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Der 25. April 1999 ist der 10. Geburtstag von Gendhun Choekyi Nyima, welcher vom Dalai-Lama am 14. Mai 1995 als 11. Panchen-Lama anerkannt worden ist. Gemäss der Tradition des tibetischen Buddhismus ist er der zweithöchste spirituelle Führer des tibetischen Volkes und der Anhänger des tibetischen Buddhismus in der ganzen Welt.

Im Alter von sechs Jahren, kurze Zeit nach seiner Anerkennung durch den Dalai-Lama, sind das Kind und seine Familie allerdings verschwunden, und erst im Juni 1996 gab die Führung Chinas zu, dass es sich in chinesischer \"Obhut\" befinde. Bis heute wird der Aufenthaltsort des Kindes und seiner Familie geheimgehalten. Es ist ungewiss, unter welchen Umständen es lebt und welche Art Erziehung und Bildung es geniesst. Gendhun Choekyi Nyima ist weltweit der jüngste Gewissensgefangene. Für seine Freilassung, aber auch für die Einhaltung der Grundrechte und -freiheiten des tibetischen Volkes, demonstrieren seit dem 5. April 1999 zwei Mitglieder des Tibetan Youth Congress (TYC) sowie ein in der Schweiz lebender Tibeter vor dem Uno-Gebäude in Genf mit einem unbefristeten Hungerstreik. Aus Anlass des 10. Geburtstages des 11. Panchen-Lama ist eine grössere Kundgebung für den 25. April 1999 geplant.

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Der Bundesrat wird gebeten:

1. die Forderung der drei Hungerstreikenden in Genf zu unterstützen, wonach u. a. die Uno-Menschenrechtskommission bei der chinesischen Regierung mit Nachdruck die Erlaubnis für ein Treffen zwischen einer Delegation des Uno-Komitees für die Rechte des Kindes und dem 11. Panchen-Lama und seiner Familie einfordern soll;

2. sich selbst bei der chinesischen Regierung nach dem Aufenthaltsort des Kindes und seiner Familie sowie seiner Förderung, Schulung und religiösen Unterweisung gemäss tibetischem Buddhismus zu erkundigen;

3. sich engagiert für die Freilassung des 11. Panchen-Lama einzusetzen;

4. dem Parlament regelmässig zu berichten, welche Schritte er gemacht hat und welche Ergebnisse erzielt wurden, um den demokratischen Rechten des tibetischen Volkes nach kultureller und religiöser Selbstbestimmung Nachachtung zu verschaffen und um die Freilassung der zahlreichen politischen Gefangenen in Tibet zu erwirken.

",22437,"19993173_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Drei Tibeter - Mitglieder des TYC - traten am 4. April 1999 auf dem Place des Nations Unies in Genf in einen Hungerstreik. Damit wollten sie hauptsächlich einen Besuch der Kinderrechtskommission der Vereinten Nationen bei Gendun Choekyi Nyima erwirken, der 1995 von Seiner Heiligkeit dem Dalai-Lama als 11. Panchen-Lama erkannt wurde. Sie beendeten den Hungerstreik am 1. Mai 1999 unter anderem nach Gesprächen mit der Hochkommissarin für Menschenrechte, Frau Mary Robinson, und Vertretern verschiedener Staaten. Der Bundesrat hatte wiederholt Gelegenheit, seine Bemühungen zugunsten der Menschenrechte in Tibet darzulegen, so beispielsweise in seiner Antwort auf die Interpellation Gonseth vom 2. Dezember 1998 über die Freilassung von Tanak Jigme Sangpo und die Achtung der Menschenrechte in Tibet. Auch wenn der 11. Panchen-Lama noch immer nicht freigelassen worden ist, wird der Bundesrat seine Bemühungen im Sinne der Forderungen dieses Postulates weiterführen und betrachtet damit dessen Zweck als erfüllt.

1. Seit dem Beginn des Streiks besprachen sich die Mitglieder der schweizerischen Delegation bei der Kinderrechtskommission mit dem TYC über dessen Begehren und über mögliche Wege zu deren Befriedigung. Insbesondere suchte ein hoher Vertreter des Eidgenössischen Departements für auswärtige Angelegenheiten die drei Tibeter auf und teilte ihnen im Namen der Bundespräsidentin mit, dass sich die Schweiz in China und insbesondere in Tibet weiterhin zugunsten der Menschenrechte einsetzen werde und dass sie die Begehren der drei Tibeter ernsthaft prüfen werde.

Anlässlich der Unterbreitung seines ersten Berichtes zuhanden der Kinderrechtskommission der Vereinten Nationen gestand China 1996 erstmals ein, Gendun Choekyi Nyima in Gewahrsam genommen und ihm angeblich zu seinem Schutz und zur Gewährleistung einer guten Erziehung einen Wohnsitz zugewiesen zu haben. Mehrere Ausschussmitglieder hatten bei dieser Gelegenheit - erfolglos - darum gebeten, den jungen Gefangenen besuchen zu dürfen. Der in den Artikeln 43 und 44 der Kinderrechtskonvention umschriebene Auftrag des Ausschusses ermächtigt diesen nicht zur Abstattung von Besuchen in einzelnen Ländern. Jedoch wird das Begehren der drei Streikenden anlässlich der nächsten Ausschusssitzung Ende Mai 1999 geprüft werden. Der Fall des Panchen-Lama ist bei den chinesischen Behörden bereits auch im Rahmen anderer Mechanismen der Menschenrechtskommission aufgegriffen worden. Darüber hinaus prüft der Bundesrat, wie diese anderen Mechanismen - wie z. B. die Arbeitsgruppe über willkürliche Festnahme, die Arbeitsgruppe über zwangsweises oder unfreiwilliges Verschwinden bzw. der Sonderberichterstatter über die Folter - den Fall des Panchen-Lama nochmal bei den chinesischen Behörden aufgreifen können. Da die Schweiz nicht Uno-Mitglied und deshalb auch nicht Mitglied der Menschenrechtskommission ist, besitzt sie keine formelle Handhabe, von der Kommission die Befriedigung der Streikbegehren zu verlangen.

2./3./4. Der Bundesrat teilt die in diesem Postulat zum Ausdruck gebrachte Besorgnis um das Schicksal von Gendun Choekyi Nyima. Seit dem Verschwinden des jungen Panchen-Lama im Jahre 1995 hat sich die Schweiz wiederholt für seine Befreiung eingesetzt, und sie wird ihre Bemühungen in diesem Sinne fortsetzen. Sie hat die chinesischen Behörden verschiedentlich gebeten, einem Vertreter der Schweizer Regierung oder einer unabhängigen Organisation wie dem IKRK Gelegenheit zu bieten, den Knaben zu besuchen, oder zumindest von ihm oder seinen Eltern ein Lebenszeichen erhalten zu können. So brachte die Schweiz beispielsweise ihre Besorgnis um das Schicksal des als 11. Panchen-Lama erkannten Knaben erneut zum Ausdruck, als 1997 eine aus drei Parlamentariern, drei Journalisten, einem Rechtsprofessor und drei Chefbeamten des EDA zusammengesetzte schweizerische Delegation auf Einladung Li Ruihans, eines der sieben Mitglieder des Ständigen Ausschusses des Politbüros der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas, der u. a. für Fragen im Zusammenhang mit Tibet verantwortlich ist, in China weilte. Anlässlich des Besuches einer schweizerischen Menschenrechtsdelegation in China im Dezember 1997 war dies wiederum der Fall.

Im Rahmen ihres Dialoges mit China über die Menschenrechte setzt sich die Schweiz ebenfalls für die kulturellen und religiösen Rechte des tibetischen Volkes sowie für die Befreiung der tibetischen politischen Gefangenen und die allgemeine Achtung der Menschenrechte in Tibet ein. Des weiteren hat sich die Schweiz anerboten, bei den Kontakten zwischen tibetischen und chinesischen Vertretern zu vermitteln; China hat indes diesbezüglich noch nicht Stellung genommen.

Der Bundesrat hatte bereits Kontakte mit der parlamentarischen Gruppe für Menschenrechte, namentlich mit der Untergruppe Tibet, und wird das Parlament auch weiterhin über sämtliche neuen Entwicklungen informieren, die sich in der Frage der Menschenrechte in China und insbesondere in Tibet ergeben.

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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1637":1638,"_1654":820,"_1655":1656,"_1657":1658,"_1659":1007,"_1338":580,"_1312":380,"_120":584,"_1660":587,"_1643":390,"_1661":1662,"_1663":791,"_1445":340,"_117":350,"_1640":492,"_122":360,"_19":590,"_124":370,"_1664":1117,"_1665":1251,"_1666":1287,"_1667":1251,"_1668":1669,"_1670":1251,"_1671":1672,"_1673":580,"_1674":759,"_1675":1251,"_1676":1658,"_1677":584,"_1644":459,"_1678":1679,"_1250":1251,"_1680":697,"_1263":1251,"_115":595,"_1681":1473,"_1682":1330,"_1683":1368,"_1684":1662,"_1685":1457,"_1645":400,"_1686":1449,"_1687":1251},"section_switcher",{"_1635":1636,"_1637":1638,"_1639":340,"_113":536,"_117":350,"_1640":492,"_1641":426,"_1312":380,"_124":370,"_1642":360,"_1643":390,"_1644":459,"_1645":400,"_1646":1647,"_1648":1649,"_1650":1651,"_1652":1653},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1689":1749,"_291":1750},"intro",{"_1691":1692,"_1693":1694,"_1695":1696,"_1697":1698,"_1699":1700,"_1701":1702,"_1703":1704},"en",{"_1705":1740,"_1707":1741,"_1709":1742,"_1711":1743,"_1713":1744},"de",{"_1705":1735,"_1707":1736,"_1709":1737,"_1711":1738,"_1713":1739},"fr",{"_1705":1730,"_1707":1731,"_1709":1732,"_1711":1733,"_1713":1734},"it",{"_1705":1725,"_1707":1726,"_1709":1727,"_1711":1728,"_1713":1729},"es",{"_1705":1720,"_1707":1721,"_1709":1722,"_1711":1723,"_1713":1724},"pt",{"_1705":1715,"_1707":1716,"_1709":1717,"_1711":1718,"_1713":1719},"rm",{"_1705":1706,"_1707":1708,"_1709":1710,"_1711":1712,"_1713":1714},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1813":1814,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1172,"_1818":1819,"_1820":1174,"_1821":1176,"_1822":1823,"_1824":1825,"_1826":1827,"_1828":1829,"_1830":1831,"_645":646,"_1832":1833,"_1834":1835,"_1836":1837,"_1838":1839,"_1840":1841},"nav",{"_1637":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":695,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1646":1647,"_1648":1649,"_1650":1651,"_1652":1653,"_1639":340,"_113":536,"_1641":426,"_1640":492,"_117":350,"_1644":459,"_1312":380,"_124":370,"_1642":360,"_1643":390,"_1645":400,"_1767":1752,"_1768":1769,"_1615":1616,"_1770":1771,"_1617":1618,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1756,"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1812},{"_1705":1740,"_1707":1741,"_1709":1742,"_1711":1743,"_1713":1744},{"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1817":1843,"_1822":1844,"_1845":83,"_1846":56,"_1847":56,"_1848":83,"_1849":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]