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Ich frage den Bundesrat an:

1a. Welchen Auflagen seitens des Staates haben Unternehmen in der Startphase nach der Gründung zu genügen?

1b. Sieht der Bundesrat Möglichkeiten, diese allfälligen Hemmnisse abzubauen?

2a. Ist dem Bundesrat bekannt, wie viele technologieorientierte, innovative Unternehmen seit 1980 gegründet worden sind?

2b. Wie viele dieser Unternehmen existieren noch?

2c. Welches sind die wichtigsten Erklärungsfaktoren für Erfolg und Misserfolg?

3. Sieht der Bundesrat Möglichkeiten, künftig die Gründung von Unternehmen zu fördern:

3a. in Zusammenarbeit mit den Kantonen, durch ausgebaute Informationstätigkeit, zeitliche Verlagerung von Abgaben oder weitere Instrumente;

3b. durch Verbesserungen der Rahmenbedingungen für \"venture capital\", indem - wie in anderen Staaten üblich - in Zusammenarbeit mit Banken jungen Unternehmen in grösserem Ausmass als bisher in einem einfacheren Verfahren günstigere Kredite vermittelt werden?

","affair_title",5700,"19933346_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Der Bundesrat hat die Problematik der Jungunternehmerförderung in mehreren Berichten behandelt und dazu Stellung bezogen: Bericht des Bundesrates über die Klein- und Mittelbetriebe von 1983, Studie Nr. 7 des Bundesamtes für Konjunkturfragen \"Risikokapital\" 1983, Bericht \"Technologiepolitik des Bundes\" 1992. Eine Vielzahl von Aktivitäten mit dieser Zielrichtung sind auf verschiedenen Ebenen im Gange.

Zu erinnern ist etwa an die Anstrengungen im Rahmen kantonaler respektive kommunaler Wirtschaftsförderungen. Ganz besonders zu begrüssen sind auch die verschiedenen Initiativen, die von privater Seite unternommen werden. Beispiele sind u. a. die Swiss Venture Capital Association (SVCA), die Vigier-Stiftung, die Technoparks, das Schweizerische Institut für Unternehmungsschulung des Gewerbeverbandes und die Jungunternehmerschulung u. a. durch die Höheren Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungsschulen der Kantone Aargau und Solothurn sowie Technopark Zürich.

Zu den einzelnen Fragen der Interpellation nimmt der Bundesrat wie folgt Stellung:

1. Auflagen und deren Abbau

1a. Von den für Jungunternehmen bestehenden Hemmnissen und Auflagen sind besonders zu erwähnen:

- Fiskalrecht:

Bei Gründung einer Aktiengesellschaft oder Erhöhung des Aktienkapitals wird eine Emissionsabgabe von 3 Prozent auf dem Nominalkapital erhoben. Diese Belastung ist im Vergleich mit der EG grösser. Dort gilt in der Regel ein Satz von 1 Prozent. In einigen Ländern (z. B. UK) besteht sogar Abgabefreiheit.

Junge Unternehmen, deren Eigenkapitalausstattung in der Regel gering ist, sind aufgrund des progressiven Tarifs bei der direkten Steuer für juristische Personen bei wachsenden Gewinnen rasch einer hohen steuerlichen Belastung ausgesetzt.

- Beschränkte Rekrutierungsmöglichkeiten am Arbeitsmarkt und ein sozioökonomisches Umfeld, das eine geringe Fehlertoleranz aufweist und Jungunternehmern bei Misserfolg kaum wieder eine zweite Chance gibt.

- Administrative Auflagen, die überproportional stark auf jungen oder kleinen Unternehmen lasten, bestehen in den Bereichen Sozialversicherung, Steuern, statistische Datenerhebungen und sonstige administrative Arbeiten (vgl. dazu die Dissertation Hunkeler, U., \"Zur Belastung der Klein- und Mittelbetriebe durch staatliche Regelungen - Untersuchung der administrativen Auflagen in der Schweiz\", Bamberg 1985, die auf Anregung und zusammen mit dem Vorort des SHIV entstanden ist).

1b. Möglichkeiten, Hemmnisse abzubauen:

Ziel der Wirtschaftspolitik des Bundes ist es, die Rahmenbedingungen für unternehmerische Tätigkeiten generell in unserem Lande und damit auch für Firmengründungen günstig zu gestalten. Bestehende Auflagen sind in diesem Lichte zu prüfen und sofern nötig abzubauen.

Dazu gehören Verbesserungen im Bereiche des Fiskalrechts. Wegen unserer starren Finanzordnung mit in der Verfassung verankerten Höchstsätzen sowie mit Blick auf die Verschlechterung der Haushaltslage besteht für Steuerreformen jedoch wenig Handlungsspielraum. Der Bundesrat hat deshalb die Aufkommensneutralität als Grundbedingung einer Unternehmenssteuerreform bezeichnet.

Mit Botschaft vom 25. Mai 1983 über die Steuerharmonisierung wurde der Übergang zu einem proportionalen Tarif bei der direkten Steuer für juristische Personen beantragt und vom Parlament beschlossen. In der Volksabstimmung vom 2. Juni 1991 wurde dieser Vorschlag im Gesamtpaket zusammen mit der Mehrwertsteuer abgelehnt.

Im Rahmen der Arbeiten am 2. Revitalisierungspaket wird der ganze Komplex der Unternehmensbesteuerung geprüft. Dabei wird die Frage des Überganges zum Proportionaltarif erneut aufgegriffen werden müssen.

In der Antwort auf die Motion Cavadini Adriano \"Steuerpolitisches Programm für den Unternehmensstandort Schweiz\" (92.3212) hat der Bundesrat zum Ausdruck gebracht, dass er zurzeit für weitere Reduktionen bei der Emissionsabgabe keine Möglichkeiten sehe. Weitere Ertragsausfälle sind im Lichte der Haushaltperspektiven nicht zu verantworten.

Die Vorschläge des Bundesrates im Rahmen des ersten Paketes zur marktwirtschaftlichen Erneuerung werden die Attraktivität des Wirtschaftsstandortes Schweiz und damit die Bedingungen für die Aufnahme unternehmerischer Tätigkeiten in unserem Lande verbessern, wenn sie einmal in allen ihren Teilen verwirklicht sind. Zu erwähnen sind u. a. die Flexibilisierung am Arbeitsmarkt, die Verbesserung des Marktzuganges durch den Abbau von technischen Handelshemmnissen sowie die Verringerung des administrativen Aufwandes im Zuge der Straffung und Beschleunigung von Verfahren auf verschiedenen Ebenen. Besonders auch vom erweiterten Leistungsauftrag (Aus- und Weiterbildung, anwendungsorientierte F&E sowie Erbringung von Dienstleistungen wie Technologietransfer) der kommenden Fachhochschulen werden Jungunternehmen profitieren können.

Im Zusammenhang mit einem vermehrten Einsatz des staatlichen Nachfragepotentials zur Innovationsförderung, insbesondere auch zur Förderung von Jungunternehmen, möchten wir auf die vom Eidgenössischen Finanzdepartement am 21. Mai 1986 im Einvernehmen mit dem Eidgenössischen Volkswirtschaftsdepartement erlassene \"Empfehlung über die Berücksichtigung innovationspolitischer Aspekte bei Beschaffungen des Bundes und der Regiebetriebe (innovationsorientierte Beschaffungspolitik)\" verweisen.

Möglichkeiten der Erleichterung von Neugründungen und zur Entlastung von jungen Unternehmen im Rahmen des Gesellschaftsrechtes werden zurzeit vom Eidgenössischen Justiz- und Polizeidepartement geprüft.

2. Statistik und Erklärungsfaktoren für Erfolg oder Misserfolg technologieorientierter innovativer Unternehmen

2a./2b. Statistische Erfassung technologieorientierter, innovativer Unternehmen:

Eine Kategorie technologieorientierter und innovativer Unternehmen wird in den amtlichen Statistiken nicht geführt. Insofern bestehen darüber keine Angaben.

2c. Wesentliche Erklärungsfaktoren für Erfolg oder Misserfolg sind u. a.:

- Die systematische Orientierung am Markt und der Zugang zu den relevanten Marktinformationen respektive die Fähigkeit zu deren systematischen Auswertung fehlen bei Jungunternehmen oft oder sind ungenügend.

- Jungunternehmer haben oft eine ingenieurtechnische Herkunft. Es fehlt ihnen an unternehmerischem Grundwissen.

- Jungunternehmer sind vielfach überlastet. Dies leistet einer Orientierung an kurzfristigen Aspekten Vorschub.

3. Möglichkeiten, künftig die Gründung von Unternehmen zu fördern

3a. Zusammenarbeit mit den Kantonen:

Der Bundesrat hat im \"Bundesbeschluss zur Stärkung der regionalen Wirtschaftsstrukturen und der Standortattraktivität\" (zurzeit in der Vernehmlassung) in bezug auf die künftige Zusammenarbeit mit den Kantonen folgende konkreten Massnahmen vorgeschlagen:

- gemeinsame Finanzierung regionaler Innovationsberatungsstellen (in der Regel zu je einem Drittel durch Bund, Kantone und Dritte);

- Beteiligung an europäischen Aktionen zugunsten von KMU und jungen Unternehmen, z. B. Anschluss ans Netzwerk der Euro Info Centers oder ans Business Cooperation Network (BC-Net);

- in wirtschaftlich bedrohten Regionen u. a. Förderung von neuen Unternehmen (inkl. Neugründungen) und Innovationsvorhaben durch Bürgschaften und fiskalische Erleichterungen.

Für die in der Interpellation angesprochene zeitliche Verlagerung von Abgaben bestehen bei der direkten Bundessteuer keine Möglichkeiten.

3b. Verbesserung der Rahmenbedingungen für \"venture capital\", Zusammenarbeit mit Banken:

Während die Lösung von Finanzierungsproblemen für Jungunternehmen nach Auskunft von kantonalen Wirtschaftsförderern in der Hochkonjunkturperiode der achtziger Jahre keine besonderen Schwierigkeiten bereitete, sind die Probleme in der Rezession der frühen neunziger Jahre verbunden mit einem konsequenteren rentabilitätsorientierten Verhalten der Banken offenkundig geworden.

Der Bundesrat ist der Auffassung, dass Finanzierungsentscheide grundsätzlich durch private Kapitalgeber nach privatwirtschaftlichen Überlegungen zu erfolgen haben.

Wir sehen auch weiterhin keine steuerliche Begünstigung von Risikokapital vor (vgl. unsere Antwort auf die Motion der christlichdemokratischen Fraktion \"Risikokapital\", 92.3600).

Im Zuge der Revision des Arbeitslosenversicherungsgesetzes (zurzeit in der Vernehmlassung) haben wir vorgeschlagen, Arbeitslosen unter bestimmten Bedingungen die Möglichkeit zu geben, aus der Arbeitslosenversicherung Startkapital für Neugründungen zu beziehen (Art. 71, Förderung der selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit).

Antwort des Bundesrates.",5699,"19933346_1","Titel des 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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1600":1601,"_1617":784,"_1618":1619,"_1620":1621,"_1622":971,"_1301":544,"_19":344,"_83":548,"_1623":551,"_1606":354,"_1624":1625,"_1626":755,"_1408":304,"_79":314,"_1603":456,"_85":324,"_81":554,"_87":334,"_1627":1081,"_1628":1215,"_1629":1251,"_1630":1215,"_1631":1632,"_1633":1215,"_1634":1635,"_1636":544,"_1637":723,"_1638":1215,"_1639":1621,"_1640":548,"_1607":423,"_1641":1642,"_1214":1215,"_1643":661,"_1227":1215,"_77":559,"_1644":1436,"_1645":1293,"_1646":1331,"_1647":1625,"_1648":1420,"_1608":364,"_1649":1412,"_1650":1215},"section_switcher",{"_1598":1599,"_1600":1601,"_1602":304,"_21":500,"_79":314,"_1603":456,"_1604":390,"_19":344,"_87":334,"_1605":324,"_1606":354,"_1607":423,"_1608":364,"_1609":1610,"_1611":1612,"_1613":1614,"_1615":1616},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1708":1709,"_1710":1711,"_1652":1712,"_255":1713},"intro",{"_1654":1655,"_1656":1657,"_1658":1659,"_1660":1661,"_1662":1663,"_1664":1665,"_1666":1667},"en",{"_1668":1703,"_1670":1704,"_1672":1705,"_1674":1706,"_1676":1707},"de",{"_1668":1698,"_1670":1699,"_1672":1700,"_1674":1701,"_1676":1702},"fr",{"_1668":1693,"_1670":1694,"_1672":1695,"_1674":1696,"_1676":1697},"it",{"_1668":1688,"_1670":1689,"_1672":1690,"_1674":1691,"_1676":1692},"es",{"_1668":1683,"_1670":1684,"_1672":1685,"_1674":1686,"_1676":1687},"pt",{"_1668":1678,"_1670":1679,"_1672":1680,"_1674":1681,"_1676":1682},"rm",{"_1668":1669,"_1670":1671,"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1136,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1138,"_1784":1140,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_609":610,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804},"nav",{"_1600":1722,"_1723":1724,"_1725":659,"_1726":1727,"_1728":1729,"_1609":1610,"_1611":1612,"_1613":1614,"_1615":1616,"_1602":304,"_21":500,"_1604":390,"_1603":456,"_79":314,"_1607":423,"_19":344,"_87":334,"_1605":324,"_1606":354,"_1608":364,"_1730":1715,"_1731":1732,"_1578":1579,"_1733":1734,"_1580":1581,"_1735":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1719,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775},{"_1668":1703,"_1670":1704,"_1672":1705,"_1674":1706,"_1676":1707},{"_1714":1715,"_1716":1717,"_1718":1719,"_1720":1721},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1780":1806,"_1785":1807,"_1808":213,"_1809":200,"_1810":200,"_1811":213,"_1812":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]