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1a. Rassendiskriminierende Vorkommnisse bilden in unserem Land - zum Glück - die Ausnahme. Von den öffentlichen Frieden gefährdenden rassistischen Strömungen kann nicht die Rede sein. Die Rechtsbehelfe zur Abwehr rassendiskriminierender Akte im Verfassungs-, Verwaltungs-, Zivil- und Strafrecht sind hinreichend und vollständig, wie insbesondere die Rechtsprechung zum am 1. Januar 1995 in Kraft gesetzten Artikel 261bis StGB zeigt. Entgegen der Annahme des Bundesrates in seiner Botschaft vom 2. März 1992 über den Beitritt der Schweiz zum Internationalen Übereinkommen von 1965 zur Beseitigung jeder Form von Rassendiskriminierung und über die entsprechende Strafrechtsrevision (92.029, S. 53) ist aus heutiger Erkenntnis eine eidgenössische Kommission keineswegs notwendig, sondern, im Gegenteil, überflüssig.

Gegen die Beibehaltung der EKR sprechen weitere Gründe: Offenbar ist der Bundesrat entgegen seiner eigenen, in der erwähnten Botschaft (S. 54) geäusserten Absicht und im Widerspruch zu seiner Verordnung vom 3. Juni 1996 über ausserparlamentarische Kommissionen sowie Leitungsorgane und Vertretungen des Bundes (Kommissionenverordnung; SR 172.31) nicht in der Lage, für eine ausgewogene Zusammensetzung der EKR im Sinne von Artikel 9 der genannten Verordnung zu sorgen, wie schon ein flüchtiger Blick auf die Namen der Kommissionsmitglieder zeigt. Die bisherige Tätigkeit und Führung der EKR sind absolut ungenügend und nicht länger tolerierbar. Die EKR, insbesondere aber deren dreiköpfiges Präsidium, hat sich nicht nur zu einer unschweizerischen Quasizensurbehörde gegen zahlreiche Gemeinde- und Kantonsbehörden entwickelt; darüber hinaus wird sie vom jetzigen Präsidium auch zu Wahlkampfzwecken missbraucht, wobei die Verantwortlichen auch nicht vor eindeutig ehrverletzenden Pressemeldungen zurückschrecken (vgl. die Pressemeldung der EKR vom 20. Oktober 1999 gegen Nationalrat Dr. Ch. Blocher).

Skandalöserweise wurde das Plenum darüber vom Präsidium nicht vorgängig informiert, was dem Geschäftsreglement der EKR eindeutig widerspricht (\"In die Kompetenz des Plenums fallen u. a.: .... Genehmigung von .... Stellungnahmen, Vernehmlassungen, Berichten und Studien.\").

1b. Selbst im Fall der Beibehaltung der EKR drängen sich Reformmassnahmen auf: Das vom Bundesrat der EKR mit Beschluss vom 23. August 1995 erteilte Mandat ist viel zu weit gefasst, enthält über weite Strecken nicht praktikable und nicht judiziable Leerformeln (z. B. \"Bekämpft jegliche Form von direkter oder indirekter Rassendiskriminierung und schenkt einer wirksamen Prävention besondere Beachtung\"). Die EKR ist mandatsgemäss befugt, eigene Öffentlichkeitsarbeit zu leisten. Zwar muss sie vor Veröffentlichungen von Mitteilungen, Berichten usw. die Zustimmung des EDI einholen. Trotz dieser Sicherungsmassnahme erlangt die EKR diese Zustimmung sogar zu ehrverletzenden Veröffentlichungen. Zu streichen ist auch die Befugnis der EKR, direkte Kontakte mit Amtsstellen der Kantone (und von Gemeinden) zu pflegen: Die EKR benützt diese Kontaktnahmen vorab zu verfassungswidrigen, indirekten Zensurmassnahmen.

2. Die gesetzlichen Grundlagen für die Schaffung ausserparlamentarischer Kommissionen vermögen nicht durchwegs zu befriedigen. Nicht zu beanstanden sind unter diesem Gesichtspunkt Spezialgesetze, die eine ausserparlamentarische Kommission ausdrücklich und rechtlich einwandfrei vorsehen (so z. B. das Bundesgesetz vom 19. März 1976 über die internationale Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und humanitäre Hilfe; SR 974.0, Art. 14). Von solchen spezialgesetzlichen Regelungen abgesehen findet sich einzig in Artikel 57 Absatz 2 RVOG der Begriff der ausserparlamentarischen Kommission. Diese Vorschrift räumt dem Bundesrat indessen nicht die von ihm in Anspruch genommene Zuständigkeit zur Einsetzung und Reglementierung einer ausserparlamentarischen Kommission ein. Ebenso wenig lässt sich eine solche Kompetenz des Bundesrates direkt aus der Bundesverfassung herleiten (Art. 102 alte BV; Art. 182 und 187 neue BV). Angesprochen ist das Verhältnis zwischen Parlament und Regierung, des Näheren eine kohärente und ausgewogene Zuständigkeits-, Verantwortlichkeits- und Kontrollordnung (vgl. Botschaft vom 16. Oktober 1996 betreffend ein neues Regierungs- und Verwaltungsorganisationsgesetz, BBl 1996 V 9). Die bisherige rechtliche Regelung ist stark verbesserungsbedürftig. Die hier vorgeschlagene Teilrevision von Artikel 57 RVOG trägt einer ausgewogenen und klaren Zuständigkeitsordnung zwischen Parlament und Bundesrat Rechnung.

Die Zahl der ausserparlamentarischen Kommissionen hat ungebührlich zugenommen. Viele von ihnen sind überflüssig, belasten unnötigerweise den Bundeshaushalt, entwickeln im Unterschied zur integrierten Bundesverwaltung eine unerwünschte Eigendynamik und schwächen damit die Führungsrolle der Regierung. Der Nutzen ausserparlamentarischer Kommissionen, insbesondere der ständigen, ist im Vergleich zu ad hoc vom Bundesrat beigezogenen reinen Expertengremien in der Regel sehr bescheiden oder überhaupt nicht vorhanden (Beispiel EKR). Gewisse Kantone sind mit gutem Beispiel vorangegangen, indem sie die Zahl ihrer ausserparlamentarischen Kommissionen drastisch herabgesetzt haben. Die gleiche Arbeit ist nunmehr auch auf Bundesebene zu leisten.

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1a. Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, die Abschaffung der von ihm mit Beschluss vom 23. August 1995 eingesetzten Eidgenössischen Kommission gegen Rassismus (EKR) zu prüfen und den eidgenössischen Räten darüber Bericht zu erstatten.

1b. Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, als Eventuallösung an Stelle der Abschaffung der EKR eine Einschränkung und klare Definition ihres Aufgabenbereiches zu prüfen und darüber Bericht zu erstatten.

2. Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, die nachstehend vorgeschlagene Revision von Artikel 57 Regierungs- und Verwaltungsorganisationsgesetz (RVOG, SR 172.010) zu prüfen und darüber Bericht zu erstatten:

Abs. 2 (neu)

Die eidgenössischen Räte befinden auf Vorschlag des Bundesrates und in Abständen von einem Jahr über die Einsetzung und die Auflösung ausserparlamentarischer Kommissionen.

Abs. 3 (neu)

Für die ausserparlamentarischen Kommissionen erlässt der Bundesrat Bestimmungen über deren Zusammensetzung, Wahl, Aufgaben und Verfahren. Die Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und der Verkehr mit in- und ausländischen Behörden sowie mit privaten Organisationen fallen in die ausschliessliche Zuständigkeit des Bundesrates bzw. des zuständigen Departementes.

Abs. 4 (neu)

Aufsichtsbehörde über die ausserparlamentarischen Kommissionen ist der Bundesrat. Jedermann ist nach Massgabe von Artikel 71 Bundesgesetz über das Verwaltungsverfahren (SR 172.021) zur Aufsichtsbeschwerde gegen ausserparlamentarische Kommissionen befugt.

",24139,"19993645_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

1. Aufgrund des Parlamentsbeschlusses vom 9. März 1993 und nach Annahme der Änderung des Strafgesetzbuches und des Militärstrafgesetzes (Verbot der Rassendiskriminierung) in der Volksabstimmung vom 25. September 1994 trat die Schweiz am 29. November 1994 dem Internationalen Übereinkommen vom 21. Dezember 1965 zur Beseitigung jeder Form von Rassendiskriminierung bei, das am 29. Dezember 1994 in Kraft trat.

In seiner Botschaft vom 2. März 1992 über den Beitritt der Schweiz zum Internationalen Übereinkommen von 1965 zur Beseitigung jeder Form von Rassendiskriminierung und über die entsprechende Strafrechtrevision sprach sich der Bundesrat klar für die Bildung einer EKR aus. Er wies insbesondere darauf hin, dass die Bekämpfung der Rassendiskriminierung pädagogische, soziologische, kulturelle, föderalistische, entwicklungs- und migrationspolitische sowie juristische Aspekte umfasse. Die Aufgaben einer solchen Kommission umschrieb der Bundesrat wie folgt: Forschung und Analyse, Dokumentation, Erarbeitung von Berichten, Koordination und Durchführung konkreter Präventionsmassnahmen sowie Beratung des Bundesrates (BBl 1992 III 321f.).

Auf dieser Grundlage hat der Bundesrat das Mandat und die Zusammensetzung der Kommission am 23. August 1995 festgelegt. Die Zusammensetzung der Kommission erfolgte gemäss den Vorgaben von Artikel 9 der Verordnung vom 3. Juni 1996 über ausserparlamentarische Kommissionen sowie Leitungsorgane und Vertretungen des Bundes (SR 172.31).

Der Bundesrat lehnt mit Entschiedenheit die Anschuldigung ab, die Aktivitäten der Kommission verstiessen gegen ihr Mandat oder die Verfassung. Im Gegenteil, in den knapp vier Jahren ihres Bestehens hat die Kommission mit ihren fundierten Publikationen (Berichte, das halbjährlich erscheinende Bulletin \"Tangram\") und sachdienlichen, fachlich begründeten Stellungnahmen sowie der breiten Öffentlichkeits- und Sensibilisierungsarbeit (Kampagnen, Fachtagungen, Pressekonferenzen) überzeugende Arbeit geleistet. Ihre Tätigkeit hat ein grosses Echo in der Verwaltung, den Medien, der interessierten Öffentlichkeit und nicht zuletzt bei Politikerinnen und Politikern gefunden.

Die Kommission leistet zudem einen wesentlichen Beitrag bei der Umsetzung der völkerrechtlichen Verpflichtungen, welche die Schweiz mit der Inkraftsetzung des Übereinkommens übernommen hat (siehe Art. 2 Abs. 1 Bst. e und Art. 7 des Übereinkommens).

Aus diesen Gründen sieht der Bundesrat keinen Anlass, Ziffer 1 des Postulates entgegenzunehmen.

2. Der Begriff der ausserparlamentarischen Kommission findet sich nicht - wie im Postulat angenommen - nur in Spezialgesetzen und in Artikel 57 Absatz 2 RVOG. Die Ausführungsbestimmungen für die Einsetzung, Zusammensetzung und Betrieb der ausserparlamentarischen Kommissionen finden sich in der entsprechenden Verordnung vom 3. Juni 1996 (SR 172.31). Gemäss Artikel 3 werden ausserparlamentarische Kommissionen durch Bundesgesetz, Bundesbeschluss oder gestützt auf Artikel 57 RVOG eingesetzt. Kommissionen mit Entscheidbefugnissen (sogenannte Behördenkommissionen) bedürfen immer einer gesetzlichen Grundlage (vgl. Art. 5 Abs. 3).

Das Parlament hat demzufolge ein wesentliches Mitspracherecht bei allen Behördenkommissionen sowie bei allen Kommissionen, die aufgrund einer spezialgesetzlichen Bestimmung eingesetzt werden. Die Verwaltungskommissionen sind hingegen Gremien, deren Einsetzung ausdrücklich in der Kompetenz des Bundesrates und der Departemente liegt. Eine Einflussnahme des Parlamentes in diesem Bereich würde der mit Erlass des RVOG dem Bundesrat eingeräumten Organisationsautonomie widersprechen und ist daher abzulehnen.

Die Berichterstattung und die Information der Öffentlichkeit werden gemäss Artikel 11 der Kommissionenverordnung individuell in der jeweiligen Einsetzungsverfügung einer Kommission oder in einem spezialgesetzlichen Erlass geregelt. Eine Aufsichtsfunktion des Bundesrates ergibt sich aus der im RVOG festgelegten Kompetenz zur Einsetzung ausserparlamentarischer Kommissionen. Die Anliegen des Postulates sind in diesem Punkt somit bereits erfüllt.

Der Bundesrat ist überzeugt, dass sich die bisherige Aufteilung der ausserparlamentarischen Kommissionen in Behördenkommissionen einerseits und Verwaltungskommissionen andererseits bewährt hat und die Kommissionen in beiden Formen Wichtiges leisten. Es besteht deshalb kein Handlungsbedarf in diesem Bereich.

Der Bundesrat beantragt, das Postulat abzulehnen.",24138,"19993645_1","Titel des 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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1603":1604,"_1620":786,"_1621":1622,"_1623":1624,"_1625":973,"_1304":546,"_1278":346,"_78":550,"_1626":553,"_1609":356,"_1627":1628,"_1629":757,"_1411":306,"_74":316,"_1606":458,"_19":326,"_76":556,"_81":336,"_1630":1083,"_1631":1217,"_1632":1253,"_1633":1217,"_1634":1635,"_1636":1217,"_1637":1638,"_1639":546,"_1640":725,"_1641":1217,"_1642":1624,"_1643":550,"_1610":425,"_1644":1645,"_1216":1217,"_1646":663,"_1229":1217,"_72":561,"_1647":1439,"_1648":1296,"_1649":1334,"_1650":1628,"_1651":1423,"_1611":366,"_1652":1415,"_1653":1217},"section_switcher",{"_1601":1602,"_1603":1604,"_1605":306,"_70":502,"_74":316,"_1606":458,"_1607":392,"_1278":346,"_81":336,"_1608":326,"_1609":356,"_1610":425,"_1611":366,"_1612":1613,"_1614":1615,"_1616":1617,"_1618":1619},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1711":1712,"_1713":1714,"_1655":1715,"_257":1716},"intro",{"_1657":1658,"_1659":1660,"_1661":1662,"_1663":1664,"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668,"_1669":1670},"en",{"_1671":1706,"_1673":1707,"_1675":1708,"_1677":1709,"_1679":1710},"de",{"_1671":1701,"_1673":1702,"_1675":1703,"_1677":1704,"_1679":1705},"fr",{"_1671":1696,"_1673":1697,"_1675":1698,"_1677":1699,"_1679":1700},"it",{"_1671":1691,"_1673":1692,"_1675":1693,"_1677":1694,"_1679":1695},"es",{"_1671":1686,"_1673":1687,"_1675":1688,"_1677":1689,"_1679":1690},"pt",{"_1671":1681,"_1673":1682,"_1675":1683,"_1677":1684,"_1679":1685},"rm",{"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674,"_1675":1676,"_1677":1678,"_1679":1680},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1138,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1140,"_1787":1142,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_611":612,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807},"nav",{"_1603":1725,"_1726":1727,"_1728":661,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1612":1613,"_1614":1615,"_1616":1617,"_1618":1619,"_1605":306,"_70":502,"_1607":392,"_1606":458,"_74":316,"_1610":425,"_1278":346,"_81":336,"_1608":326,"_1609":356,"_1611":366,"_1733":1718,"_1734":1735,"_1581":1582,"_1736":1737,"_1583":1584,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1722,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778},{"_1671":1706,"_1673":1707,"_1675":1708,"_1677":1709,"_1679":1710},{"_1717":1718,"_1719":1720,"_1721":1722,"_1723":1724},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). 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