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1./2. Der Bericht der Studienkommission Marktmiete hat in der Öffentlichkeit allgemein ein schlechtes Echo gefunden, da er zu keinen in die Praxis umsetzbaren Schlussfolgerungen kommt. Man kann sich des Eindrucks nicht erwehren, dass dieses Ergebnis bzw. diese Ergebnislosigkeit bei nüchterner Betrachtung von Anfang an feststehen musste. Einführung der Marktmiete bedeutet nämlich letztlich Aufhebung der Vorschriften über den Mietzins und die Mietzinsanfechtung. Dass sich Mieter- und Gewerkschaftsvertreter damit auch nur im Ansatz einverstanden erklären könnten, durfte wohl nicht ernsthaft angenommen werden.

3.--5. Der Bericht enthält einiges an interessantem Zahlenmaterial. Dessen Interpretation ist aber teilweise fragwürdig. So ist beispielsweise von relativer Konstanz der Wohnbautätigkeit (S. 42) die Rede. Die Konstanz besteht jedoch aus der stetigen Abnahme (Tab. 3.4, S. 43).

Warum es nicht gelungen ist, den Wohnungsbau - trotz bestehender Nachfrage - wieder auf Wachstumskurs zu bringen, wie viele Wohnungen in der nächsten Zeit nötig wären und wer diese bauen soll: dies scheinen naheliegende und wichtige Fragen, die aber nicht behandelt wurden.

6./7. Aus dem Bericht der Studienkommission Marktmiete lässt sich mit Erstaunen zur Kenntnis nehmen, dass es gegenwärtig offenbar keine den Bedürfnissen genügende Information zur Mietzinslage und Mietzinsentwicklung gibt. Da bekanntlich anlässlich der letzten Volkszählung eine grosse Menge das Wohnen betreffende Daten erhoben wurde, ist davon auszugehen, dass es sich entweder nicht um die richtigen handelte oder dass sie nicht zweckmässig ausgewertet wurden.

Eines der Kernstücke des Mietrechts - und zwar nicht erst des revidierten - ist die Orts- und Quartierüblichkeit. Es ist dasjenige, welches der Marktmiete am nächsten kommt. Schlichtungsbehörden und Mietgerichte haben die Anforderungen an dieses Mietzinskriterium in den letzten Jahren immer höher geschraubt. Das geht mittlerweile so weit, dass die Anwendbarkeit der Orts- und Quartierüblichkeit grundsätzlich in Frage gestellt ist.

Die Orts- und Quartierüblichkeit ist letztlich eine statistische Grösse. Weil das Mietrecht das Erfordernis von statistischen Angaben beinhaltet, sollte dieses auch anhand des vom Bundesamt für Statistik veröffentlichten Zahlenmaterials befriedigt werden können. Dies trifft indessen nicht zu. Vom Vermieter werden Angaben verlangt, die mit den vorliegenden Statistiken nicht gemacht werden können.

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Ich bitte den Bundesrat um die Beantwortung folgender Fragen, die sich zum Bericht der Studienkommission Marktmiete (\"Arbeitsberichte Wohnungswesen\", Heft 28) stellen:

1. Ist der Bundesrat nicht auch der Auffassung, dass sich Aufwand und Kosten einer über zwei Jahre tätigen Studienkommission, wie derjenigen zur Marktmiete, nur rechtfertigen, wenn umsetzbare Ergebnisse erwartet werden können?

2. War bei der Kommission Marktmiete infolge ihrer Zusammensetzung und der Fragestellung nicht von vornherein mit einer Pattsituation zu rechnen?

3. Ist dem Bundesrat auch aufgefallen, dass naheliegende Schlüsse aus Statistiken nicht gezogen und entscheidende Fragen gar nicht erst gestellt wurden?

4. Lässt sich aufgrund der vorhandenen Statistiken berechnen, wie sich der Wohnraumbedarf in den nächsten zehn Jahren entwickeln wird?

5. Lässt sich aufgrund des vorliegenden Informationsmaterials voraussagen, wer in den nächsten zehn Jahren die zur Befriedigung der Nachfrage erforderlichen Wohnungen bauen wird und was ihn dazu motivieren sollte?

6. Inwieweit wird bei statistischen Erhebungen über Wohnungen auf die Aussagekraft der erfassten Daten zur Mietzinslage, zur Mietzinsentwicklung und zur Orts- und Quartierüblichkeit im Sinne des Mietrechts geachtet?

7. Teilt der Bundesrat die Auffassung, dass zwischen dem Bundesamt für Statistik, dem Bundesamt für Justiz und dem Bundesamt für Wohnungswesen eine bessere Koordination herzustellen ist, damit statistische Daten über Wohnungen so erhoben werden, dass sie den im Mietrecht festgelegten Bedürfnissen der Schlichtungsbehörden und Mietgerichte zu genügen vermögen?

",6520,"19933677_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

1. Der Auftrag des Bundesrates lautete, die bestehende Gesetzgebung über die Gestaltung der Mietzinse zu überprüfen und abzuklären, ob sie in Richtung einer Marktmiete revidiert werden soll. Ferner waren für den Fall eines Systemswechsels die erforderlichen Schritte aufzuzeigen und die Folgen darzustellen.

Dank der Arbeiten der Kommission liegen heute erstmals die für die Beurteilung eines mietrechtlichen Systemwechsels erforderlichen Entscheidungsgrundlagen vor. Es ist bekannt, welcher Schritte es heute für einen Konzeptwechsel bedürfte und welche Konsequenzen damit verbunden wären. Zudem wurde aufgezeigt, welche Massnahmen sich für den Fall einer weniger weit gehenden Revision der geltenden Ordnung anböten.

Im übrigen haben die Kommissionsarbeiten ein und nicht zwei Jahre gedauert (vom 16. Juni 1992 bis am 24. Juni 1993). Ferner wurden verschiedene laufende Untersuchungen für die Kommission Marktmiete zwar nutzbar gemacht, aber nicht ausschliesslich für sie in Auftrag gegeben. Insbesondere die Arbeiten zur Subjekthilfe waren bereits vorher im Programm der Forschungskommission Wohnungswesen enthalten. Sie stehen auch mit dem ständerätlichen Auftrag im Zusammenhang, die Machbarkeit einer Subjekthilfe auf Bundesebene abzuklären.

2. Dass die Kommission in der Frage eines Übergangs zur Marktmiete zu keinen einheitlichen Empfehlungen gelangte, erstaunt angesichts ihrer heterogenen Zusammensetzung wenig. Wichtig ist, dass die politischen Instanzen nun über die erforderlichen Entscheidungsgrundlagen verfügen.

3. Mit zusätzlichem Aufwand liessen sich stets noch weitere Statistiken auswerten und Untersuchungen anstellen. Die Aussagen der Kommission sind jedoch durchwegs begründet. Bezüglich der bestrittenen Konstanz der Wohnbautätigkeit beispielsweise müssen im Zusammenhang mit mietrechtlichen Überlegungen die Eigentumsobjekte ausgeblendet werden. Betrachtet man lediglich den Bau von Wohnungen in Mehrfamilienhäusern, so ist seit 1987 tatsächlich eine weitgehende Konstanz der Bautätigkeit festzustellen.

4. Die Kommission Marktmiete wurde nicht mit der Ausarbeitung von Wohnungsbedarfsprognosen beauftragt. Dazu gibt es Untersuchungen verschiedenster Prognoseninstitute sowie die Perspektiven der Forschungskommission Wohnungswesen, die zurzeit überarbeitet werden. Für die Abschätzung des Wohnraumbedarfs sind im übrigen weniger die vorhandenen Statistiken als vielmehr die zukünftigen Entwicklungen bei den Einkommen, der Bevölkerungszahl, dem Preis- und Zinsniveau, den Wanderungsströmen und Wohnbedürfnissen massgebend. Gegenwärtig zeichnet sich aufgrund der wirtschaftlichen Schwierigkeiten in verschiedenen Marktsegmenten ein wachsender Überhang ab. Mittelfristig wird aber bei anziehender Konjunktur und weiterem Bevölkerungswachstum eine Wohnbautätigkeit im ungefähr bisherigen Rahmen weiterhin nötig sein.

5. Material zur Vorhersage der zukünftigen Anbieterstruktur steht nicht zur Verfügung. Es kann aber darauf hingewiesen werden, dass die Anteile der Genossenschaften mit rund 10 Prozent und der öffentlichen Hand mit höchstens 5 Prozent an der gesamten Wohnungsproduktion in den letzten Jahrzehnten recht stabil waren. In den Rest von rund 85 Prozent teilten sich die Einzelpersonen und juristischen Personen mit von Jahr zu Jahr leicht unterschiedlichem Gewicht. Aufgrund der Zinsentwicklung, der langfristigen Nachfragesituation sowie der Renditeerwartungen in alternative Anlagen dürfte diese traditionelle Anbieterstruktur auch in den kommenden Jahren Bestand haben

6. Angaben zu den Mietzinsen werden einerseits in den Wohnungszählungen und anderseits in den periodischen Mietzinserhebungen auf Stichprobenbasis erhoben. Die Zahlen der Wohnungszählung 1990 standen der Kommission noch nicht zur Verfügung. Für die unmittelbaren Bedürfnisse der Anwendung des Mietrechtes sind sie aufgrund des grossen Erhebungsabstandes von zehn Jahren ohnehin wenig geeignet, zumal sie auch keine Angaben über Quartiercharakteristika, Lagevorteile und anderes mehr liefern. Bei den periodischen Mietzinserhebungen, die auch der Berechnung des Mietzinsindex dienen, kann die Mietzinslage und ihre Entwicklung für verschiedene Wohnungskategorien und geographische Einheiten festgestellt werden. Die für eine Erhebung der Quartierüblichkeit erforderliche Verfeinerung fehlt aber hier. Bemühungen zur Erstellung eigentlicher Mietzinsspiegel wie auch die Bestrebungen des Bundesamtes für Wohnungswesen zur Ausarbeitung einer Methode für die Erfassung quartierüblicher Mieten mussten bekanntlich eingestellt werden. Selbst die Kommission Marktmiete stand entsprechenden Vorschlägen skeptisch gegenüber und begnügte sich mit einer Empfehlung zur Verbesserung der da und dort bestehenden lokalen Informationssysteme.

7. Mietzinsstatistiken werden nur durch das Bundesamt für Statistik erhoben. Ein technischer Koordinationsbedarf besteht daher nicht. Materiell ist jedoch eine Verbesserung der Aussagekraft wünschbar. Wie die soeben abgeschlossene Revision der Mietpreiserhebung gezeigt hat, stösst jedoch der quantitative Ausbau von Statistiken auf Widerstände der betroffenen Anbieter und Gemeinden. Die revidierte Mietpreisstatistik wurde deshalb in eine stark redimensionierte vierteljährliche Erhebung und eine umfassende Strukturerhebung aufgeteilt. Diese Strukturerhebung wird erstmals im November 1995 und anschliessend alle zwei bis drei Jahre stattfinden. Dabei wird auch abzuklären sein, inwieweit die Information im Zusammenhang mit der von der Kommission Marktmiete geforderten Verbesserung der Markttransparenz ausgebaut werden kann.

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members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1603":1604,"_1620":787,"_1621":1622,"_1623":1624,"_1625":974,"_1304":547,"_19":347,"_83":551,"_1626":554,"_1609":357,"_1627":1628,"_1629":758,"_1411":307,"_79":317,"_1606":459,"_85":327,"_81":557,"_87":337,"_1630":1084,"_1631":1218,"_1632":1254,"_1633":1218,"_1634":1635,"_1636":1218,"_1637":1638,"_1639":547,"_1640":726,"_1641":1218,"_1642":1624,"_1643":551,"_1610":426,"_1644":1645,"_1217":1218,"_1646":664,"_1230":1218,"_77":562,"_1647":1439,"_1648":1296,"_1649":1334,"_1650":1628,"_1651":1423,"_1611":367,"_1652":1415,"_1653":1218},"section_switcher",{"_1601":1602,"_1603":1604,"_1605":307,"_21":503,"_79":317,"_1606":459,"_1607":393,"_19":347,"_87":337,"_1608":327,"_1609":357,"_1610":426,"_1611":367,"_1612":1613,"_1614":1615,"_1616":1617,"_1618":1619},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1711":1712,"_1713":1714,"_1655":1715,"_258":1716},"intro",{"_1657":1658,"_1659":1660,"_1661":1662,"_1663":1664,"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668,"_1669":1670},"en",{"_1671":1706,"_1673":1707,"_1675":1708,"_1677":1709,"_1679":1710},"de",{"_1671":1701,"_1673":1702,"_1675":1703,"_1677":1704,"_1679":1705},"fr",{"_1671":1696,"_1673":1697,"_1675":1698,"_1677":1699,"_1679":1700},"it",{"_1671":1691,"_1673":1692,"_1675":1693,"_1677":1694,"_1679":1695},"es",{"_1671":1686,"_1673":1687,"_1675":1688,"_1677":1689,"_1679":1690},"pt",{"_1671":1681,"_1673":1682,"_1675":1683,"_1677":1684,"_1679":1685},"rm",{"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674,"_1675":1676,"_1677":1678,"_1679":1680},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1139,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1141,"_1787":1143,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_612":613,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807},"nav",{"_1603":1725,"_1726":1727,"_1728":662,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1612":1613,"_1614":1615,"_1616":1617,"_1618":1619,"_1605":307,"_21":503,"_1607":393,"_1606":459,"_79":317,"_1610":426,"_19":347,"_87":337,"_1608":327,"_1609":357,"_1611":367,"_1733":1718,"_1734":1735,"_1581":1582,"_1736":1737,"_1583":1584,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1722,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778},{"_1671":1706,"_1673":1707,"_1675":1708,"_1677":1709,"_1679":1710},{"_1717":1718,"_1719":1720,"_1721":1722,"_1723":1724},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1783":1809,"_1788":1810,"_1811":217,"_1812":204,"_1813":204,"_1814":217,"_1815":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]