher. Das Tunnelgewölbe-Ausbaukonzept der Basistunnelröhren muss auch bei kostengünstiger Bauweise (z. B. einschaliger Bauweise) folgende Haupterfordernisse erfüllen:

- die Tragwerkssicherheit;

- ein akzeptables Tunnelklima;

- die Gebrauchsdauer während hundert Jahren;

- die Minimalisierung der Betriebs- und Erhaltungskosten;

- die Sicherheit im Brandfall.

Im Ergebnis der bereits durchgeführten Untersuchungen zeigte sich, in Übereinstimmung mit den Empfehlungen der Arbeitsgruppen \"Bautechnik Basistunnel\" und \"Aerodynamik & Klima\", dass alle genannten Erfordernisse nur durch das in einer zweiten Phase eingezogene Innengewölbe sicher gewährleistet werden können.

Der Tunnelgewölbeausbau der Basistunnel ist jedoch auch Gegenstand von Untersuchungen in Bezug auf Kompensationsmöglichkeiten für die Mehrkosten (vgl. auch Antwort auf Frage 1). Diese Untersuchungen werden zeigen, ob allenfalls bei der Frage der Abdichtung Kompromisse eingegangen werden können.

3. Der doppelschalige Ausbau bei Tunnelbauten über 20 Kilometer Länge kann nicht als genereller Standard definiert werden. Jedes einzelne Bauwerk wird aufgrund der festgelegten Nutzungsanforderungen und der auftretenden Umwelteinflüsse individuell geplant und laufend optimiert. Die Überprüfung der einmal festgelegten Standards bleibt eine Daueraufgabe während der Realisierung.

4. Das einschalige Spritzbetonverfahren wurde bei beiden Basistunneln in die Evaluation einbezogen. Bei den Zulassungsprüfungen für Abdichtungssysteme wurde festgestellt, dass keine der eingereichten so genannt einschaligen Spritzbetonbauweisen die verlangten Nutzungsanforderungen erfüllt. Inwiefern die Nutzungsanforderungen partiell angepasst werden können, wird im Rahmen der permanenten Projektoptimierung geprüft.

5. Die entsprechenden Untersuchungen für Kompensationsmöglichkeiten für die Mehrkosten (vgl. Antwort auf Frage 1) laufen. Dabei werden auch die vorgegebenen Standards einer gründlichen Überprüfung unterzogen.

6. Am Gotthard und Lötschberg werden lange Bahntunnel für hohe Zugsfrequenzen und hohe Geschwindigkeiten gebaut, und zwar in einem geologisch und hydrogeologisch komplexen Alpengebirge mit hohen Überlagerungen und mit entsprechenden Gebirgsdrücken und Verformungen. Zudem werden an diese Hochleistungsstrecken bezüglich Betrieb und Erhaltung grosse Anforderungen gestellt. Unter Berücksichtigung dieser speziellen Bedingungen scheint ein Vergleich mit den in der Interpellation aufgeführten Projekten nicht angebracht.

7. Der aerodynamische Reibungswiderstand der Tunnelröhre hat - neben den auftretenden Felstemperaturen, dem Bergwasserzufluss und dem Rollmaterial - einen grossen Einfluss auf das Klima in den Tunnelröhren. Entscheidend ist dabei, dass es nicht \"kippt\", d. h., kein Wechsel von einem trockenen zu einem sehr feuchten Klima (mit relativen Luftfeuchtigkeiten von nahezu 100 Prozent) stattfindet. Hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit führt zu verstärkt auftretender Korrosion, was wiederum zu Fehlfunktionen der Installationen im Tunnel führt. Die \"glatte\" Tunnelverkleidung und die Abdichtung haben somit einen wichtigen Einfluss auf das Tunnelklima und somit auf die Betriebstauglichkeit. Letztlich sind damit auch positive Auswirkungen auf den Energieverbrauch verbunden.

8. Bei einem Verzicht auf den Einbau der Abdichtung und der Innenschale könnte mit erheblichen Kostenreduktionen gerechnet werden. Ein derartiger Verzicht wäre hingegen nur gerechtfertigt, wenn die Haupterfordernisse, die das Tunnelgewölbe-Ausbaukonzept der Basistunnelröhren effektiv gewährleisten muss, auch bei der kostengünstigeren Bauweise erfüllt sind (vgl. Antwort auf Frage 2).

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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1632":1633,"_1649":815,"_1650":1651,"_1652":1653,"_1654":1002,"_1333":575,"_1307":375,"_78":579,"_1655":582,"_1638":385,"_1656":1657,"_1658":786,"_1440":335,"_74":345,"_1635":487,"_19":355,"_76":585,"_81":365,"_1659":1112,"_1660":1246,"_1661":1282,"_1662":1246,"_1663":1664,"_1665":1246,"_1666":1667,"_1668":575,"_1669":754,"_1670":1246,"_1671":1653,"_1672":579,"_1639":454,"_1673":1674,"_1245":1246,"_1675":692,"_1258":1246,"_72":590,"_1676":1468,"_1677":1325,"_1678":1363,"_1679":1657,"_1680":1452,"_1640":395,"_1681":1444,"_1682":1246},"section_switcher",{"_1630":1631,"_1632":1633,"_1634":335,"_70":531,"_74":345,"_1635":487,"_1636":421,"_1307":375,"_81":365,"_1637":355,"_1638":385,"_1639":454,"_1640":395,"_1641":1642,"_1643":1644,"_1645":1646,"_1647":1648},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1684":1744,"_286":1745},"intro",{"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691,"_1692":1693,"_1694":1695,"_1696":1697,"_1698":1699},"en",{"_1700":1735,"_1702":1736,"_1704":1737,"_1706":1738,"_1708":1739},"de",{"_1700":1730,"_1702":1731,"_1704":1732,"_1706":1733,"_1708":1734},"fr",{"_1700":1725,"_1702":1726,"_1704":1727,"_1706":1728,"_1708":1729},"it",{"_1700":1720,"_1702":1721,"_1704":1722,"_1706":1723,"_1708":1724},"es",{"_1700":1715,"_1702":1716,"_1704":1717,"_1706":1718,"_1708":1719},"pt",{"_1700":1710,"_1702":1711,"_1704":1712,"_1706":1713,"_1708":1714},"rm",{"_1700":1701,"_1702":1703,"_1704":1705,"_1706":1707,"_1708":1709},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. 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Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1808":1809,"_1810":1811,"_1812":1167,"_1813":1814,"_1815":1169,"_1816":1171,"_1817":1818,"_1819":1820,"_1821":1822,"_1823":1824,"_1825":1826,"_640":641,"_1827":1828,"_1829":1830,"_1831":1832,"_1833":1834,"_1835":1836},"nav",{"_1632":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":690,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1641":1642,"_1643":1644,"_1645":1646,"_1647":1648,"_1634":335,"_70":531,"_1636":421,"_1635":487,"_74":345,"_1639":454,"_1307":375,"_81":365,"_1637":355,"_1638":385,"_1640":395,"_1762":1747,"_1763":1764,"_1610":1611,"_1765":1766,"_1612":1613,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1751,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807},{"_1700":1735,"_1702":1736,"_1704":1737,"_1706":1738,"_1708":1739},{"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1812":1838,"_1817":1839,"_1840":214,"_1841":200,"_1842":200,"_1843":214,"_1844":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]