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Wenn die Agrarreform von den Bauern mitgetragen werden soll, sind der Landwirtschaft Perspektiven aufzuzeigen. Die Bauern müssen wissen mit welcher Unterstützung sie rechnen können, wenn sie ihre Zukunft auf die neuen Herausforderungen ausrichten.

Auf vielen Betrieben steht der Generationenwechsel bevor. Die jungen Bauern stehen vor einem schwierigen Entscheid. Die rasche Realisierung der spezifischen Unterstützung der Junglandwirte über die neue Investitionshilfepolitik könnte ihre Zukunftsplanung erleichtern.

Die Neuausrichtung der Betriebe auf die neuen Marktordnungen kann ebenfalls zu Investitionen führen.

Die Bauern müssen deshalb rasch über zuverlässige Rahmenbedingungen für ihre Investitionen verfügen können.

Betriebe, die in den letzten fünfzehn Jahren investiert haben (insbesondere in Anpassungen an den Tier- und Umweltschutz), sind in der Regel stark verschuldet. Bei der laufenden Entwicklung geraten besonders diese Betriebe rasch in eine bedrohliche finanzielle Lage. Für sie wären Umschuldungsmöglichkeiten dringend erforderlich.

Damit sich die Bauern rechtzeitig auf die neuen Marktordnungen einrichten können, erachten wir es als dringend, Teile der Agrarpolitik 2002 allenfalls auf dem Dringlichkeitsweg als \"Agrarpaket 96\" auf den 1. Januar 1997 in Kraft zu setzen.

In einigen Betrieben gehört zu den Zukunftsoptionen auch der \"würdige\" Ausstieg aus der Landwirtschaft. Dieser Schritt ist für die meisten mit den verschiedensten Schwierigkeiten verbunden. Wir erachten es deshalb als unerlässlich, dass die Agrarreform Möglichkeiten bietet die erwarteten Entwicklungen auch sozial abzufedern. Deshalb soll die \"Agrarpolitik 2002\" eine Art \"Sozialplan\" für die Landwirtschaft enthalten. Die Politik ist gefordert, die Mitverantwortung für die Strukturpolitik der vergangenen Jahrzehnte im Sinne von Treu und Glauben mitzutragen.

Die Bauernfamilien drohen zwischen sinkenden Preisen, hohen Kosten und einer leeren Bundeskasse aufgerieben zu werden. Ein wesentliches Mittel um die Einkommen der Landwirtschaft zu verbessern ohne die Bundeskasse zu belasten, sind weitere Massnahmen, die mithelfen, die Produktionskosten der Landwirtschaft zu senken. Der Bundesrat muss dafür alle Möglichkeiten ausschöpfen.

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Die Bauernfamilien sind seit 1989 mit real sinkenden Einkommen konfrontiert. Es ist nicht absehbar, dass dieser Trend nächstens gebrochen wird. Immer mehr Betriebe leben von der Substanz und geraten in existentielle Schwierigkeiten. Sie sehen sich zunehmend mit der Situation konfrontiert, dass die Preise sinken, Marktanteile verlorengehen, die Kosten stagnieren oder gar steigen und der Ausgleich über Direktzahlungen an finanzpolitische Grenzen stösst. Es ist deshalb nachvollziehbar, dass die Agrarreform bei vielen Bauernfamilien Existenzängste auslöst.

Wir bitten deshalb den Bundesrat, folgende Fragen rasch zu beantworten:

1. Ist der Bundesrat bereit, die \"Agrarpolitik 2002\" mit sozialen Massnahmen wie der Einführung einer Vorruhestandsregelung, Massnahmen zur Umschuldung, Erleichterungen der beruflichen Vorsorge (Einlage von Liquidationsgewinnen), der Unterstützung von Umschulungen und der Erhöhung von Familienzulagen zu ergänzen?

2. Ist der Bundesrat bereit, mittels einer dringlichen Revision des Landwirtschaftsgesetzes folgende Teile der \"Agrarpolitik 2002\" bereits auf den 1. Januar 1997 in Kraft zu setzen: Investitionshilfepolitik und gesetzliche Grundlage für Umschuldungsmöglichkeiten?

3. Mit welchen Massnahmen gedenkt der Bundesrat mitzuhelfen, kurz- bis mittelfristig den laufenden realen Einkommenszerfall in der Landwirtschaft zu stoppen? Wo insbesondere sieht der Bundesrat weitere politische Möglichkeiten, die Bauern bei der Senkung der Produktionskosten zu unterstützen?

",11887,"19963017_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Der Bundesrat verfolgt die Einkommensentwicklung in der Landwirtschaft sehr genau. Die Analysen zeigen, dass ohne die schwierige Situation auf dem Schlachtviehmarkt in den letzten Jahren kein Einkommensverlust zu verzeichnen gewesen wäre. Mit dem Beginn der Agrarreform 1993 konnte der Abwärtstrend bei den landwirtschaftlichen Einkommen, insbesondere durch die Einführung der Direktzahlungen, abgeschwächt werden. Die Lage auf dem Schlachtviehmarkt ist längerfristig ein strukturelles Problem, das die Landwirtschaft selber lösen muss. Zur kurzfristigen Milderung der grössten Schwierigkeiten zu Beginn dieses Jahres hat der Bundesrat am 24. Januar 1996 im Rahmen seiner Beschlüsse zu den bäuerlichen Einkommensbegehren beschlossen, zugunsten des Fleischfonds ein Darlehen von 10 Millionen Franken zu gewähren. Leider führte die europaweite Diskussion um die Rinderseuche BSE im Zusammenhang mit deren Auftreten in der Schweiz zu einem eigentlichen Zusammenbruch des Rindfleischmarktes. Der Bundesrat ergriff deshalb sofort Massnahmen. Anlässlich seiner Sitzung vom 3. April 1996 beschloss er, je 10 Millionen Franken für ein zinsloses Darlehen und einen à fonds perdu Beitrag für die Einlagerung von Rindfleisch zu gewähren. In seiner Sitzung vom 17. April 1996 entschied er, weitere 25 Millionen Franken für die Verbilligung von Bankfleisch und die Einlagerung von Fleisch, das trotzdem nicht verkauft werden konnte, zur Verfügung zu stellen. Der Bundesrat wird die Entwicklungen aufmerksam weiterverfolgen und das Ergreifen möglicher zusätzlicher Massnahmen sorgfältig prüfen.

Dem Bundesrat stehen für die Beurteilung der bäuerlichen Einkommenslage grundsätzlich zwei Instrumente zur Verfügung: Die einzelbetriebliche Betrachtung der Buchhaltungsergebnisse ausgewählter Betriebe und die sektorale Betrachtung anhand der auf der Basis internationaler Normen durchgeführten landwirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung.

Aus den Buchhaltungsdaten geht hervor, dass in den ausgewählten Betrieben das landwirtschaftliche Einkommen in den letzten Jahren kontinuierlich zurückgegangen ist. Die reale Einbusse betrug 1995 im Vergleich zu 1992, dem letzten Jahr vor der Einleitung der Agrarreform, 18 Prozent im Talgebiet und 16 Prozent im Berggebiet. Der Bundesrat hat diesen Rückgang der Einkommen auf den Auswahlbetrieben zur Kenntnis genommen. Er ist sich bewusst, dass diese Betriebe aufgrund ihrer in der Regel relativ intensiven Wirtschaftsweise durch die Reform zu einer Umstellung gezwungen werden.

Ein Blick auf die landwirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ergibt ein etwas anderes Bild über die tatsächliche Einkommenslage des Sektors. Der Einkommensverlust aller Landwirte ist nach dieser Betrachtung weit weniger drastisch. Er machte im gleichen Zeitraum real lediglich zwei Prozent aus. Ausserdem hat sich seit 1993 die \"Kostenschere\" nicht dramatisch geöffnet, betrug doch 1995 der Index der Preise für landwirtschaftliche Produkte 95,0 Punkte, jener für die Produktionsmittel 97,3 (Mai 1993 = 100). Auch diese Zahlen weisen darauf hin, dass die Ergebnisse der in der Regel intensiv bewirtschafteten Auswahlbetriebe die Entwicklung insgesamt zu schlecht erscheinen lassen. Für durchschnittliche Betriebe dürfte die Realität näher bei den sektoralen Resultaten liegen.

Zu den konkreten Fragen nehmen wir wie folgt Stellung:

1. In der Vernehmlassungsunterlage zum Paket \"Agrarpolitik 2002\" (S. 101) werden:

- eine Vorruhestandsregelung als volkswirtschaftlich wenig effizient beurteilt;

- für die vermehrte Umschuldung Änderungen bei den Investitionskrediten und ein Ausbau der Betriebshilfe vorgeschlagen;

- bezüglich der Erleichterung der beruflichen Vorsorge, die sich auch die Gewerbebetriebe wünschen, auf die Bundesgesetzgebung über die Harmonisierung der direkten Steuern der Kantone und Gemeinden verwiesen;

- für die Unterstützung der Umschulung auf die kantonalen Stipendienordnung verwiesen.

Diese Beurteilung wird im Rahmen der Erarbeitung der Botschaft und im Licht der Vernehmlassungsergebnisse überprüft.

Die Erhöhung der Familienzulagen hat der Bundesrat am 18. März 1996 mit Wirkung ab 1. April 1996 beschlossen.

2. Der Bundesrat hat die Absicht, die \"Agrarpolitik 2002\" dem Parlament als Gesamtpaket vorzulegen. Angesichts der inneren Zusammenhänge ist er nicht bereit, ohne zwingende Gründe einzelne Elemente herauszubrechen. Bezüglich der beiden genannten Punkte bestehen keine solchen Gründe:

- Die Rechtsgrundlage für Investitionshilfen besteht und die Massnahmen sind im Gang. Die mit dem Paket vorgeschlagene Änderung, nämlich das Verlassen des Restfinanzierungsprinzips zugunsten einer Grundfinanzierung bei den Investitionskrediten (Pauschalisierung) hat nicht kurzfristige, sondern in erster Linie langfristige Konsequenzen in Richtung der Förderung kostengünstiger Baulösungen. Zur Milderung kurzfristiger finanzieller Probleme eignet sich diese Massnahme nicht.

- Die gesetzliche Grundlage für Umschuldungen, das heisst den Ersatz verzinsbarer Bankkredite durch zinsfreie Darlehen, besteht bereits. Nach Artikel 27 des Bundesgesetzes vom 4. Oktober 1991 über Investitionskredite und Betriebshilfe in der Landwirtschaft (SR 914.1) können zur Behebung oder Verhinderung unverschuldeter finanzieller Bedrängnis Betriebshilfedarlehen gewährt werden. In der Vernehmlassungsunterlage (S. 100/101 sowie 117) wird dargelegt, dass neben Unglücksfällen und schwierigen persönlichen Verhältnissen künftig auch Veränderung der Rahmenbedingungen für die Landwirtschaft als Ursache unverschuldeter finanzieller Bedrängnis gelten können und dass diese tnterpretation im Bedarfsfall schon für die geltende Gesetzesprundlage möglich ist. Sofern die Kantone Gesuche von Landwirten erhalten, die infolge der Reform der Agrarpolitik in Bedrängnis geraten sind, ist die Gewährung von Betriebshilfedarlehen also schon heute möglich.

Der Bundesrat beabsichtigt, dem Parlament die Botschaft zur \"Agrarpolitik 2002\" noch vor den Sommerferien zu unterbreiten. Es wird dann am Parlament liegen, der Vorlage ebenfalls hohe Priorität einzuräumen.

3. Für die Landwirtschaft als Gesamtsektor wurden die Einkommensverluste infolge administrativer Preissenkungen durch die Erhöhung der Direktzahlungen kompensiert. Zwischen verschiedenen Betriebstypen bestehen jedoch Unterschiede. Bereits im 7. Landwirtschaftsbericht wurde angekündigt, dass die Einkommensverschiebung von der intensiven zur extensiven Nutzung unumgänglich ist (S. 387). Die Unterschiede im Ausmass der Kompensation bestehen auch innerhalb der Betriebe mit Integrierter Produktion. Diese erreichten jedoch durch die Aufnahme der Integrierten Produktion ein höheres Direktzahlungsniveau und damit in der Regel eine Kompensation der Preissenkungen. Grundsätzlich ist festzuhalten, dass die Direktzahlungen in erster Linie eine Leistungsabgeltung sind und dass der Kompensationscharakter immer stärker in den Hintergrund tritt.

Im Rahmen des Paketes \"Agrarpolitik 2002\" sind in verschiedenen Bereichen Revitalisierungsbemühungen vorgesehen, die eine Senkung der Produktionskosten unterstützten (Vernehmlassungsbericht zweite Etappe der Agrarreform, S. 36/37). Im engeren Bereich der Landwirtschaft sind dies:

- Abbau der Regelungsdichte bei der Tierzucht.

- Programm für Junglandwirte zur Reduktion der Ausgangsverschuldung durch die Betriebsübernahme.

- Übergang zu pauschalen Beiträgen bei den Investitionskrediten zur Förderung des kostengünstigen Bauens.

- Der bereits eingeleitete sukzessive Abbau der Schwellenpreise für Futtermittel bringt eine bedeutende Kostensenkung insbesondere in der Schweine- und Geflügelproduktion.

- Die Harmonisierung der Vorschriften über den Pflanzenschutz und über die landwirtschaftlichen Hilfsstoffe mit jenen der EU. Diese Anpassungen sollen bereits mit dem Agrarpaket 95 erfolgen.

Darüber hinaus prüft der Bundesrat, ob eine in der Vernehmlassung verlangte Revision von Boden- und Pachtrecht gleichzeitig mit der zweiten Etappe der Agrarreform durchgeführt werden soll.

Neben den Massnahmen im Landwirtschaftsbereich wird die Revitalisierung der Schweizer Wirtschaft auch zur Senkung des Kostenumfeldes der Landwirtschaft beitragen. Als wichtige Erlasse zu nennen sind:

- das Bundesgesetz über die technischen Handelshemmnisse;

- das Bundesgesetz über Kartelle und andere Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (Kartellgesetz);

- das Bundesgesetz über den Binnenmarkt (Binnenmarktgesetz);

- die Straffung von Verfahrensvorschriften (Teilrevision Raumplanungsgesetz (Ordnungsfristen für Baugesuche), Neuregelung bundesrechtlicher Bewilligungsverfahren für bodenbezogene Grossprojekte (u. a. Meliorationen), Neuregelung Finanzausgleich Bund/Kantone).

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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1612":1613,"_1629":796,"_1630":1631,"_1632":1633,"_1634":983,"_1313":556,"_19":356,"_83":560,"_1635":563,"_1618":366,"_1636":1637,"_1638":767,"_1420":316,"_79":326,"_1615":468,"_85":336,"_81":566,"_87":346,"_1639":1093,"_1640":1227,"_1641":1263,"_1642":1227,"_1643":1644,"_1645":1227,"_1646":1647,"_1648":556,"_1649":735,"_1650":1227,"_1651":1633,"_1652":560,"_1619":435,"_1653":1654,"_1226":1227,"_1655":673,"_1239":1227,"_77":571,"_1656":1448,"_1657":1305,"_1658":1343,"_1659":1637,"_1660":1432,"_1620":376,"_1661":1424,"_1662":1227},"section_switcher",{"_1610":1611,"_1612":1613,"_1614":316,"_21":512,"_79":326,"_1615":468,"_1616":402,"_19":356,"_87":346,"_1617":336,"_1618":366,"_1619":435,"_1620":376,"_1621":1622,"_1623":1624,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1720":1721,"_1722":1723,"_1664":1724,"_267":1725},"intro",{"_1666":1667,"_1668":1669,"_1670":1671,"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677,"_1678":1679},"en",{"_1680":1715,"_1682":1716,"_1684":1717,"_1686":1718,"_1688":1719},"de",{"_1680":1710,"_1682":1711,"_1684":1712,"_1686":1713,"_1688":1714},"fr",{"_1680":1705,"_1682":1706,"_1684":1707,"_1686":1708,"_1688":1709},"it",{"_1680":1700,"_1682":1701,"_1684":1702,"_1686":1703,"_1688":1704},"es",{"_1680":1695,"_1682":1696,"_1684":1697,"_1686":1698,"_1688":1699},"pt",{"_1680":1690,"_1682":1691,"_1684":1692,"_1686":1693,"_1688":1694},"rm",{"_1680":1681,"_1682":1683,"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1148,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1150,"_1796":1152,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_621":622,"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1814,"_1815":1816},"nav",{"_1612":1734,"_1735":1736,"_1737":671,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1621":1622,"_1623":1624,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1614":316,"_21":512,"_1616":402,"_1615":468,"_79":326,"_1619":435,"_19":356,"_87":346,"_1617":336,"_1618":366,"_1620":376,"_1742":1727,"_1743":1744,"_1590":1591,"_1745":1746,"_1592":1593,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1731,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787},{"_1680":1715,"_1682":1716,"_1684":1717,"_1686":1718,"_1688":1719},{"_1726":1727,"_1728":1729,"_1730":1731,"_1732":1733},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1792":1818,"_1797":1819,"_1820":223,"_1821":210,"_1822":210,"_1823":223,"_1824":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]