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Die ERG ist das wichtigste direkte Exportförderungsinstrument des Bundes. Sie deckt gewisse Risiken des Exporteurs ab, welche auf dem privaten Versicherungsmarkt nicht gedeckt werden können. Dazu gehört namentlich das politische Risiko, also das Risiko der Zahlungsunfähigkeit von Schuldnern zufolge staatlicher Massnahmen (wie z. B. Devisenrestriktionen, Moratorien usw.).

Verglichen mit den analogen Einrichtungen im Ausland büsst die schweizerische ERG laufend an Konkurrenzfähigkeit ein: Sie weist eine Reihe von Schwachstellen auf, die schweizerische Exportfirmen gegenüber ihren ausländischen Konkurrenten deutlich benachteiligen. Das Verhältnis von Kosten und Nutzen ist ungünstig, und als Folge davon ist das Garantievolumen samt Prämieneinnahmen seit Jahren rückläufig.

Die Ursachen dieser Situation sind vielfältig:

- Das Leistungsangebot der ERG vermag den gewandelten Anforderungen der Exportmärkte nicht zu genügen. Die bestehende Gebührenordnung fördert die negative Risikoselektion. Die ERG-Kommission verfolgt eine äusserst restriktive Praxis.

- Die schweizerische ERG ist stark defizitär. Die Folgen der internationalen Schuldenkrise, die bei uns über die ERG abgewickelt werden, haben die ERG hart getroffen und die in früheren Jahren gebildeten Reserven aufgezehrt. Es ist klar, dass die Exporteure mit ihren Prämien diese hohen Verluste nicht zu decken vermögen.

- Die schweizerische ERG ist von Gesetzes wegen der Eigenwirtschaftlichkeit verpflichtet; Unterdeckungen werden durch Bundesvorschüsse ausgeglichen, die von der ERG zu verzinsen sind (im Jahre 1992 betrugen die Zinskosten 96 Millionen Franken). Es ist kein anderes ERG-System bekannt, das die Auflage der Eigenwirtschaftlichkeit zu erfüllen hat; in allen anderen Ländern trägt der Staat direkt oder indirekt das Defizit seiner ERG.

Aus diesen Gründen ist es notwendig, die schweizerische ERG den aktuellen Erfordernissen anzupassen.

Die einzelnen Punkte des Vorstosses werden wie folgt begründet:

1. Im Unterschied zu den ERG-Systemen aller bedeutenden Exportländer deckt unsere ERG das private Delkredererisiko (Zahlungsunfähigkeit privatrechtlicher Abnehmer) nicht, sondern nur das Delkredere öffentlich-rechtlicher Besteller, Garanten (d. h. staatlicher Banken) und \"public utilities\".

Mit der Privatisierung der Unternehmen und Banken in Osteuropa ist ein Problem entstanden, das sich - im Zuge weltweiter Privatisierung und Deregulierung - auf einen immer grösser werdenden Kreis von Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländern ausweitet. Infolge der Privatisierung kann das Delkredererisiko bei Geschäften mit ehemals staatlichen Abnehmern bzw. Garanten nicht mehr gedeckt werden, obwohl sich deren Bonität in der Regel mit der Privatisierung eher verbessert als verschlechtert hat.

Es ist daher dringend notwendig, durch eine geringfügige Änderung des ERG-Gesetzes der Entwicklung in den genannten Ländern Rechnung zu tragen, indem auch für ausgewählte private Banken das Delkredererisiko übernommen wird. Das wirtschaftliche Schicksal solcher Garanten ist derart eng mit der politischen und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung eines Landes verbunden, dass eine Trennung vom politischen Risiko gar nicht möglich ist. Beispiele aus dem Ausland zeigen, dass damit keine zusätzlichen Risiken eingegangen werden.

2. Gemäss bisheriger Regelung wird die Prämie bei Barzahlungsgeschäften immer auf dem gesamten Vertragswert berechnet, auch wenn im Projektverlauf Teilzahlungen geleistet werden. Dies führt zu überhöhten Prämienbeträgen. Die ERG sollte dazu übergehen, die Gebühren nur auf dem tatsächlich bestehenden Risiko (Exposure) zu erheben.

3. Die heutige Regelung ermöglicht der ERG, während der Gültigkeitsdauer der grundsätzlichen Deckungszusage (normalerweise neun Monate) Änderungen bei der Gebührenrechnung vorzunehmen. Ein Exporteur muss aber schon bei Offertabgabe Gewissheit über die zu bezahlenden ERG-Gebühren haben; er ist deshalb auf verbindliche Angaben angewiesen. Gegen Entrichtung einer Bereitstellungskommission soll eine einmal erteilte Zusage und Gebührenberechnung für die übliche Geltungsdauer von 9 Monaten fixiert werden können.

4. Die EU hat eine Arbeitsgruppe eingesetzt, die einen Vorschlag für eine Richtlinie für die Harmonisierung der mittel- und langfristigen Exportkreditbedingungen erarbeitet hat. Damit sollen die bestehenden Wettbewerbsverzerrungen aufgrund unterschiedlicher nationaler Versicherungssysteme ab 1995 schrittweise beseitigt werden. Zur Erhaltung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit unserer Exportindustrie ist eine Anpassung der ERG, ihrer Leistungen und Gebührenstruktur an diese Richtlinie unerlässlich, insbesondere in bezug auf die Deckungssätze und die Gewährung von Garantien für Kredite in Fremdwährung.

5. Die Übertragung von Aufgaben an die ERG, die nicht ihrer angestammten Aufgabenstellung entsprechen, ist mit dem Ziel der Eigenwirtschaftlichkeit nicht vereinbar. Darunter fallen konjunkturelle, wirtschafts- und entwicklungspolitische Massnahmen, wie sie z. B. 1993 zur Stärkung der schweizerischen Exportwirtschaft ergriffen wurden, oder heute etwa die Zusammenarbeit mit den osteuropäischen Staaten (Kreditgarantien im Rahmen der Osthilfeprogramme). Da die ERG solche Risiken nicht übernehmen kann, sind dafür grundsätzliche Ausfallgarantien des Bundes bereitzustellen. Damit kann sich die ERG im Schadenfall beim Bund \"schadlos\" halten, das Risiko für derartige Massnahmen bleibt beim Bund.

Mit den vorgeschlagenen Anpassungen an die veränderten Marktverhältnisse werden keine unüberblickbaren neuen Risiken geschaffen. Die vermehrte Attraktivität der ERG wird vielmehr eine vermehrte Beanspruchung und damit mehr Gebühreneinnahmen bringen.

Die schweizerische Exportwirtschaft, insbesondere die Investitionsgüterindustrie, ist auf eine leistungsfähige und marktorientierte ERG angewiesen. Die Leistungen dieser ERG müssen im Vergleich zum Ausland einigermassen gleichwertig sein. Eine periodische Anpassung an die sich wandelnden Erfordernisse der Exportmärkte ist unerlässlich, damit die ERG ihre Aufgabe, nämlich die Schaffung und Erhaltung von Arbeitsplätzen, wieder in befriedigender Weise erfüllen kann.

","affair_title",7558,"19943241_5","Eingereichter Text","

Der Bundesrat wird eingeladen, zur Förderung des Aussenhandels und damit zur Erhaltung von Arbeitsplätzen die Exportrisikogarantie (ERG) wie folgt an die veränderten Verhältnisse auf den Exportmärkten anzupassen:

1. Die Garantie sei auf die Deckung von Verlusten auszuweiten, die durch die Zahlungsunfähigkeit ausgewählter privater Banken entstehen, welche für ein Exportgeschäft ein unwiderrufliches Akkreditiv eröffnet oder eine Kreditgarantie gewährt haben.

2. Bei Bargeschäften seien die Gebühren so festzulegen, dass sie dem jeweils tatsächlich bestehenden Risikobetrag entsprechen.

3. Deckungszusagen aufgrund von grundsätzlichen Anfragen seien gegen Bezahlung einer Bereitstellungskommission in jedem Fall verbindlich auszustellen, insbesondere auch hinsichtlich der Gebühren.

4. Die schweizerische ERG und ihre Leistungen seien nach Inkrafttreten der neuen EU-Vorschriften zur Harmonisierung der Exportkreditversicherung so rasch wie möglich an diese anzupassen, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Deckungssätze und der Absicherung von Krediten in Fremdwährung.

5. Erhöhte Risiken, die der ERG durch die Übertragung besonderer Aufgaben mit wirtschaftlicher, konjunktureller, wirtschaftspolitischer oder entwicklungspolitischer Zielsetzung entstehen, seien durch die Gewährung von Ausfallgarantien des Bundes abzugelten und gesondert abzurechnen.

",7557,"19943241_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Der Bundesrat teilt die der Motion zugrunde liegende Beurteilung der Bedeutung der ERG. Diese stellt ein wichtiges Mittel der Exportförderung und der aktiven Arbeitsplatzsicherung dar. Sie ermöglicht nicht nur die Aufrechterhaltung und Schaffung einer beachtlichen Anzahl von Arbeitsplätzen, sondern ist ein wichtiger Faktor zur Stärkung des Industriestandortes Schweiz, ein Aspekt, der mit fortschreitender Globalisierung und Mobilität der Produktion zunehmend an Gewicht gewinnt. Die Bedeutung der ERG geht deshalb auch über den bescheidenen Anteil am Gesamtexport hinaus, welcher bei ihr versichert wird. Sie ermöglicht den rechtzeitigen Aufbau und die Aufrechterhaltung einer schweizerischen Präsenz in wichtigen Zukunftsmärkten und trägt so zu einer besseren Diversifizierung unserer Exporte nach Regionen, aber auch Produkten bei.

Die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit unserer Exportwirtschaft wird in viel entscheidenderem Masse durch die gesamtwirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen beeinflusst. Subsidiär kann aber die Verfügbarkeit einer ausreichenden ERG-Garantie darüber entscheiden, ob gewisse Lieferungen in gewisse Länder aus der Schweiz überhaupt möglich sind und so zu einem gewichtigen Faktor im (Standort-)Wettbewerb werden.

Der Vergleich unserer Leistungen mit dem Angebot der ausländischen ERG ist deshalb wichtig. Dieser muss aber nicht zwangsläufig eine Angleichung unserer Leistungspalette und Prämienstruktur oder ein Abweichen von unserer transparenten Konzeption hinsichtlich der Finanzierung zur Folge haben. Vielmehr geht es darum, das Leistungsangebot und die Preise unserer ERG so zu gestalten, dass die Konkurrenzfähigkeit der schweizerischen Exportwirtschaft und einzelner Branchen in einer Gesamtbetrachtung (Rahmenbedingungen) gewahrt bleibt. In diese Gewichtung mit einzubeziehen ist ausserdem die Zielsetzung der Eigenwirtschaftlichkeit, an der sich unsere ERG langfristig orientiert. Mit Bezug auf den Ausbau des Leistungsangebotes ist ferner zu berücksichtigen, dass wir grundsätzlich davon ausgehen, dass die ERG subsidiär zum Markt interveniert: Sie soll sich weitgehend auf die Übernahme von Risiken beschränken, die der Exporteur (insbesondere unter Wettbewerbsgesichtspunkten) nicht selber absorbieren (Risiken = Kosten) und die der Markt nicht oder (im Vergleich zu staatlichen Institutionen des Auslandes) nicht zu tragbaren Preisen anbieten kann.

Die Veränderungen im internationalen Umfeld und insbesondere die fortschreitende Privatisierung staatlicher Abnehmer und Garanten in Mittel- und Osteuropa und den Entwicklungsländern haben uns veranlasst, in Zusammenarbeit mit der ERG-Kommission und den interessierten Organisationen der Wirtschaft eine Abklärung der bestehenden Anpassungsbedürfnisse einzuleiten. Die oben erwähnten Gesichtspunkte fliessen in diese Überprüfung ein, deren Stand uns folgende Antwort auf die vom Motionär aufgegriffenen Anliegen erlaubt.

1. Versicherung der Zahlungsunfähigkeit ausgewählter privater Banken

Das ERG-Gesetz schliesst die Versicherung der Zahlungsverweigerung oder Zahlungsunfähigkeit privater Besteller aus. Dieses Risiko kann von der ERG nur dann gedeckt werden, wenn der private Käufer eine Staatsgarantie oder die Garantie einer staatlich beherrschten Bank beibringen kann und das Risiko so von einem privaten zu einem staatlichen wird.

Dieser Ausschluss des privaten Delkredererisikos geht von der Überlegung aus, dass sich die staatliche Absicherung durch das Exportland auf Risiken beschränken sollte, welche auf seiten des Importlandes von Handlungen des Staates abhängig sind, die vom Exporteur weder vorausgesehen noch beeinflusst werden können. Gleichzeitig beruht dieser Ausschluss auf der Annahme, dass der Exporteur die Bonität seiner privaten Kunden überprüfen bzw. sich auf dem privaten Markt (Assekuranz, Banken) gegen entsprechende Risiken absichern kann.

Mit der wirtschaftlichen Transition in Osteuropa und in den Entwicklungsländern verengt sich nun das Exportsegment, für welches die ERG das Delkredere übernehmen kann. Dies ist in erster Linie eine Folge der Privatisierung von Unternehmen sowie von Banken, welche von der ERG nun nicht mehr als staatliche Garanten akzeptiert werden können, wobei die betreffenden Abnehmerländer sich folgerichtig auch zunehmend weigern, Lieferungen an private oder privatisierte Unternehmen staatlich zu garantieren. Im Einklang mit der subsidiären Ausrichtung der ERG wäre diese Entwicklung zu begrüssen, wenn der private Markt die Ablösung übernehmen und den Exporteuren wie für das Gebiet der OECD-Länder entsprechende Versicherungsmöglichkeiten für die privaten Zahlungsrisiken anbieten würde. Dies ist jedoch nicht der Fall. Der Grund für die Zurückhaltung des privaten Marktes liegt darin, dass in diesen Regionen das Länderrisiko bei der Prüfung der Bonität bzw. der wirtschaftlichen Sicherheit von Unternehmen und Banken weiterhin eine überragende Rolle spielt, das private Delkredererisiko also nach wie vor von den politischen und makroökonomischen Risiken überlagert wird.

Für die schweizerischen Exporteure entsteht durch diese grundsätzlich positive Entwicklung weg vom Staatshandel eine Lücke im Versicherungsdispositiv, welche deshalb besonders ins Gewicht fällt, weil ihre ausländischen Konkurrenten davon nicht betroffen sind, da die Exportkreditversicherungen aller bedeutenden Exportländer die Versicherung des privaten Delkredererisikos anbieten. Das Beharren auf einer Staatsgarantie als Voraussetzung für die Deckung der Zahlungsrisiken bei Lieferungen an private Unternehmen steht ausserdem im Widerspruch zur angestrebten Förderung des Privatsektors in den früheren Staatshandelsländern.

Um einem zunehmenden Wettbewerbsnachteil unserer Exporteure zu begegnen und diese Lücke zu schliessen, bietet sich die vom Motionär erwähnte Lösung an, neben staatlichen Banken in Zukunft auch ausgewählte private Banken der Importländer als Garanten zu akzeptieren. Im Unterschied zu den meisten ausländischen Exportkreditversicherungen wird bei dieser Lösung weiterhin darauf verzichtet, das Delkredererisiko des Bestellers zu versichern, sondern für diesen steht die garantierende Bank ein, welche auch seine Bonität prüft und von ihm entsprechende Sicherheiten verlangen kann. Es handelt sich um eine Lösung, welche eine Begrenzung des Risikos und des administrativen Aufwandes erlaubt. Nach Abschluss der Vorarbeiten wird der Bundesrat deshalb eine entsprechende Anpassung des ERG-Gesetzes in die Vernehmlassung geben.

2. Anpassung der Gebühr an das wirkliche Risiko bei Bargeschäften

Die ERG-Gebühr ist eine Funktion des betragsmässigen und zeitlichen Risikos und wird durch die Anwendung des entsprechend festgelegten Gebührentarifs ermittelt. Weicht der Risikoverlauf - zum Beispiel aufgrund von Zwischenzahlungen bei Teillieferungen - vom üblichen Risikoprofil ab, so können bereits im Rahmen der bestehenden Rechtsgrundlage Ermässigungen gewährt werden. Eine extensivere Gewährung von Ermässigungen und ein allfälliger späterer Systemwechsel werden nicht ausschliesslich, aber auch unter dem Gesichtspunkt zu prüfen sein, wieweit dadurch der negativen Risikoselektion tatsächlich entgegengewirkt und der Prämienausfall durch zusätzliche Geschäfte aufgefangen werden kann.

3. Verbindliche grundsätzliche Zusagen

Während der Vorbereitungs- und Verhandlungsphase eines Geschäftes kann der Exporteur die grundsätzliche Anfrage einreichen, ob und unter welchen Bedingungen die Kommission eine Garantie beantragen würde. Eine Zusage ist unter gleichbleibenden Bedingungen in der Regel neun Monate verbindlich. Sie erfolgt unentgeltlich, wobei die Kommission sich vorbehält, bei veränderten Verhältnissen, welche eine Anpassung der Garantiepolitik gegenüber dem betreffenden Importland erfordern, die Bedingungen der erteilten Zusagen entsprechend anzupassen.

Obwohl solche Anpassungen sich bei einer Verbesserung der Garantiebedingungen durchaus auch positiv für die Exporteure auswirken können, stellt die Möglichkeit einer nachträglichen Verschlechterung der erteilten Zusagen, die mit einer Erhöhung der ERG-Gebühr verbunden ist, für diese einen Unsicherheitsfaktor mit Bezug auf ihre Offertabgabe dar, der ins Gewicht fallen kann.

Gegenwärtig wird deshalb die Option einer verbindlicheren Zusage geprüft, für die der Exporteur als Entgelt für die von der ERG eingegangene weiter gehende Verpflichtung eine Bereitstellungsgebühr zu entrichten hätte. Festzuhalten ist allerdings, dass diese Verpflichtung nur bezüglich der Gebühren absolut sein könnte. Hinsichtlich der Gewährung der Garantie müsste ein Widerruf der Zusage vorbehalten bleiben, falls verschlechterte Risikoperspektiven insbesondere die Schliessung eines Landes für Versicherungsleistungen notwendig machen würden.

4. Angleichung an die Bestimmungen der Europäischen Union

Im Bereich der kurzfristigen Garantien (bis zwei Jahre) strebt die EU eine Privatisierung der marktfähigen Risiken an. Zur Festlegung der Marktgängigkeit von Risiken wurde das Kriterium der Rückversicherbarkeit gewählt. Dabei zeichnet sich ab, dass sich die angestrebte Liberalisierung aufgrund dieses Massstabes vorerst weitgehend auf die Versicherung privater Delkredererisiken im OECD-Raum auswirken bzw. beschränken wird.

Im Bereich der mittel- und langfristigen Garantien wird in der EU eine Richtlinie zur Angleichung der Garantie- und Deckungsbedingungen sowie davon ausgehend der Gebühren ausgearbeitet. Damit sollen die bestehenden Wettbewerbsverzerrungen aufgrund unterschiedlicher nationaler Versicherungssysteme schrittweise beseitigt werden. Es ist zu erwarten, dass diese Bestrebungen insgesamt zu risikogerechteren Deckungsbedingungen führen werden. Damit dürften sich auf Zeit die Unterschiede zu den höheren Prämien der ERG reduzieren, die insbesondere im Bereich der risikomässig schlechter eingestuften Importländer gegenüber einzelnen EU-Mitgliedern bestehen. Keine Annäherung dürfte sich andererseits hinsichtlich der Leistungspalette ergeben, wo die schweizerische Industrie im internationalen Vergleich insbesondere hinsichtlich der Garantien für Fremdwährungskredite, aber teilweise auch der Deckungssätze schlechter gestellt ist.

Der Bundesrat anerkennt die wettbewerbspolitische Bedeutung, die den Harmonisierungsbemühungen der EU zukommt. Er verfolgt diese mit grosser Aufmerksamkeit und wird deren Rückwirkungen auf die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit unserer Industrie laufend überprüfen. Er kann seinen autonomen Handlungsspielraum jedoch nicht aufgeben, indem er sich auf eine Anpassung der schweizerischen Bedingungen an die zukünftigen Richtlinien der EU verpflichten lässt. Dies gilt um so mehr, als die schwierigen Verhandlungen unter EU-Mitgliedern noch nicht abgeschlossen sind und im Rahmen der OECD auf überregionaler Ebene ebenfalls Bestrebungen zur Angleichung der Deckungspolitik und zur schrittweisen Anhebung der Prämien auf ein kostengerechtes Niveau im Gange sind, welche von der Schweiz aktiv unterstützt werden.

5. Ausfallgarantien

In der Botschaft vom 21. Februar 1990 über Massnahmen zur Entlastung der ERG hat der Bundesrat dargelegt, dass die Übertragung besonderer Aufgaben mit wirtschaftlicher, konjunktureller oder entwicklungspolitischer Zielsetzung an die ERG für diese erhöhte Risiken begründet, die mit dem Prinzip der Eigenwirtschaftlichkeit nicht vereinbar sind. Zukünftig müssten solche Risiken von der ERG ferngehalten bzw. durch Eventualverpflichtungen des Bundes Abgeltungsmöglichkeiten vorgesehen werden. Die entsprechenden Rechtsgrundlagen seien jeweils vom Gesetzgeber zu schaffen.

Die konzeptionelle Basis für die Entlastung der ERG von solchen Risiken ist damit gegeben, und das Anliegen der Motion ist in diesem Punkt erfüllt. Die bestehenden Finanzierungsbeschlüsse für die wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit mit mittel- und osteuropäischen Ländern sowie den GUS-Staaten und für die wirtschafts- und handelspolitische Zusammenarbeit mit den Entwicklungsländern sehen bereits solche Möglichkeiten vor. Im Rahmen dieser Ausfallgarantien wurden bis Ende 1993 für Lieferungen nach Mittel- und Osteuropa Verpflichtungen von 147 Millionen Franken und nach Entwicklungsländern von 85 Millionen Franken eingegangen.

Wir werden auch bei zukünftigen Rahmenkrediten für die wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit die Einstellung von Ausfallgarantien prüfen, und zwar sowohl zugunsten von Entwicklungsländern wie auch von mittel- und osteuropäischen Ländern sowie der GUS-Staaten. Es handelt sich um ein vergleichsweise kostengünstiges Instrument, das nur im Rahmen der effektiv anfallenden Schäden zu Ausgaben führt und einen entsprechenden Multiplikatoreffekt aufweist. Dabei ist zu beachten, dass der Einsatz dieses Instrumentes von den Zielen der Hilfe und Zusammenarbeit diktiert wird und die Entlastung der ERG nur subsidiär zu diesen Zielen zur Wirkung kommt. Dies im Gegensatz zu den nationalen Interessenkonten einiger anderer Länder, die der Entlastung ihrer Exportkreditsysteme von risikoreichen Geschäften dienen, bei denen ein nationales Interesse im Vordergrund steht (marktstrategisch/handelspolitisch wichtige Geschäfte, Sicherung eines Auftrages für eine Schlüsselindustrie usw.).

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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1616":1617,"_1633":799,"_1634":1635,"_1636":1637,"_1638":986,"_1317":559,"_1291":359,"_78":563,"_1639":566,"_1622":369,"_1640":1641,"_1642":770,"_1424":319,"_74":329,"_1619":471,"_19":339,"_76":569,"_81":349,"_1643":1096,"_1644":1230,"_1645":1266,"_1646":1230,"_1647":1648,"_1649":1230,"_1650":1651,"_1652":559,"_1653":738,"_1654":1230,"_1655":1637,"_1656":563,"_1623":438,"_1657":1658,"_1229":1230,"_1659":676,"_1242":1230,"_72":574,"_1660":1452,"_1661":1309,"_1662":1347,"_1663":1641,"_1664":1436,"_1624":379,"_1665":1428,"_1666":1230},"section_switcher",{"_1614":1615,"_1616":1617,"_1618":319,"_70":515,"_74":329,"_1619":471,"_1620":405,"_1291":359,"_81":349,"_1621":339,"_1622":369,"_1623":438,"_1624":379,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630,"_1631":1632},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1724":1725,"_1726":1727,"_1668":1728,"_270":1729},"intro",{"_1670":1671,"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677,"_1678":1679,"_1680":1681,"_1682":1683},"en",{"_1684":1719,"_1686":1720,"_1688":1721,"_1690":1722,"_1692":1723},"de",{"_1684":1714,"_1686":1715,"_1688":1716,"_1690":1717,"_1692":1718},"fr",{"_1684":1709,"_1686":1710,"_1688":1711,"_1690":1712,"_1692":1713},"it",{"_1684":1704,"_1686":1705,"_1688":1706,"_1690":1707,"_1692":1708},"es",{"_1684":1699,"_1686":1700,"_1688":1701,"_1690":1702,"_1692":1703},"pt",{"_1684":1694,"_1686":1695,"_1688":1696,"_1690":1697,"_1692":1698},"rm",{"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691,"_1692":1693},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1151,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1153,"_1800":1155,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_624":625,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1814,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1818,"_1819":1820},"nav",{"_1616":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1741":674,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630,"_1631":1632,"_1618":319,"_70":515,"_1620":405,"_1619":471,"_74":329,"_1623":438,"_1291":359,"_81":349,"_1621":339,"_1622":369,"_1624":379,"_1746":1731,"_1747":1748,"_1594":1595,"_1749":1750,"_1596":1597,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1735,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791},{"_1684":1719,"_1686":1720,"_1688":1721,"_1690":1722,"_1692":1723},{"_1730":1731,"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1796":1822,"_1801":1823,"_1824":226,"_1825":207,"_1826":207,"_1827":226,"_1828":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]