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Dass wir uns den Staat von gestern morgen nicht mehr leisten können, ist als Aussage bereits Allgemeingut geworden. Der Staatsapparat muss redimensioniert werden, Strukturen müssen wie in der Wirtschaft gestrafft werden.

Ich frage deshalb den Bundesrat, ob er die folgenden Bereiche auch schon in Erwägung gezogen hat, um mittel- und langfristig zur Gesundung der Bundesfinanzen beizutragen.

1. Wäre nicht der Personalbestand des Bundes in den nächsten drei Jahren linear um 1 Prozent zu kürzen?

2. Wäre nicht auf reale Lohnerhöhungen für die nächsten drei Jahre zu verzichten?

3. Wäre nicht das Wachstum der Ausgaben für Entwicklungshilfe auf eine Zuwachsrate von 3 Prozent zu reduzieren?

4. Wäre nicht der beschlossene Beitrag für die Osteuropahilfe über weitere Jahre zu erstrecken?

5. Wäre nicht die Entschädigung für Asylbewerber auf das zur Existenzsicherung notwendige Niveau zu reduzieren?

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1. Der Staatsapparat kann nur zum Teil mit der Privatwirtschaft verglichen werden, denn erstens reagiert er nicht auf Marktangebot und -nachfrage, und zweitens ist der Grossteil seiner Aufgaben gesetzlich festgelegt. Wenn beispielsweise das Parlament einem Gesetz von grosser Tragweite zustimmt, ist für dessen Vollzug eine bestimmte Anzahl zusätzlicher Stellen notwendig, wenn nicht im Gegenzug eine andere Aufgabe fallengelassen wird. Darum ist es bereits eine Banalität zu sagen, das Aufgabenvolumen nehme rascher zu als der Personalbestand. Zwischen 1992 und 1994 hat der Personalbestand gar abgenommen, nämlich in der allgemeinen Bundesverwaltung (einschliesslich des Bundesgerichts und der Parlamentsdienste) um 364 Stellen, im Bundesamt für Rüstungsbetriebe um 600, in der Eidgenössischen Alkoholverwaltung um 10, bei den PTT um 3876 und bei den SBB um 2202 Stellen. Damit liegt der jährliche Rückgang bei durchschnittlich 2,45 Prozent. Der Bundesrat und die Regiebetriebe haben also die Rationalisierungsmassnahmen, die sie als gerechtfertigt erachteten, bereits getroffen. Eine willkürliche lineare Verminderung des Bestandes um 1 Prozent in den kommenden drei Jahren würde nicht zu den erwünschten Zielen führen.

2. Seit der letzten Reallohnerhöhung vom 1. Juli 1991 wurden beim Bund generell keine realen Lohnanpassungen mehr vorgenommen; aus heutiger Sicht sind solche in absehbarer Zeit auch nicht geplant.

Individuelle reale Lohnerhöhungen sind dagegen mit ordentlichen und ausserordentlichen Besoldungserhöhungen nach Artikel 40 und 41 des Beamtengesetzes möglich.

Dabei ist zu beachten, dass heute rund zwei Drittel der Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter beim Bund das Maximum ihrer Einreihungsmöglichkeiten bereits erreicht haben und folglich - abgesehen vom ebenfalls nicht mehr vollen Teuerungsausgleich - nicht mehr in den Genuss von Besoldungserhöhungen kommen. Dieser Anteil ist tendenziell noch zunehmend, einerseits wegen der stark sinkenden Fluktuationsraten der letzten Jahre, andererseits wegen des permanenten Stellenabbaus in verschiedensten Bereichen der Bundesverwaltung.

Ein Verweigern solcher individueller Besoldungserhöhungen würde vor allem jüngere, sich im Aufstieg befindende Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter treffen.

Die Teilrevision des Beamtengesetzes (BtG), die gegenwärtig in den vorberatenden Kommissionen der eidgenössischen Räte behandelt wird, soll dem Bundesrat ab 1. Januar 1995 genau in diesem Bereich eine erweiterte Besoldungsflexibilität bringen. Der neue Artikel 39 Absatz 2 wird es dem Bundesrat ermöglichen, kurzfristig bei einigen Berufskategorien die Anfangslöhne insbesondere dort nach unten zu korrigieren, wo es der Arbeitsmarkt zulässt. Bei den ordentlichen und ausserordentlichen Besoldungserhöhungen (Art. 40, 41 BtG) wird der Bundesrat allfällig erweiterte Kompetenzen dahin gehend nutzen, um in Zeiten schwacher Konjunktur und schlechter Finanzlage diese Zulagen angemessen reduzieren zu können. Es soll damit verhindert werden, dass der Bund durch zu detaillierte Vorgaben im Beamtengesetz weiterhin gezwungen ist, nicht marktgerechte Lohnerhöhungen gewähren zu müssen. Damit dürfte das Anliegen des Interpellanten mindestens teilweise erfüllt werden können.

3. Im Legislaturprogramm hat der Bundesrat festgelegt, dass die Entwicklungshilfeausgaben der öffentlichen Hand bis zum Jahr 2000 0,40 Prozent des Bruttosozialprodukts (BSP) erreichen sollen. Da sich die Finanzlage des Bundes in der Zwischenzeit aber massiv verschlechtert hat, wird er im Rahmen des dritten Sanierungsprogramms alle Ziele neu überprüfen müssen. Je nachdem, wie das Ergebnis dieser Prüfung ausfällt, ist nicht auszuschliessen, dass das Ziel im Bereich der öffentlichen Entwicklungshilfe nach unten korrigiert wird.

Würde die jährliche Zuwachsrate der Entwicklungshilfeausgaben aber auf 3 Prozent verringert, wie dies der Interpellant anregt, so würde die öffentliche Entwicklungshilfe bei 0,33 Prozent des BSP und damit unter dem 1993 erreichten und für 1994 vorgesehenen Niveau von 0,34 Prozent stabilisiert. Die Entwicklungshilfeleistungen unseres Landes gingen somit zurück.

4. Die Hilfe zugunsten der Länder Osteuropas wurde bereits im Rahmen der Sanierungsmassnahmen 1993 und bei der Beratung des Budgets 1994 durch das Parlament auf mehr Jahre erstreckt als vorgesehen. Jede Kürzung der Zahlungskredite führt zwangsläufig zu einer Verlangsamung bei den Verpflichtungen. Angesichts der Bedürfnisse der Empfängerländer, der Interessen unseres Landes und der Tatsache, dass unser Beitrag (im europäischen und im internationalen Vergleich) ohnehin bescheiden ist, erscheint eine weitere Erstreckung problematisch, wenn unser Handeln eine gewisse Glaubwürdigkeit behalten soll. Die durchschnittliche Zuwachsrate der Ausgaben von 15 Prozent, die im Finanzplan 1995--1997 in diesem Bereich vorgesehen ist, ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass in den vergangenen Jahren namhafte Kürzungen vorgenommen wurden und dass es sich hierbei um ein neues, sich in Entwicklung befindendes Tätigkeitsgebiet handelt.

5. Mit der Inkraftsetzung der revidierten Asylverordnung 2 über Finanzierungsfragen wurde der den Kantonen für die Unterstützung von Asylbewerbern ausgerichtete Betrag auf eine Pauschale von 18 Franken pro Person und Tag festgesetzt (exklusive Gesundheits- und Unterbringungskosten). Nach den bisherigen Bestimmungen konnten die Kantone die Unterstützungskosten für Asylbewerber dem Bund mit Ausnahme des Taschengeldes und der individuellen Transportkosten nach den auch für die übrigen Bedürftigen geltenden Richtsätzen der Schweizerischen Konferenz für öffentliche Fürsorge (SKöF) in Rechnung stellen (für eine Übergangsfrist bis Ende 1994 ist eine Abrechnung nach dem alten oder dem neuen Recht möglich). Diese Unterstützungskosten betragen für die übrigen Bedürftigen im Durchschnitt rund 24 Franken pro Person und Tag. Die für die Asylbewerberfürsorge vorgesehenen Unterhaltsansätze liegen damit bereits tiefer als diejenigen für andere Fürsorgeempfänger.

Der Bundesrat wird weiterhin ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Kostenentwicklung im Asyl- und Flüchtlingsbereich richten. Mit der Einführung einer Pauschale will der Bundesrat den Kantonen einen zusätzlichen Sparanreiz bieten und dazu beitragen, die Fürsorgekosten für Asylbewerber in einem angemessenen Rahmen zu halten. Zudem wird im Rahmen der Arbeiten zum dritten Sanierungspaket geprüft, ob im Bereich der Asylbewerberfürsorge weiter gehende Einsparungen möglich sind.

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members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1590":1591,"_1607":773,"_1608":1609,"_1610":1611,"_1612":960,"_1291":533,"_1265":333,"_107":537,"_1613":540,"_1596":343,"_1614":1615,"_1616":744,"_1398":293,"_104":303,"_1593":445,"_109":313,"_19":543,"_111":323,"_1617":1070,"_1618":1204,"_1619":1240,"_1620":1204,"_1621":1622,"_1623":1204,"_1624":1625,"_1626":533,"_1627":712,"_1628":1204,"_1629":1611,"_1630":537,"_1597":412,"_1631":1632,"_1203":1204,"_1633":650,"_1216":1204,"_102":548,"_1634":1426,"_1635":1283,"_1636":1321,"_1637":1615,"_1638":1410,"_1598":353,"_1639":1402,"_1640":1204},"section_switcher",{"_1588":1589,"_1590":1591,"_1592":293,"_100":489,"_104":303,"_1593":445,"_1594":379,"_1265":333,"_111":323,"_1595":313,"_1596":343,"_1597":412,"_1598":353,"_1599":1600,"_1601":1602,"_1603":1604,"_1605":1606},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1698":1699,"_1700":1701,"_1642":1702,"_244":1703},"intro",{"_1644":1645,"_1646":1647,"_1648":1649,"_1650":1651,"_1652":1653,"_1654":1655,"_1656":1657},"en",{"_1658":1693,"_1660":1694,"_1662":1695,"_1664":1696,"_1666":1697},"de",{"_1658":1688,"_1660":1689,"_1662":1690,"_1664":1691,"_1666":1692},"fr",{"_1658":1683,"_1660":1684,"_1662":1685,"_1664":1686,"_1666":1687},"it",{"_1658":1678,"_1660":1679,"_1662":1680,"_1664":1681,"_1666":1682},"es",{"_1658":1673,"_1660":1674,"_1662":1675,"_1664":1676,"_1666":1677},"pt",{"_1658":1668,"_1660":1669,"_1662":1670,"_1664":1671,"_1666":1672},"rm",{"_1658":1659,"_1660":1661,"_1662":1663,"_1664":1665,"_1666":1667},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1125,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1127,"_1774":1129,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_598":599,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794},"nav",{"_1590":1712,"_1713":1714,"_1715":648,"_1716":1717,"_1718":1719,"_1599":1600,"_1601":1602,"_1603":1604,"_1605":1606,"_1592":293,"_100":489,"_1594":379,"_1593":445,"_104":303,"_1597":412,"_1265":333,"_111":323,"_1595":313,"_1596":343,"_1598":353,"_1720":1705,"_1721":1722,"_1568":1569,"_1723":1724,"_1570":1571,"_1725":1726,"_1727":1728,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1733":1734,"_1735":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1709,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765},{"_1658":1693,"_1660":1694,"_1662":1695,"_1664":1696,"_1666":1697},{"_1704":1705,"_1706":1707,"_1708":1709,"_1710":1711},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). 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