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Unter Beteiligung der Schweiz wurde am 24. Juni 1995 in Rom die Unidroit-Konvention über gestohlene oder illegal exportierte Kulturgüter verabschiedet. Sofern diese Konvention für die Schweiz rechtskräftig würde, hätte dies schwerwiegende Konsequenzen für den privaten und öffentlichen Kunstbesitz, die Ausstellungstätigkeit der Museen, den internationalen Kulturaustausch sowie den Kunsthandel und die Kunstmessen. Aus diesem Grund richte ich an den Bundesrat folgende Fragen:

1. Teilt der Bundesrat die Auffassung, dass die Unidroit-Konvention verschiedene Bestimmungen enthält, die tragenden Rechtsprinzipien unseres Landes widersprechen, wie den Verzicht auf die Vermutung des guten Glaubens (Umkehr der Beweislast), unerträglich lange Verjährungsfristen, die Verletzung der Eigentumsgarantie infolge Verzicht auf die volle Entschädigung des gutgläubigen Erwerbers bei Rückgabe eines Objektes sowie völlig extensive Definitionen von Begriffen wie \"Kulturgut\", \"Diebstahl\" usw.?

2. Trifft es zu, dass die Schweiz bei einer Ratifikation der Unidroit-Konvention verpflichtet wäre, ausländisches Recht hoheitlicher Natur anzuwenden, auf dessen Entstehung unser Land keinen Einfluss hat?

3. Welches ist das Verhältnis der Unidroit-Konvention zur Unesco-Konvention von 1970?

4. Welche Staaten haben die Unidroit-Konvention bereits unterzeichnet, wer hat sie bisher ratifiziert? Welches ist die Haltung der EU- respektive EWR-Staaten bezüglich Beitritt und allfälliger Anwendung der Konvention, namentlich im Gemeinschaftsraum?

5. Hat der Bundesrat die Absicht, die Unidroit-Konvention zu unterzeichnen?

6. Falls der Bundesrat die Unidroit-Konvention unterzeichnet, welches Ratifikationsverfahren muss im vorliegenden Falle abgewickelt werden? Ist die Durchführung eines Vernehmlassungsverfahrens vor der Einleitung des Ratifikationsverfahrens vorgesehen? Sind die Mitwirkung der eidgenössischen Räte respektive das fakultative Referendum gewährleistet?

7. Befürchtet der Bundesrat bei einer Ratifikation der Unidroit-Konvention keine negativen Auswirkungen auf den privaten und öffentlichen Kunstbesitz, die Ausstellungstätigkeit der Museen, den internationalen Kulturaustausch sowie den Kunsthandel und die Kunstmessen? Welches ist die Haltung der wichtigsten schweizerischen Kunstmuseen und des Antikenmuseums Basel gegenüber der Konvention?

8. Befürchtet der Bundesrat nach einer allfälligen Ratifikation der Unidroit-Konvention keine Schwierigkeiten beim Vollzug der Konventionsbestimmungen, namentlich angesichts der kantonalen Kompetenzen im Verfahrensrecht?

9. Erachtet der Bundesrat die Bestimmungen der Unidroit-Konvention mit den für die Schweiz verbindlichen Wirtschafts- und Handelsabkommen (z. B. Gatt) als vereinbar?

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Der Bundesrat hat sich aufgrund verschiedener parlamentarischer Vorstösse (Motion Grossenbacher vom 18.6.1995, Postulat WBK-N vom 22.1.1993 und Postulat WBK-S vom 4.5.1993) mit Fragen im Zusammenhang mit dem internationalen Kulturgütertransfer befasst. Diese Vorstösse verlangten neben der Ratifikation der Unesco-Konvention von 1970 insbesondere auch den Erlass rechtlicher Bestimmungen, um den Verlust von nationalem Kulturgut zu verhindern und um ausländische Staaten bei der Wahrung ihres kulturellen Erbes zu unterstützen. Erstrebenswert wäre dabei, dass sich unser Land im Bereich des Kulturgütertransfers den internationalen rechtlichen Standards, unter anderem jenen der EU, aber auch von Staaten wie den USA, Kanada oder Australien, anpasst. Die rechtlichen Instrumente dazu stellen einerseits die Unesco-Konvention von 1970 (Übereinkommen vom 14.11.1970 über Massnahmen zum Verbot und zur Verhütung der unzulässigen Einfuhr, Ausfuhr und Übereignung von Kulturgut), anderseits die Unidroit-Konvention (Unidroit-Übereinkommen vom 24.6.1995 über gestohlene oder rechtswidrig ausgeführte Kulturgüter) dar.

Am 17. Januar 1995 hat der Bundesrat vom Ergebnis des Vernehmlassungsverfahrens über den Handel und Verkehr mit Kulturgütern Kenntnis genommen und das weitere Vorgehen festgelegt. Die Vernehmlassung zum Handel und Verkehr mit Kulturgütern, über die Einführung einer neuen Gesetzgebungskompetenz des Bundes für die Ein- und Ausfuhr von Kulturgütern sowie über eine Ratifikation der Unesco-Konvention von 1970 hat ergeben, dass fast alle Kantone sowie die Mehrheit der Parteien und Organisationen politischen Handlungsbedarf erkennen.

Der Bundesrat lässt zur Umsetzung der Unesco-Konvention von 1970 verfassungsrechtliche Abklärungen treffen und wird zur Unidroit-Konvention ein Vernehmlassungsverfahren eröffnen. Gestützt darauf wird er über das weitere Vorgehen zu beiden Konventionen entscheiden.

Im übrigen beantwortet der Bundesrat die Fragen des Interpellanten wie folgt:

1. Die Unidroit-Konvention ermöglicht es, gegen Missbräuche im internationalen Verkehr mit Kulturgütern anzukämpfen. Sie gibt jedem rechtmässigen Eigentümer - sei es ein Staat, ein Museum oder private Sammelnde - eine rechtliche Handhabe, die es ihm erlaubt, die ihm gestohlenen oder gegen seinen Willen rechtswidrig ausgeführten Kulturgüter zurückzuverlangen, indem er seine Ansprüche bei einem ordentlichen Gericht geltend machen kann. Die in Verhandlungen unter zahlreichen Staaten entstandene Konvention stellt eine Kompromisslösung dar, die zwar nicht alle aus schweizerischer Sicht wünschenswerten Anforderungen erfüllt, jedoch insgesamt eine Linie verfolgt, die nicht im Widerspruch zu den tragenden Rechtsprinzipien unseres Landes steht. Die vom Interpellanten zitierten Rechtsinstitutionen haben nicht die Tragweite und den absoluten Gehalt, wie im parlamentarischen Vorstoss behauptet wird:

Der Grundsatz der Umkehr der Beweislast gilt nur für die Rückgabeansprüche an gestohlenen Kulturgütern. Im Rahmen von Artikel 3 Absatz 2 ZGB kann der schweizerische Richter bereits heute das Mass jener Sorgfalt bestimmen, das derjenige nachzuweisen hat, der sich auf den guten Glauben berufen will (vgl. BGE 113 II 400ff.).

Verjährungsregeln spiegeln eine Interessenabwägung zwischen Eigentümerschutz und Verkehrsschutz. Wegen der Bedeutung und der Einzigartigkeit von Kulturgütern rechtfertigt sich eine Privilegierung des Eigentümers, indem ihm in der Unidroit-Konvention längere Verjährungsfristen zugestanden worden sind.

Der Kritik, wonach der Verzicht auf die volle Entschädigung eine Verletzung der Eigentumsgarantie darstellt, kann nicht gefolgt werden. Aus dem Begriff der \"angemessenen Entschädigung\", wie er von der Konvention verwendet wird, kann nicht auf den Umfang oder die Bemessung der Entschädigung geschlossen werden. Darunter kann unter Umständen auch eine volle Entschädigung verstanden werden. Es wird dem zuständigen Richter obliegen, unter Würdigung der Umstände des Einzelfalls und des Verhältnismässigkeitsprinzips die Entschädigungssumme zu bestimmen. Weiter muss auch auf die Artikel 934 Absatz 2 und 939 Absatz 1 ZGB hingewiesen werden, die keine volle Entschädigung des gutgläubigen Erwerbers verlangen, sondern lediglich die Rückerstattung des Kaufpreises und der Auslagen.

Die extensive Definition des Begriffes Kulturgut wird durch den Inhalt der Konvention gerechtfertigt. Ihre Tragweite wird durch die Anwendungsbedingungen für die Rückgabe bzw. die Rückführung von gestohlenen oder illegal ausgeführten Kulturgütern eingeschränkt. Im übrigen entspricht die Definition den Umschreibungen von Kulturgütern, wie sie von einzelnen kantonalen Gesetzen vorgenommen werden (vgl. beispielsweise Art. 3 des freiburgischen Gesetzes vom 7.11.1991 über den Kulturgüterschutz).

2. Die Konvention legt vereinheitlichte, autonome materielle Mindestregeln fest, die anzuwenden sind. Die Rückgabe von Kulturgütern erfolgt demnach nicht aufgrund ausländischen öffentlichen Rechts, sondern im Rahmen und unter den Voraussetzungen der Konvention. Es kann also weder von einer absoluten Verpflichtung der Schweiz zur Anwendung ausländischen öffentlichen Rechts gesprochen werden, noch gilt in unserem Land heute der Grundsatz, dass schweizerische Gerichte ausländisches öffentliches Recht nicht anzuwenden hätten. Die Verweisung auf eine ausländische Rechtsordnung umfasst alle Sachnormen, unabhängig davon, ob sie privat- oder öffentlich-rechtlichen Charakters sind (vgl. die Art. 1 und 19 des Bundesgesetzes vom 18.12.l987 über das Internationale Privatrecht, IPRG, SR 291). Es ist ohnehin nur schwer festzustellen, welche Natur eine Bestimmung aufweist; die Trennungslinie zwischen öffentlichem und privatem Recht wird in jeder Rechtsordnung anders gezogen. Das IPRG erlaubt die selbständige Anwendung ausländischen öffentlichen Rechts, wenn gewisse Voraussetzungen erfüllt sind. Nach Artikel 13 IPRG darf die Anwendung einer Norm des ausländischen Rechts nicht allein mit der Begründung ausgeschlossen werden, dass ihr ein öffentlich-rechtlicher Charakter zugeschrieben wird. Auf jeden Fall anwendbar sind diejenigen öffentlich-rechtlichen Erlasse, welche auch den privaten Rechtsverkehr schützen wollen. So oder so wird jedoch durch den Vorbehalt des Ordre public vermieden, dass durch die Anwendung ausländischen Rechts in der Schweiz Ergebnisse verwirklicht werden müssen, die mit den schweizerischen Rechtsanschauungen offensichtlich nicht übereinstimmen.

3. Die Unesco-Konvention von 1970 kann als eine Charta des internationalen Schutzes und Austauschs von Kunst und Kulturgütern charakterisiert werden, die den Schutz der Kulturgüter in den verschiedenen Staaten fördert sowie durch internationale Solidarität und die Zusammenarbeit aller Staaten das gemeinsame kulturelle Erbe der Menschheit schützen und bewahren will. Sie postuliert das Recht jedes Staates auf die Anerkennung und den Schutz seines kulturellen Erbes, das durch Ein- und Ausfuhrbescheinigungen für die Kulturgegenstände, durch Information, Bildungsmassnahmen, durch die Verpflichtung zur Rückgabe gestohlener Objekte und durch berufsethische Regelungen für den Handel geschützt werden soll. Die Unesco-Konvention von 1970 ist dabei sehr offen formuliert und ermöglicht den Konventionsstaaten, ihre Verpflichtungen ihrer jeweiligen Situation, ihren Anschauungen und ihren gesetzgeberischen Möglichkeiten anzupassen. Die dem öffentlichen Recht zuzuordnende Unesco-Konvention von 1970 ist nicht direkt anwendbar (\"non self-executing\") und müsste durch ein Einführungsgesetz ins schweizerische Recht umgesetzt werden.

Die Unidroit-Konvention regelt demgegenüber privatrechtliche Aspekte und Verfahren des internationalen Kulturgütertransfers und ergänzt damit die Unesco-Konvention von 1970. Für eine allfällige Ratifikation und Durchführung kommt ihr jedoch selbständige Bedeutung zu. Die Unidroit-Konvention legt Bedingungen und Verfahren für die Rückgabe gestohlener oder rechtswidrig aus einem Staat ausgeführter Kulturgüter fest, wobei die gutgläubigen Besitzer zu entschädigen sind. Die Unidroit-Konvention zielt auf die materielle Vereinheitlichung einer eng begrenzten, privatrechtlichen Materie; sie ist direkt anwendbar (\"self-executing\") und benötigt demnach keine innerstaatlichen Umsetzung.

Der Bundesrat legt Wert auf den Umstand, dass beide Konventionen erst nach ihrer allfälligen Ratifikation bzw. ab ihrem allfälligen Inkrafttreten für die Schweiz Geltung erlangen können und dass sie insbesondere keine Rückwirkungen entfalten.

4. Die Unidroit-Konvention wurde bereits von zwölf Staaten - nämlich Burkina Faso, Elfenbeinküste, Finnland, Frankreich, Georgien, Guinea, Italien, Kambodscha, Kroatien, Litauen, Sambia und Ungarn - unterzeichnet. Diese Staaten haben auch das Ratifikationsverfahren eingeleitet. Zahlreiche andere Staaten - vor allem auch innerhalb der EU - diskutieren zurzeit die Unterzeichnung bzw. Ratifikation der Unidroit-Konvention.

Da sich Kapital 3 der Unidroit-Konvention weitgehend mit der EU-Richtlinie 93/7/EWG über die Rückgabe von unrechtmässig aus dem Hoheitsgebiet eines Mitgliedstaates verbrachten Kulturgütern deckt, ist die Konvention im Gemeinschaftsraum zwischen den EU-Mitgliedern weniger von Bedeutung, wohl aber für die Beziehungen von EU-Ländern zu Drittstaaten, etwa den kulturexportierenden Staaten des Südens.

5. Wie der Bundesrat an seiner Sitzung vom 17. Januar 1996 beschlossen hat, wird die Frage der Unterzeichnung der Unidroit-Konvention dem Bundesrat möglichst noch innerhalb der bis zum 30. Juni 1996 laufenden Unterzeichnungsfrist unterbreitet.

6. Auch für die Unidroit-Konvention gilt das normale Verfahren der Vorbereitung der Gesetzgebung bzw. der Ratifikation von internationalen Vereinbarungen. Angesichts der Wichtigkeit dieser Konvention hat der Bundesrat das Eidgenössische Departement des Innern ermächtigt, eine Vernehmlassung durchzuführen. Der Bundesrat wird noch im Sommer über die weiteren Schritte und die Ratifikation der Unidroit-Konvention entscheiden. Der allfällige Beschluss der eidgenössischen Räte über die Genehmigung der Ratifikation der Unidroit-Konvention wird voraussichtlich dem fakultativen Staatsvertragsreferendum (Art. 89 Abs. 3 Bst. c BV) unterstehen.

7. Der Bundesrat befürchtet keine negativen Auswirkungen der Unidroit-Konvention auf den privaten und öffentlichen Kunstbesitz, die Ausstellungstätigkeit der Museen, den internationalen Kulturaustausch, den Kunsthandel und die Kunstmessen. Die Konvention gibt vielmehr jeder rechtmässigen Eigentümerin oder jedem rechtmässigen Eigentümer - sei es ein Staat, ein Museum oder ein privat Sammelnder - die Möglichkeit, ihr oder ihm gestohlenes oder rechtswidrig ausgeführtes Kulturgut zurückzugewinnen, indem die Ansprüche bei einem ordentlichen Gericht eingeklagt werden können. Ausserdem kann auch das schweizerische Patrimonium vom Schutz der Unidroit-Verfahren profitieren.

In Ländern mit einem wichtigen Kunstmarkt wie England oder Deutschland haben die Verordnungen und die EU-Richtlinie, die einen ähnlichen Inhalt aufweisen wie Kapital 3 der Unidroit-Konvention, keine negativen Wirkungen entfaltet, wie der florierende Kunsthandel und die rege Sammlertätigkeit in England zeigen. Die vorgängig von seiten des Handels auch dort geäusserten Befürchtungen sind nicht eingetreten.

Die Haltung von Museen zur Unidroit-Konvention wird allenfalls nach der Vernehmlassung bekannt sein.

8. Die Unidroit-Konvention tangiert die kantonale Autonomie im Zivilprozessrecht in keiner Weise. Die zuständigen kantonalen Behörden sind kompetent, ein Verfahren nach der Unidroit-Konvention zu beurteilen.

Dem Bundesrat erscheint wichtig, dass keine zusätzlichen Spezialgerichte und neuen Verfahrensordnungen vorgesehen werden, sondern die ordentlichen Zivilgerichte die Verfahren durchführen.

9. Die Unidroit-Konvention ist mit den WTO-Bestimmungen vom 1. Januar 1995 (SR 0.632.20) vereinbar. Die WTO erlaubt den Vertragspartnern, Massnahmen zum Schutz nationalen Eigentums von künstlerischem, historischem oder archäologischem Wert zu treffen (Gatt 94, Art. XX Bst. f, SR 0.632.21). Gleichlautende Bestimmungen sind auch in der Efta-Konvention, im Freihandelsabkommen mit der EWG sowie in den Freihandelsabkommen mit den mittel- und osteuropäischen Staaten enthalten.

Antwort des Bundesrates.",10814,"19953588_1","Titel des 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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1601":1602,"_1618":785,"_1619":1620,"_1621":1622,"_1623":972,"_1302":545,"_19":345,"_83":549,"_1624":552,"_1607":355,"_1625":1626,"_1627":756,"_1409":305,"_79":315,"_1604":457,"_85":325,"_81":555,"_87":335,"_1628":1082,"_1629":1216,"_1630":1252,"_1631":1216,"_1632":1633,"_1634":1216,"_1635":1636,"_1637":545,"_1638":724,"_1639":1216,"_1640":1622,"_1641":549,"_1608":424,"_1642":1643,"_1215":1216,"_1644":662,"_1228":1216,"_77":560,"_1645":1437,"_1646":1294,"_1647":1332,"_1648":1626,"_1649":1421,"_1609":365,"_1650":1413,"_1651":1216},"section_switcher",{"_1599":1600,"_1601":1602,"_1603":305,"_21":501,"_79":315,"_1604":457,"_1605":391,"_19":345,"_87":335,"_1606":325,"_1607":355,"_1608":424,"_1609":365,"_1610":1611,"_1612":1613,"_1614":1615,"_1616":1617},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1709":1710,"_1711":1712,"_1653":1713,"_256":1714},"intro",{"_1655":1656,"_1657":1658,"_1659":1660,"_1661":1662,"_1663":1664,"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668},"en",{"_1669":1704,"_1671":1705,"_1673":1706,"_1675":1707,"_1677":1708},"de",{"_1669":1699,"_1671":1700,"_1673":1701,"_1675":1702,"_1677":1703},"fr",{"_1669":1694,"_1671":1695,"_1673":1696,"_1675":1697,"_1677":1698},"it",{"_1669":1689,"_1671":1690,"_1673":1691,"_1675":1692,"_1677":1693},"es",{"_1669":1684,"_1671":1685,"_1673":1686,"_1675":1687,"_1677":1688},"pt",{"_1669":1679,"_1671":1680,"_1673":1681,"_1675":1682,"_1677":1683},"rm",{"_1669":1670,"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674,"_1675":1676,"_1677":1678},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1137,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1139,"_1785":1141,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_610":611,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805},"nav",{"_1601":1723,"_1724":1725,"_1726":660,"_1727":1728,"_1729":1730,"_1610":1611,"_1612":1613,"_1614":1615,"_1616":1617,"_1603":305,"_21":501,"_1605":391,"_1604":457,"_79":315,"_1608":424,"_19":345,"_87":335,"_1606":325,"_1607":355,"_1609":365,"_1731":1716,"_1732":1733,"_1579":1580,"_1734":1735,"_1581":1582,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1720,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776},{"_1669":1704,"_1671":1705,"_1673":1706,"_1675":1707,"_1677":1708},{"_1715":1716,"_1717":1718,"_1719":1720,"_1721":1722},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1781":1807,"_1786":1808,"_1809":215,"_1810":201,"_1811":201,"_1812":215,"_1813":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]