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Laut \"Facts\" haben Schätzungen ergeben, dass die Gentechlobby (Gen Suisse, Interpharma, Wirtschaftsförderung) rund 10 Millionen Franken jährlich im Kampf gegen die Gen-Schutz-Initiative zur Verfügung stellt. Doch da diese Gentechlobby laut Meinungsumfragen wenig Glaubwürdigkeit besitzt, soll nun unbedingt die Wissenschaft mobilisiert werden.

Gemäss einem Artikel im \"Biotech-Forum\" vom 1. Mai 1996 wurde kürzlich an der ETH die Informationsstelle \"Gentechnologie und Gesellschaft\" angesiedelt. Aufgabe dieser Stelle sei es, der Bevölkerung klarzumachen, welche schlimmen Folgen die Annahme der Gen-Schutz-Initiative hätte. Dazu ist ein umfangreicher Aktionsplan ausgearbeitet worden. Gemäss diesem Plan sollen u. a. auch interessierte Laien befähigt werden, an einer Podiumsveranstaltung zusammen mit den Kerngruppen vor der Öffentlichkeit aufzutreten.

Die neue Informationsstelle wird geleitet von Dr. phil. nat. Peter Mani, wissenschaftlicher Adjunkt im Bundesamt für Veterinärwesen und verantwortlicher Leiter im Dienst für Bio-Sicherheit des Institutes für Viruskrankheiten und Immunprophylaxe in Mittelhäusern. Herr Mani ist auch Mitglied der Idagen und hat federführend die Botschaft gegen die Gen-Schutz-Initiative ausgearbeitet.

Die Informationsstelle ist an der Ethikstelle, Leitung Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Schreiber, im Departement für Humanwissenschaften der ETH angesiedelt. Die ethisch ummäntelten provokativen Thesen von Professor Schreiber haben in der Öffentlichkeit schon wiederholt für Unmut gesorgt, etwa, als er als Leiter der Studiengruppe \"Forschung am Menschen\" voreilig sein persönliches Credo verbreitete, u. a. \"es gibt keine Tabus in bezug auf die menschliche Natur\". Kürzlich hat er in der Fernsehsendung \"Sternstunde Philosophie\" im Zusammenhang mit den neuen Möglichkeiten der Gentechnologie eine weitere provozierende These aufgestellt: \"Wir sind die Gesetzgeber, nicht die Natur.\"

Herr Professor Schreiber ist laut \"Publicitas\" Ansprechpartner für die teuren Inserate, welche mit zum Teil falschen Aussagen kürzlich mit Namen von über 400 Wissenschaftlern und Wissenschaftlerinnen publiziert wurden. Und gemäss einem Schreiben von Professor Claude Bron an all diese Wissenschaftler und Wissenschaftlerinnen - er ist Präsident der Union Schweizerischer Gesellschaften für experimentelle Biologie - \"hat sich Professor Schreiber als Leiter der Stelle 'Gentechnik und Gesellschaft' bereit erklärt, Folgefragen aller Art zu beantworten\", dies, \"um die Wissenschaftler und Wissenschaftlerinnen zu entlasten\".

Ich möchte mit meiner Interpellation nicht die Meinungsfreiheit von sogenannten Ethikern und von Wissenschaftlern und Wissenschaftlerinnen in Frage stellen. Wichtig ist mir aber, etwas Licht in die Verquickung der finanzstarken Gentechlobby mit der Ethikstelle und der Stelle von Dr. Mani, die mit unseren Steuermitteln bezahlt werden, zu bringen. Die Bevölkerung hat deshalb ein Anrecht, dass diese Gelder verantwortungsvoll eingesetzt werden und in bezug auf die Gentechnologie nicht einseitige oder umstrittene Credos, sondern zumindest ausgewogene Pro- und Kontrapositionen vermittelt werden.

Keinesfalls ausgewogen und mit falschen Informationen bestückt war ein erster Leserbrief der neuen Informationsstelle in der \"Basler Zeitung\" vom 10. Juni 1996, wo unter anderem behauptet wird: \"Die ganze Forschung auf dem Gebiet der gentechnisch veränderten Pflanzen würde obsolet, wenn die Freisetzung generell verboten würde.\"

","affair_title",12951,"19963320_5","Eingereichter Text","

Ich möchte den Bundesrat bitten, folgende Fragen zu beantworten:

1. Aktivitäten der neuen Stelle \"Gentechnologie und Gesellschaft\" finden unter dem Patronat und in Zusammenarbeit mit der Union Schweizerischer Gesellschaften für experimentelle Biologie (Usgeb) statt. Was heisst in diesem Zusammenhang Patronat? Bedeutet Patronat lediglich Benützen von Briefpapier der Usgeb, oder werden die Stelle und ihre geplanten, umfangreichen Aktivitäten auch von dieser Dachorganisation finanziert? Wieviel bezahlt die obenerwähnte Gentechlobby an diese Stelle und ihre Aktivitäten?

2. Ist für die Stelle ein Budget erstellt worden, woraus ersichtlich ist, welche Kosten aus ETH-Mitteln, d. h. Steuermitteln, bezahlt werden? Wer bezahlt den offensichtlich grossen Arbeitszeiteinsatz von Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Schreiber für diese Informationsstelle? Wer bezahlt die in grossem Masse beanspruchten Infrastrukturen der ETH (u. a. Pressestellen)?

3. Ist es zufällig, dass Herr Dr. phil. nat. Peter Mani, der wesentlich die Botschaft gegen die Gen-Schutz-Initiative geschrieben hat, nun an dieser sogenannten Informationsstelle \"Gentechnologie und Gesellschaft\" amtet? Wer hat ihn dorthin berufen, wie ist seine Stelle umschrieben, wie gross ist das Pensum, und wer bezahlt die Stelle?

4. Wie wird die Transparenz im Zusammenhang mit dieser Stelle geschaffen, welche es der Bevölkerung ermöglicht, die privaten politischen Aktivitäten der Wissenschaftler und Wissenschaftlerinnen von durch die Gentechlobby finanzierten Aktivitäten zu unterscheiden? In diesem Zusammenhang wäre es beispielsweise wichtig zu erfahren, wer die teuren ganzseitigen Inserate in allen grossen Zeitungen bezahlt hat?

5. Teilt der Bundesrat die Befürchtung, dass die massiv eingesetzten Mittel der Gentechlobby und die damit angestrebte Verflechtung mit der Wissenschaft (und der Bundesverwaltung) die demokratischen Spielregeln unseres Landes untergraben und einen echten demokratischen Entscheid gefährden?

6. Wäre es nicht die Aufgabe des Staates, die Polarisierung der Bevölkerung gegenüber der Gentechnologie abzubauen, statt mit öffentlichen Mitteln eine polare Situation zu fördern, was auf der anderen Seite bloss Ablehnung und eine abnehmende Diskussionsbereitschaft zur Folge hat?

",12950,"19963320_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Die Fragen können wie folgt beantwortet werden.

Der Bundesrat hat in der Botschaft vom 6. Juni 1995 über die Volksinitiative \"zum Schutz von Leben und Umwelt vor Genmanipulation (Gen-Schutz-Initiative)\" klar Stellung gegen die Initiative genommen und den eidgenössischen Räten beantragt, Volk und Ständen die Ablehnung zu empfehlen. Er ist sich bewusst, dass einer neuen Technologie, die ihre Auswirkungen auf viele verschiedene Bereiche des täglichen Lebens hat, zunächst mit Misstrauen begegnet wird. Darum ist er bestrebt, durch sachliche Informationen die Ängste der Bevölkerung abzubauen.

1. Die Grundlagenforschung und die Ausbildung im Bereich der Biologie sind durch die Gen-Schutz-Initiative stark gefährdet. Die Union Schweizerischer Gesellschaften für experimentelle Biologie (Usgeb) ist ein Zusammenschluss verschiedener Organisationen im Bereich der Anatomie, Biochemie, Biologie, Pharmakologie, Toxikologie und Physiologie. Die Usgeb hat eine Informationsstelle \"Gentechnologie und Gesellschaft\" eingesetzt, die im Dienst der Union und der Öffentlichkeit steht und dieser namentlich in Kenntnis der Problematik der Initiative eine aktive Teilnahme an Diskussionen über die Argumente ermöglichen soll. Diese wichtige Aufgabe wurde aufgrund eines Beschlusses der Versammlung der Vertreter der wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften sowie des Exekutivausschusses in den Tätigkeitsbereich der Usgeb aufgenommen. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde auch ein Patronat eingesetzt. Dieses Patronat unterstützt finanziell und strukturell die Informationsstelle. Es wurde aus einer Gruppe von Forschern gebildet, die im Bereich der Gentechnologie spezialisiert sind. Die Mittel, die der Union zur Verfügung stehen, stammen hauptsächlich aus Mitgliederbeiträgen der Forscher an den Universitäten und in der Industrie. Die wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaften, welche Mitglieder der Usgeb sind, beteiligen sich ebenfalls an dieser Informationsstelle. Es werden keine öffentlichen Mittel zu diesem Zweck eingesetzt.

2. Die Informationsstelle \"Gentechnologie und Gesellschaft\" hat an der ETH Zürich ein Gastrecht erhalten. Sie ist der Stelle \"Ethikberatung und Technologiefolgenabschätzung\", die durch Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Schreiber, ausserordentlicher Professor an der Universität Basel, geleitet wird, angegliedert.

ETH-Budgetmittel fliessen keine in die Finanzierung der Informationsstelle ein. Die ETH Zürich stellt der Usgeb auch keine Dienstleistungen wie Pressestelle, Versandzentrale usw. zur Verfügung. Für die Benützung der Infrastruktur (Räume, Telefon, Fax, E-mail) wird der Informationsstelle \"Gentechnologie und Gesellschaft\" periodisch Rechnung gestellt. Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Schreiber hat seine Mitwirkung privat zur Verfügung gestellt; es werden ihm dafür keine Entschädigungen ausgerichtet.

3. Die Hauptziele der Informationsstelle \"Gentechnologie und Gesellschaft\" sind:

- die Erarbeitung einer Zusammenstellung aller an den schweizerischen Hochschulen laufenden Projekte im Bereich der Gentechnologie und die Darstellung der Folgen einer Annahme der Gen-Schutz-Initiative für die einzelnen Projekte;

- das Thematisieren zentraler Fragen, die im Zusammenhang mit der Gentechnologie immer wieder zur Verunsicherung beitragen;

- die Darstellung der Konsequenzen eines Verzichts auf die Gentechnologie bezüglich der Grundlagenforschung und der Ausbildung sowie die Information der Öffentlichkeit über diese Konsequenzen inklusive der praktischen Anwendung in wichtigen Beriechen (wie z. B. Gesundheit und Ernährung);

- die Vermittlung dieser Ergebnisse an die Öffentlichkeit;

- der Aufbau eines Informationszentrums unter den akademischen Organisationen, das der raschen Informationsvermittlung und Koordination dienen soll.

Dr. Peter Mani besetzt die Informationsstelle \"Gentechnologie und Gesellschaft\" zu 50 Prozent. Die Usgeb hat ihn dorthin berufen und ist auch für die Finanzierung dieser 50-Prozent-Stelle zuständig. Im übrigen ist Dr. Mani zu 50 Prozent als Beamter des Bundesamtes für Veterinärwesen beim Institut für Viruskrankheiten und Immunprophylaxe (IVI) tätig. Im IVI ist er in erster Linie für Fragen der Biosicherheit und -technik verantwortlich. Die Aktivitäten, die er für die Informationsstelle wahrnimmt, sind demnach von seinem Aufgabenbereich in der Bundesverwaltung klar getrennt.

4. Wie erwähnt wird die Informationsstelle \"Gentechnologie und Gesellschaft\" in erster Linie durch die betroffenen Forscher selbst getragen und finanziert. Die von ihr herausgegebenen Informationen weisen auf diesen Hintergrund hin. Der Forderung nach Transparenz ist damit Rechnung getragen. Im übrigen ist es Hochschuldozenten und Bundesbeamten nicht verwehrt, sich persönlich zu politischen Fragen zu äussern. Dabei muss allerdings eindeutig erkennbar sein, dass es sich um private Meinungsäusserungen handelt.

An der Finanzierung von Inseraten ist der Bund nicht beteiligt.

5. Die ETH Zürich als autonome öffentliche Anstalt des Bundes muss, wenn ihr Forschungsauftrag durch eine Abstimmungsvorlage stark gefährdet erscheint und dadurch auch die Forschungsfreiheit beeinträchtigt wird (Art. 2 und 5 des ETH-Gesetzes), die Öffentlichkeit vor einer Volksabstimmung informieren können. Sofern diese Information auf sachlicher Basis erfolgt, stellt sie keine Beeinträchtigung der demokratischen Spielregeln in unserem Land dar.

6. Die unter Punkt 2 erwähnte, vor einiger Zeit geschaffene Ethikberatungsstelle der ETH Zürich steht allen Interessierten, auch für Anfragen im Zusammenhang mit der Gen-Schutz-Initiative, zur Verfügung. Sie hat sich bereits verschiedentlich in der Öffentlichkeit dazu geäussert.

Der Bundesrat kann im bisherigen Verhalten der ETH Zürich keine Tendenz erkennen, wonach mit öffentlichen Mitteln eine Polarisierung der Bevölkerung gegenüber der Gentechnologie gefördert würde. Die ETH Zürich ist - im Gegenteil - bestrebt, die allgemeine Diskussionsbereitschaft durch das Zurverfügungstellen gesicherter Fakten zu verbessern.

Antwort des Bundesrates.",12949,"19963320_1","Titel des 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members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1595":1596,"_1612":778,"_1613":1614,"_1615":1616,"_1617":965,"_1296":538,"_1270":338,"_78":542,"_1618":545,"_1601":348,"_1619":1620,"_1621":749,"_1403":298,"_74":308,"_1598":450,"_19":318,"_76":548,"_81":328,"_1622":1075,"_1623":1209,"_1624":1245,"_1625":1209,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1209,"_1629":1630,"_1631":538,"_1632":717,"_1633":1209,"_1634":1616,"_1635":542,"_1602":417,"_1636":1637,"_1208":1209,"_1638":655,"_1221":1209,"_72":553,"_1639":1431,"_1640":1288,"_1641":1326,"_1642":1620,"_1643":1415,"_1603":358,"_1644":1407,"_1645":1209},"section_switcher",{"_1593":1594,"_1595":1596,"_1597":298,"_70":494,"_74":308,"_1598":450,"_1599":384,"_1270":338,"_81":328,"_1600":318,"_1601":348,"_1602":417,"_1603":358,"_1604":1605,"_1606":1607,"_1608":1609,"_1610":1611},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1703":1704,"_1705":1706,"_1647":1707,"_249":1708},"intro",{"_1649":1650,"_1651":1652,"_1653":1654,"_1655":1656,"_1657":1658,"_1659":1660,"_1661":1662},"en",{"_1663":1698,"_1665":1699,"_1667":1700,"_1669":1701,"_1671":1702},"de",{"_1663":1693,"_1665":1694,"_1667":1695,"_1669":1696,"_1671":1697},"fr",{"_1663":1688,"_1665":1689,"_1667":1690,"_1669":1691,"_1671":1692},"it",{"_1663":1683,"_1665":1684,"_1667":1685,"_1669":1686,"_1671":1687},"es",{"_1663":1678,"_1665":1679,"_1667":1680,"_1669":1681,"_1671":1682},"pt",{"_1663":1673,"_1665":1674,"_1667":1675,"_1669":1676,"_1671":1677},"rm",{"_1663":1664,"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668,"_1669":1670,"_1671":1672},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1130,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1132,"_1779":1134,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_603":604,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799},"nav",{"_1595":1717,"_1718":1719,"_1720":653,"_1721":1722,"_1723":1724,"_1604":1605,"_1606":1607,"_1608":1609,"_1610":1611,"_1597":298,"_70":494,"_1599":384,"_1598":450,"_74":308,"_1602":417,"_1270":338,"_81":328,"_1600":318,"_1601":348,"_1603":358,"_1725":1710,"_1726":1727,"_1573":1574,"_1728":1729,"_1575":1576,"_1730":1731,"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1714,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770},{"_1663":1698,"_1665":1699,"_1667":1700,"_1669":1701,"_1671":1702},{"_1709":1710,"_1711":1712,"_1713":1714,"_1715":1716},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1775":1801,"_1780":1802,"_1803":207,"_1804":199,"_1805":199,"_1806":207,"_1807":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]