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Der Bundesrat wird gebeten, zu folgenden Fragen Stellung zu nehmen:

1. Im Mai 2001 hat die Ministerkonferenz in Prag als Nachfolgekonferenz zu Bologna stattgefunden. Inwiefern wurden die Zielsetzungen revidiert oder erweitert? Wurden neue Schwerpunkte gesetzt?

2. Wie wird der Prozess auf europäischer Ebene organisiert? Innerhalb welchen Zeitrahmens sollen die Zielsetzungen der Bologna-Deklaration gesamteuropäisch umgesetzt werden?

3. Wie positioniert sich die Schweiz im europäischen Quervergleich bezüglich der Umsetzung der Bologna-Deklaration?

4. In welchem Ausmass wurden die Zielsetzungen der Bologna-Deklaration an den universitären Hochschulen der Schweiz bereits umgesetzt? Welche Schwierigkeiten sind dabei aufgetreten?

5. Welche zusätzlichen Kosten entstehen den universitären Hochschulen durch die geplante Erneuerung der Studienstruktur, und wie gedenkt sich der Bund an diesen Kosten zu beteiligen?

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1. Die Ministerkonferenz von Prag im Mai 2001 diente vor allem als Standortbestimmung zwei Jahre nach der Unterzeichnung der Bologna-Deklaration. Die Bildungsminister und die Hochschulvertreter der mittlerweile 32 europäischen Signatarstaaten bekräftigten den festen Willen, sich weiterhin für das Ziel der Errichtung des europäischen Hochschulraumes bis zum Jahre 2010 einzusetzen.

Schwerpunkt bei der Errichtung des europäischen Hochschulraumes bildet die in der Bologna-Deklaration festgehaltene Einführung vergleichbarer zweistufiger Studiengänge nach dem Bachelor-Master-Modell. An der Prager Konferenz wurde in einem gemeinsamen Pressecommuniqué aller Signatarstaaten dieses Modell in seiner Ausgestaltung präzisiert und dabei ausdrücklich festgehalten, dass die Bachelor- und Masterstudiengänge unterschiedliche Orientierungen und verschiedene Profile haben können und sollten, um der Vielfalt der individuellen akademischen und arbeitsmarktbedingten Bedürfnisse gerecht werden zu können. Damit wird auch einem Anliegen der Universitäten Rechnung getragen, dass der Bachelor auf der Universitätsstufe, im Unterschied zu jenem der Fachhochschulen, primär akademischen Zielen, also der Förderung der Mobilität und der Möglichkeit, die Studienrichtung zu wechseln, dienen soll. Die Erklärung hielt auch fest, dass Bachelor- und Masterabschlüsse sowohl an Universitäten wie an anderen Hochschuleinrichtungen, d. h. an Fachhochschulen, erworben werden können. Diese an der Prager Konferenz vorgenommenen Präzisierungen sind für das in der Schweiz bewährte duale (höhere) Bildungssystem von grosser Bedeutung.

Des Weiteren legte die Prager Konferenz u. a. grosses Gewicht auf die Einrichtung eines Leistungspunktesystems wie das \"European Credit Transfer System (ECTS)\" und auf die Qualitätssicherung. Bezüglich der Qualitätssicherung ist vorgesehen, dass die einzelnen Länder entsprechende Organe einsetzen - ein Prozess, der in der Schweiz mit dem neuen Universitätsförderungsgesetz bereits eingeleitet worden ist.

Schliesslich war es den europäischen Ministern ein Anliegen, dass die Hochschulbildung in Europa ein öffentliches Gut bleiben soll und dass der Staat weiterhin seine Verantwortung für die Hochschulbildung behalten muss. Damit wurde den auch in der Schweiz vielfach geäusserten Befürchtungen entgegengetreten, die Bologna-Deklaration könne letztlich zu einer Kommerzialisierung der europäischen Universitäten führen.

2. An der Prager Konferenz haben die Ministerinnen und Minister beschlossen, in der zweiten Hälfte 2003 in Berlin eine weitere Nachfolgekonferenz abzuhalten. Im Hinblick auf diese Konferenz und auf die kommenden Umsetzungsarbeiten wurden auf europäischer Ebene neue Strukturen für die Steuerung des Bologna-Prozesses geschaffen. Der neue institutionelle Rahmen besteht aus einer Follow-up-Gruppe sowie einer Vorbereitungsgruppe. Die Follow-up-Gruppe setzt sich aus Vertretern aller Signatarstaaten und der Europäischen Kommission zusammen. Den Vorsitz übernimmt die jeweilige EU-Präsidentenschaft. Die Vorbereitungsgruppe hingegen besteht aus Vertretern der Gastgeberländer der vorangegangenen Ministertreffen und des nächsten Ministertreffens, von zwei EU-Mitgliedstaaten und zwei Nicht-EU-Mitgliedstaaten, wobei diese vier Vertreter von der Follow-up-Gruppe gewählt werden. Die jeweilige EU-Präsidentschaft und die Europäische Kommission werden ebenfalls an der Vorbereitungsgruppe teilnehmen. Den Vorsitz in der Vorbereitungsgruppe wird der Vertreter des Gastgeberlandes für das nächste Ministertreffen übernehmen.

Wie bereits unter Ziffer 1 erwähnt, sollen die im Rahmen der Bologna-Deklaration gesteckten Ziele bis zum Jahre 2010 erreicht werden.

3. Was die zeitliche Umsetzung der Bologna-Deklaration betrifft, liegt die Schweiz, wie eine am 27. Juni 2001 unter Beteiligung von internationalen Experten durchgeführte öffentliche Tagung zeigte, europaweit im Fahrplan.

Universitärer Bereich

Bezüglich des universitären Bereichs wurden im Einvernehmen mit den zuständigen Bundesbehörden, namentlich der Gruppe für Wissenschaft und Forschung, bereits Ende 1999 die notwendigen Strukturen für die Steuerung des Bologna-Prozesses geschaffen. Der Rektorenkonferenz der Schweizer Universitäten (CRUS) wurde die Verantwortung für die Koordination der Umsetzung der Bologna-Deklaration an den Schweizer Universitäten übertragen. Mit zwölf für den Universitätsbereich verbindlichen Thesen hat die CRUS bekräftigt, dass die Schweizer Universitäten Willens sind, in den kommenden Monaten und Jahren schrittweise die wichtigsten Anliegen der Bologna-Deklaration aufzunehmen und die Studienorganisation entsprechend umzugestalten.

Für die Umsetzung der Bologna-Deklaration im universitären Bereich hat die CRUS eine Projektleitung (Vorsitz: Prof. K. Osterwalder, Rektor ETHZ), eine hochschulpolitische Begleitgruppe (Vorsitz: G. M. Schuwey, Direktor BBW) und einen Bologna-Koordinator in ihrem Generalsekretariat eingesetzt. Diese Projektorganisation gewährleistet die nötige Zielorientierung, Strukturierung und Koordinierung des Bologna-Prozesses für den universitären Bereich und bezieht auch die Schnittstellen zu den Fachhochschulen, zum übrigen Tertiärsektor sowie zur Sekundarstufe II in der Schweiz mit ein.

Gestützt auf die Ergebnisse einer ersten Analysephase wurden fünf multidisziplinäre Arbeitsgruppen eingesetzt mit dem Auftrag, die Machbarkeit der vorgesehenen Studienreform für ausgewählte Fachbereiche zu untersuchen und Vorschläge für optimale Modelle zur Gestaltung und zur Einführung gestufter Studiengänge vorzulegen. Die Projektleitung wird diese bereits in Form von Schlussberichten bestehenden Resultate diskutieren und bis September 2001 detaillierte Überlegungen und Empfehlungen für die Einführung gestufter Studiengänge in der Schweiz vorlegen, auf deren Basis die CRUS bis im Frühjahr 2002 einen Entwurf für eine Umsetzungsrichtlinie erarbeiten wird. Dieses Dokument soll die wichtigsten strukturellen und organisatorischen Eckwerte und Parameter festlegen, welche für die Einführung gestufter Studiengänge durch die schweizerischen Universitäten im Sinne einer Mindestharmonisierung zu beachten sein werden.

Es sei daran erinnert, dass mit dem neuen Universitätsförderungsgesetz, das im April 2000 in Kraft getreten ist, erstmals ermöglicht wird, auf gesamtschweizerischer Ebene durch die Schweizerische Universitätskonferenz verbindliche Rahmenordnungen über die Universitätsbildung zu erlassen, namentlich über die Studienrichtzeiten und über die Anerkennung von Studienleistungen und -abschlüssen. Damit wurden für die bildungs- und hochschulpolitisch zentralen Fragen der Deklaration von Bologna rechtzeitig die institutionellen und rechtlichen Voraussetzungen für ein koordiniertes Vorgehen zwischen den Kantonen und dem Bund geschaffen.

Fachhochschulbereich

Auch im Fachhochschulbereich sind Reformbestrebungen im Sinne der Bologna-Deklaration voll im Gange. Einerseits hat die enge Zusammenarbeit der CRUS mit der Bologna-Projektsteuerung der Fachhochschulen, die von der Konferenz der Fachhochschulen der Schweiz (KFH) geleitet wird und aus einer Steuerungsgruppe (Vorsitz: Prof. A. Straessle, Chef Hochschulamt Zürcher Fachhochschule) besteht, inzwischen bereits zu gemeinsamen Thesen zwischen Fachhochschulen und Universitäten geführt, welche Zielsetzungen und Umsetzung der Bologna-Deklaration festlegt. Andererseits sind die gesetzlichen Änderungen im Fachhochschulbereich, welche die Voraussetzungen für die Einführung des zweistufigen Studienmodells erst schaffen sollen, auf Bundesebene in Vorbereitung. Parallel dazu hat die Arbeitsgruppe Bologna der KFH ein Master-Projekt für die Fachhochschulen konzipiert, das die KFH am 9./10. Juli 2001 verabschiedet hat und das nun der Schweizerischen Konferenz der kantonalen Erziehungsdirektoren und dem Eidgenössischen Volkswirtschaftsdepartement zur Stellungnahme vorliegt.

Zusammenfassend lässt sich festhalten, dass es die organisatorisch-institutionellen Massnahmen, die für eine koordinierte Umsetzung der Bologna-Deklaration im Universitäts- und Fachhochschulbereich getroffen wurden, erlauben, im Verein mit den anderen europäischen Ländern die Erneuerung der Lehre an den Schweizer Hochschulen zielgerichtet voranzutreiben. Es ist allerdings zu beachten, dass es sich beim Bologna-Prozess um ein längerfristiges Vorhaben handelt, das zwar die Schaffung eines einheitlichen, europäischen Bildungsraumes als gemeinsames Ziel anstrebt, das aber den einzelnen Ländern durchaus einen erheblichen Gestaltungsraum innerhalb der festgelegten Ziele bietet.

4. Parallel zu obgenanntem gesamtschweizerisch koordinierten Umsetzungsprozess sind an den einzelnen Universitäten Reformbestrebungen im Sinne der Bologna-Deklaration bereits im Gange bzw. bereits umgesetzt. Während die Università della Svizzera italiana seit ihrem Bestehen schon Bachelor- und Masterabschlüsse anbietet, wird die Universität St. Gallen im kommenden Herbst ihr gesamtes Studienangebot auf das Bachelor-Master-Modell umstellen. Auch die Universitäten Basel, Bern und Luzern haben in einigen ihrer Fakultäten das Bachelor-Master-Modell bereits eingeführt und haben diese Reformen zum Teil auch in den übrigen Fachbereichen eingeleitet.

Schliesslich sprach sich am 12. Juli 2001 auch der ETH-Rat für die Einführung gestufter Studiengänge an den ETH aus. Mit diesem Beschluss schafft der ETH-Rat die formellen Voraussetzungen, dass die beiden ETH im Rahmen ihrer Prioritäten Bachelor- und Masterabschlüsse im Sinne der Bologna-Deklaration einführen können. Die ETH Zürich wird denn auch bereits in diesem Herbst einen ersten gestuften Studiengang einführen, weitere folgen ein Jahr später.

Es liegt in der Komplexität der Materie, dass mit der Umsetzung der Bologna-Deklaration zahlreiche Schwierigkeiten verbunden sind. Vieles ist noch im Fluss und bedarf eingehender Erörterung und gegenseitiger Abstimmung. Zudem nehmen einige Universitäten in der Westschweiz zurzeit noch eine divergierende Haltung ein, indem sie dafür plädieren, mehrere Studienstrukturmodelle vorzusehen. Auch der Gefahr der Uneinheitlichkeit bei der Einführung des Leistungspunktesystems ECTS an den Hochschulen muss entgegengetreten werden. Eine von der CRUS gebildete Arbeitsgruppe wurde mit der Aufgabe betraut, Richtlinien für ein gesamtschweizerisch einheitliches und europakompatibles Leistungspunktesystem zu erstellen. Zudem ist geplant, im Jahre 2002 in der Schweiz ein internationales Seminar zum Thema ECTS durchzuführen, das einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Weiterentwicklung eines gemeinsamen europäischen Leistungspunktesystems leisten soll.

5. Es ist zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt schwierig, verbindliche Angaben über die Kosten der Umsetzung der Bologna-Deklaration zu machen. Sicher braucht es für die Steuerung des Prozesses und für die koordinierte Umsetzung der Bologna-Deklaration an den einzelnen Universitäten zusätzliche Mittel. Zudem wird die Neugestaltung der Studiengänge gemäss der Bologna-Deklaration zu einem Mehraufwand in der Betreuung führen. Verlässliche Zahlen dazu liegen aber noch nicht vor. Die zuständigen Stellen des Bundes werden jedoch zusammen mit der CRUS die notwendigen Abklärungen treffen, um den Mehraufwand der Universitäten verlässlich messen zu können.

In diesem Kontext kann aber darauf hingewiesen werden, dass ohnehin eine Verbesserung der Betreuungsverhältnisse - vor allem in den Fachbereichen Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften - angestrebt werden muss.

Antwort des Bundesrates.",30406,"20013337_1","Titel des 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Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1616":1617,"_1633":799,"_1634":1635,"_1636":1637,"_1638":986,"_1317":559,"_1291":359,"_78":563,"_1639":566,"_1622":369,"_1640":1641,"_1642":770,"_1424":319,"_74":329,"_1619":471,"_19":339,"_76":569,"_81":349,"_1643":1096,"_1644":1230,"_1645":1266,"_1646":1230,"_1647":1648,"_1649":1230,"_1650":1651,"_1652":559,"_1653":738,"_1654":1230,"_1655":1637,"_1656":563,"_1623":438,"_1657":1658,"_1229":1230,"_1659":676,"_1242":1230,"_72":574,"_1660":1452,"_1661":1309,"_1662":1347,"_1663":1641,"_1664":1436,"_1624":379,"_1665":1428,"_1666":1230},"section_switcher",{"_1614":1615,"_1616":1617,"_1618":319,"_70":515,"_74":329,"_1619":471,"_1620":405,"_1291":359,"_81":349,"_1621":339,"_1622":369,"_1623":438,"_1624":379,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630,"_1631":1632},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1724":1725,"_1726":1727,"_1668":1728,"_270":1729},"intro",{"_1670":1671,"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677,"_1678":1679,"_1680":1681,"_1682":1683},"en",{"_1684":1719,"_1686":1720,"_1688":1721,"_1690":1722,"_1692":1723},"de",{"_1684":1714,"_1686":1715,"_1688":1716,"_1690":1717,"_1692":1718},"fr",{"_1684":1709,"_1686":1710,"_1688":1711,"_1690":1712,"_1692":1713},"it",{"_1684":1704,"_1686":1705,"_1688":1706,"_1690":1707,"_1692":1708},"es",{"_1684":1699,"_1686":1700,"_1688":1701,"_1690":1702,"_1692":1703},"pt",{"_1684":1694,"_1686":1695,"_1688":1696,"_1690":1697,"_1692":1698},"rm",{"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691,"_1692":1693},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1151,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1153,"_1800":1155,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_624":625,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1814,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1818,"_1819":1820},"nav",{"_1616":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1741":674,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630,"_1631":1632,"_1618":319,"_70":515,"_1620":405,"_1619":471,"_74":329,"_1623":438,"_1291":359,"_81":349,"_1621":339,"_1622":369,"_1624":379,"_1746":1731,"_1747":1748,"_1594":1595,"_1749":1750,"_1596":1597,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1735,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791},{"_1684":1719,"_1686":1720,"_1688":1721,"_1690":1722,"_1692":1723},{"_1730":1731,"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1796":1822,"_1801":1823,"_1824":206,"_1825":200,"_1826":200,"_1827":206,"_1828":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]