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Seit 1965 sind in den Schweizer Wäldern fast 10 000 Kilometer lastwagentaugliche Strassen gebaut worden; dazu kommen für den gleichen Zeitraum nochmals 10 000 Kilometer Güterstrassen, die mit landwirtschaftlichen Krediten subventioniert wurden. Während das Bedürfnis im Mittelland gesättigt ist, wird für das Berggebiet ein weiterer namhafter Ausbau vorgesehen. Der Unterhalt dieses ausgedehnten Strassennetzes wird stets kostspieliger.

Damit ist der Zeitpunkt gekommen, die bisherige Subventionspraxis näher zu untersuchen und kritisch zu überprüfen. Einmal hinsichtlich der Anforderungen des naturnahen Bauens. Hier gilt es, die gesetzlichen Bestimmungen des Naturschutzes ernst zu nehmen. Diese sind nicht allein im Bundesgesetz über den Natur- und Heimatschutz verankert, sondern auch schon im Landwirtschaftsgesetz von 1951 in Zusammenhang mit Bodenverbesserungen und neuerdings auch im revidierten Waldgesetz. Dennoch tun sich verschiedene Aufsichtsbehörden mit den neuen ökologischen Anforderungen schwer.

Zweitens ist die Subventionspraxis auch hinsichtlich der Kostenberechnung zu überprüfen. In Zukunft muss die Kostenwahrheit zum Tragen kommen, indem neben den direkten Baukosten auch die indirekten Kosten der Landschaftszerstörung einzubeziehen sind. Dadurch erst werden Neubauprojekte mit Sanierungsprojekten bestehender Strassen vergleichbar. Verschiedene Konflikte aus jüngster Zeit haben klar gezeigt, wie offizielle Neubauprojekte gegen den ursprünglichen Willen der Bevölkerung, welche angepasste Lösungen anstrebte, durchgesetzt wurden (Feldis, Duvin) oder realisiert werden sollten (Napfgebiet, Maderanertal), und zwar mit dem Druckmittel, dass alternative Projekte oder Techniken nicht subventioniert würden. Weil die volle Übernahme der Kosten eines traditionellen Sanierungsprojektes für eine Gemeinde nicht tragbar war, entschloss sie sich widerwillig für das subventionierte Neubauprojekt. Dass damit der Weg zur Alp bedeutend länger wird und das Holzführen mit dem Pferd nicht mehr möglich ist, weil die neue Strasse viel zu flach verläuft, muss ebenso widerwillig in Kauf genommen werden.

Es gibt keine gesetzliche Grundlage, die vorschreibt, dass Erschliessungswege eine Mindestbreite von drei Metern aufweisen müssen (lastwagengängig und baumaschinenkonform). Trotzdem berufen sich die Subventionsbehörden auf amtliche Richtlinien, SIA- und andere Normen bei der Beurteilung der Subventionsprojekte. Hier ist grössere Flexibilität angezeigt.

Der gesetzlich vorgeschriebene Unterhalt von Erschliessungsstrassen kostet jährlich 140 Millionen Franken. Diese Kosten verursachen Gemeinden und Weggenossenschaften zunehmend Probleme. Um sie niedrig zu halten, versehen Bauherrschaften die Strassen nachträglich mit Hartbelag, was auf ihre ganze Lebensdauer bezogen teurer zu stehen kommt. Dieser Vorgang entzieht sich der Kontrolle durch die eidgenössischen Amtsstellen. Der Bund fördert vielmehr diese Entwicklung indirekt, indem er zunehmend mehr Beiträge an Wiederherstellungen von Strassen ausrichtet. Hier drängen sich Gegenmassnahmen auf.

Für das Berggebiet wird von offizieller Seite eine weitere Erschliessung der Gebirgswälder mit 3600 bis 4300 Kilometern ab 1989 gerechnet. Solche Planziele bedürfen dringend einer Überprüfung. Es können auch nicht alle kranken Wälder über Erschliessungsstrassen saniert werden, vor allem wenn die Erkrankung auf exogene Vorgänge (Luftverschmutzung usw.) zurückzuführen ist. Die Frage ist insbesondere auch im Hinblick auf den gemäss Waldgesetz vorgesehenen Verzicht auf die Bewirtschaftung zu klären.

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Der Bundesrat wird um Auskunft gebeten:

1.Teilt er die Auffassung in bezug auf die Ziele des subventionierten Baues von Erschliessungsstrassen, dass

1a. beim Waldstrassenbau nebst dem Kriterium der Walderhaltung in seiner Ausdehnung vermehrt die Kriterien der qualitativen Walderhaltung und des naturnahen Waldes berücksichtigt werden sollen;

1b. beim Güterstrassenbau im Rahmen eines umweltfreundlich produzierenden Bauernstandes stärker auf eine artenreiche Tier- und Pflanzenwelt und eine von Schadstoffen weniger belastete Umwelt Rücksicht zu nehmen ist?

2a. Ist der Bundesrat bereit, bei künftigen Projekten von Wald- und Güterstrassen vom Prinzip der Kostenwahrheit auszugehen, d. h. nebst den eigentlichen Baukosten auch die Kosten für die Zerstörung von Naturwerten und landschaftlichen Schönheiten einzubeziehen?

2b. Ist er demnach auch bereit, darauf hinzuwirken, dass auf Grund der Kostenwahrheit entweder der Verzicht auf eine Strasse oder der Ersatz durch schonendere alternative Techniken gefordert werden muss?

3. Ist der Bundesrat bereit, auch Sanierungsprojekte für bestehende Waldwege, die lediglich sanfte Landschaftseingriffe und kleinere Restkosten für finanzschwache Berggemeinden zur Folge haben, als Alternative zu Neubauten anzuerkennen und zu unterstützen?

4. Ist der Bundesrat gewillt, die Kriterien betreffend Breite und Neigung flexibler auszugestalten und auf übertriebenen Perfektionismus zu verzichten?

5. Wie gedenkt der Bundesrat die Kontrollen beim subventionierten Erschliessungsstrassenbau effizient auszugestalten und die indirekte Förderung von Hartbelagstrassen zu stoppen, deren Kosten zum Teil heute auf Bund und Kantone abgewälzt werden?

6. Wie will der Bundesrat der Bestimmung in Artikel 20 Absatz 3 des Waldgesetzes gerecht werden, die einen Verzicht auf die Bewirtschaftung erlaubt, sofern der Zustand des Waldes und der Grundsatz der Walderhaltung dies zulassen?

7. Ist der Bundesrat gewillt, die neuen Erkenntnisse betreffend einen sinnvollen und naturnahen Bau von Wald- und Güterstrassen anzuwenden und durch Anpassungen in den entsprechenden Verordnungen und Richtlinien in die Tat umzusetzen? Wenn ja, wo und innert welcher Zeit soll das erfolgen?

",8525,"19943546_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

In der Schweiz liegt der jährliche Holzverbrauch bei rund 6,5 Millionen Kubikmetern. Durchschnittlich werden 4,5 Millionen Kubikmeter einheimisches Holz genutzt und zum grossen Teil im Inland verwendet. Holz ist der einzige nachhaltige Rohstoff der Schweiz. Der Zuwachs pro Jahr beträgt etwa 6,7 Millionen Kubikmeter. Holz ist im Vergleich zu anderen Rohstoffen CO 2 -neutral, ökologisch und benötigt als Substitutionsprodukt am wenigsten Energie zur Verarbeitung.

Für eine ökologisch und ökonomisch sinnvolle Holzproduktion und für die Pflege des Schutzwaldes ist ein Minimum an Waldstrassen nötig. Will man die Forststrassen einer ökologischen und ökonomischen Beurteilung unterziehen, so müssen alle relevanten Faktoren berücksichtigt werden.

Dazu gehören auch folgende Fragen: Wieviel einheimisches Holz wollen wir verwenden? Welche Transportdistanzen und Transportmittel sind für Holz sinnvoll? Die Aufrechterhaltung bzw. Steigerung der Holznutzung auf rund 6 Millionen Kubikmeter ist von grosser Bedeutung für unsere Holzwirtschaft und wird vom Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft (Buwal) aus ökologischen und ökonomischen Gründen stark befürwortet.

Im ersten Artikel des Waldgesetzes sind die verschiedenen Waldfunktionen aufgezählt. Das Waldgesetz hält die Gleichwertigkeit der verschiedenen Waldfunktionen (Schutz-, Wohlfahrts- und Nutzfunktion) fest. Die Kantone haben nun im Rahmen der forstlichen Planung diese Waldfunktionen zu erfassen. Somit stellt sich vorgängig jeder Walderschliessungsplanung die Grundsatzfrage über eine allfällige Waldpflege bzw. -bewirtschaftung. Erst wenn diese Frage entsprechend der Waldfunktionen beantwortet ist, kommt die Frage nach der erforderlichen Erschliessung. Je nach Waldfunktion ist eine minimale Erschliessung (Basiserschliessung) notwendig.

Der Bund verfügt mit der am 1. Januar 1993 in Kraft gesetzten Waldgesetzgebung über neue Rechtsgrundlagen. Diese werden so interpretiert und konkretisiert, dass heute nur noch ein Minimum an Waldstrasse, d. h. eine genügende Basiserschliessung, unterstützt wird. Voraussetzungen sind dabei eine regionale forstliche Planung, die unter anderem eine Waldfunktionsausscheidung enthält, sowie eine Kostenwirksamkeitsrechnung, bei der auch Nullvarianten und alternative Erschliessungsmöglichkeiten (z. B. Feinerschliessung mittels Seilkran) zu prüfen sind.

Die verschiedenen Gesetzesvorgaben sind in den Vollzugsbestimmungen (Kreisschreiben) des Buwal (Eidgenössische Forstdirektion) berücksichtigt worden.

Zu den einzelnen Fragen:

1a. Beim Vollzug der neuen Waldgesetzgebung bilden die quantitative und die qualitative Walderhaltung sowie die Förderung des naturnahen Waldes zentrale Anliegen. Im Rahmen der forstlichen Planung ist grundsätzlich der Bedarfsnachweis für eine Wegerschliessung zu erbringen. Dabei sind die Waldfunktionen zu berücksichtigen, und eine umfassende Interessenerfassung ist durchzuführen. Diese Abklärungen bilden die erforderlichen Entscheidungsgrundlagen zur Beurteilung der Subventionswürdigkeit eines Vorhabens. In diesem Sinne werden die Kriterien der qualitativen Walderhaltung und des naturnahen Waldes berücksichtigt.

1b. Die verstärkte Berücksichtigung der vom Interpellanten genannten Anliegen ist ein erklärtes Ziel der mit dem 7. Landwirtschaftsbericht eingeleiteten Neuorientierung der Landwirtschaftspolitik. Selbstverständlich werden sie auch bei der Unterstützung von Güterwegen beachtet. Es gilt zu bedenken, dass auch naturnah bewirtschaftete Flächen für Geräte und Transportmittel erreichbar sein müssen. Einzige Alternative zur Erschliessung ist letztlich die Aufgabe der landwirtschaftlichen Bewirtschaftung und damit ein Verzicht auf Pflege und Bewahrung der Kulturlandschaft.

2a. Die Eidgenössische Forstdirektion will beim Vollzug des Waldgesetzes das Prinzip der Kostenwahrheit bei allen forstlichen Projektvorhaben berücksichtigen und hat dazu entsprechende Bedingungen in den Vollzugsvorschriften (Kreisschreiben) formuliert. So ist insbesondere bei der Erschliessungsplanung eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung verlangt. Dabei ist von einem umfassenden Zielsystem auszugehen, wie es seit einigen Jahren auch an der ETH unterrichtet wird.

Für Waldstrassen werden bereits heute eine detaillierte Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse sowie eine Abklärung der Kostenwirksamkeit verlangt. Dazu gehört auch die Berücksichtigung und Erfassung der Eingriffe in Natur und Landschaft sowie entsprechender Ersatzmassnahmen. Bei der genauen Erfassung all dieser Elemente stellen sich jedoch noch methodische Schwierigkeiten, und eingehende Grundlagenarbeit ist erforderlich.

2b. Bei den Abklärungen für eine Erschliessung ist auch die Nullvariante zu berücksichtigen. Wenn das Zielsystem nicht erfüllt wird oder wenn die Auswirkungen auf die natürliche Umwelt (z. B. Gefährdung eines geschützten Biotops) nicht akzeptiert werden können, so wird die Subventionierung der Wegerschliessung abgelehnt. Alternative Erschliessungstechniken (z. B. der Seilkran-Einsatz) sind zu prüfen. Zur Förderung des Seilkran-Einsatzes werden die Montage- und Demontagekosten unterstützt.

3. Die Wiederherstellung und der Ausbau von bestehenden zweckmässigen Waldwegen werden unterstützt. Dies um so mehr dann, wenn dadurch der Eingriff in die Landschaft minimiert und teure Neubauten vermieden werden können. Gestützt auf eine umfassende Interessenerfassung hat der Antragsteller jedoch auch bei Wiederherstellungen oder Ausbauten den Bedarfsnachweis zu erbringen.

4. Das Waldgesetz hat eine wesentliche Änderung in der Projektabwicklung gebracht, indem die Eidgenössische Forstdirektion nur noch die Projektphasen der Vorstudie und des Vorprojektes begutachtet. Die Verantwortung für die Projektausführung, das Detail- oder Bauprojekt, wurde den Kantonen übertragen. Der Subventionsentscheid bezieht sich auf das Vorprojekt (Verfügung auf Stufe Vorprojekt). Das eigentliche Bauprojekt (Detailprojekt) ist somit nicht Teil der Subventionsverfügung.

Für die Waldstrassen erlässt die Eidgenössische Forstdirektion keine eigenen (Bau-)Normen. Zur Sicherstellung des zweckmässigen Einsatzes der Bundesmittel und der fachgerechten Bauausführung wird die Berücksichtigung der einschlägigen Fachnormen und Wegleitungen vorausgesetzt, wie z. B.

- die Merkblätter der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für forstlichen Strassenbau (SAFS-Merkblätter),

- diverse SIA-Normen und

- die Wegleitungen \"Natur- und Heimatschutz beim forstlichen Projektwesen\" und \"Natur- und Landschaftsschutz sowie Heimatschutz bei der Erstellung von UVP-Berichten\".

Die Professur für forstliches Ingenieurwesen der ETH Zürich arbeitet an einem Forschungsauftrag betreffend technische Elemente der Walderschliessung, einschliesslich Fragen des Längsgefälles und der Wegbreite. Die Resultate werden 1995 publiziert.

5. Der Bund ist bemüht, die äusserst knappen öffentlichen Gelder optimal einzusetzen. Die Eidgenössische Forstdirektion beauftragt die für die Kantone zuständigen Forstinspektoren, die Subventionsbegehren in einer frühen Projektierungsphase vor Ort zu beurteilen und die Durchführung der umfassenden Interessenabwägung sicherzustellen. Auf der Stufe der Vorstudie wird Eintreten oder Nichteintreten auf ein Erschliessungsvorhaben signalisiert. Auf Stufe des Vorprojektes werden in der Verfügung die erforderlichen Auflagen und Bedingungen aufgenommen. Der Vollzug liegt in erster Linie in der Verantwortung der Kantone und wird vom zuständigen Forstinspektor stichprobenweise kontrolliert. Zurzeit wird ein verfeinertes projektbezogenes Controlling-Konzept erarbeitet.

In bezug auf die Hartbelagstrassen trifft es nicht zu, dass diese im Wald indirekt gefördert werden. Die Eidgenössische Forstdirektion subventioniert den Belagseinbau nur auf erwiesenermassen erforderlichen Strecken (z. B. bei grosser Erosionsgefahr).

6. In Artikel 20 des Waldgesetzes werden die Bewirtschaftungsgrundsätze aufgezeigt. In Absatz 3 wird festgehalten, dass der Bund keine flächendeckende Bewirtschaftung des Waldes verlangt. Die Kantone haben nun im Rahmen der forstlichen Planung die verschiedenen Interessen am Wald, d. h. jene der Öffentlichkeit sowie der Waldeigentümer, zu erfassen und entsprechende Bewirtschaftungsintensitäten festzuhalten.

7. In den Vollzugsbestimmungen (Kreisschreiben) hat die Eidgenössische Forstdirektion die \"Kurskorrektur\" bereits vollzogen. Neue Erkenntnisse werden in der vorgesehenen Überarbeitung der Kreisschreiben berücksichtigt werden. Die \"Kurskorrektur\" ist auf kantonaler Ebene weiter umzusetzen, und der Vollzug liegt nun in erster Linie bei den Kantonen. Grundsätzlich sollen lokale Interessenkonflikte im lokalen Rahmen bereinigt werden und nicht den Subventionstatbestand der forstlichen Strukturverbesserungen auf nationaler Ebene in Frage stellen.

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Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1594":1595,"_1611":777,"_1612":1613,"_1614":1615,"_1616":964,"_1295":537,"_1269":337,"_78":541,"_1617":544,"_1600":347,"_1618":1619,"_1620":748,"_1402":297,"_74":307,"_1597":449,"_19":317,"_76":547,"_81":327,"_1621":1074,"_1622":1208,"_1623":1244,"_1624":1208,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1208,"_1628":1629,"_1630":537,"_1631":716,"_1632":1208,"_1633":1615,"_1634":541,"_1601":416,"_1635":1636,"_1207":1208,"_1637":654,"_1220":1208,"_72":552,"_1638":1430,"_1639":1287,"_1640":1325,"_1641":1619,"_1642":1414,"_1602":357,"_1643":1406,"_1644":1208},"section_switcher",{"_1592":1593,"_1594":1595,"_1596":297,"_70":493,"_74":307,"_1597":449,"_1598":383,"_1269":337,"_81":327,"_1599":317,"_1600":347,"_1601":416,"_1602":357,"_1603":1604,"_1605":1606,"_1607":1608,"_1609":1610},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1702":1703,"_1704":1705,"_1646":1706,"_248":1707},"intro",{"_1648":1649,"_1650":1651,"_1652":1653,"_1654":1655,"_1656":1657,"_1658":1659,"_1660":1661},"en",{"_1662":1697,"_1664":1698,"_1666":1699,"_1668":1700,"_1670":1701},"de",{"_1662":1692,"_1664":1693,"_1666":1694,"_1668":1695,"_1670":1696},"fr",{"_1662":1687,"_1664":1688,"_1666":1689,"_1668":1690,"_1670":1691},"it",{"_1662":1682,"_1664":1683,"_1666":1684,"_1668":1685,"_1670":1686},"es",{"_1662":1677,"_1664":1678,"_1666":1679,"_1668":1680,"_1670":1681},"pt",{"_1662":1672,"_1664":1673,"_1666":1674,"_1668":1675,"_1670":1676},"rm",{"_1662":1663,"_1664":1665,"_1666":1667,"_1668":1669,"_1670":1671},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. 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Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1129,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1131,"_1778":1133,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_602":603,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1798},"nav",{"_1594":1716,"_1717":1718,"_1719":652,"_1720":1721,"_1722":1723,"_1603":1604,"_1605":1606,"_1607":1608,"_1609":1610,"_1596":297,"_70":493,"_1598":383,"_1597":449,"_74":307,"_1601":416,"_1269":337,"_81":327,"_1599":317,"_1600":347,"_1602":357,"_1724":1709,"_1725":1726,"_1572":1573,"_1727":1728,"_1574":1575,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1733":1734,"_1735":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1713,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769},{"_1662":1697,"_1664":1698,"_1666":1699,"_1668":1700,"_1670":1701},{"_1708":1709,"_1710":1711,"_1712":1713,"_1714":1715},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1774":1800,"_1779":1801,"_1802":205,"_1803":198,"_1804":198,"_1805":205,"_1806":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]