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Im Jahre 1969 wurde in der Schweiz letztmals eine generelle Steueramnestie für Bund, Kantone und Gemeinden durchgeführt. Gemäss dem Bericht des Eidgenössischen Finanzdepartementes vom 1. Juni 1972 hat die damalige Steueramnestie rund 11,5 Milliarden Franken an steuerbarem Vermögen und in der Folge den entsprechenden Ertrag zutage gefördert. Dieses Ergebnis wird im damaligen Bericht als erfreulich gewertet. Insbesondere wird aber auch positiv festgestellt, dass dank der Amnestie die Zahl der Steuerehrlichen zugenommen hat.

Wir verlangen daher mit dieser Motion die Durchführung einer generellen Steueramnestie in den Jahren 1993 oder 1994, weil

- diese aufgrund der Erfahrung der letzten, vor immerhin bald 25 Jahren durchgeführten Amnestie einen beachtlichen finanziellen Erfolg verspricht und das Steuersubstrat des Vermögens und in der Folge auch des Einkommens nachhaltig stärkt;

- der Verrechnungssteuerertrag, wie dessen Entwicklung in den Jahren 1968 bis 1971 (letzte Amnestieperiode) zeigt, kaum rückläufig sein wird;

- auf den 1. Januar 1995 das neue Bundesgesetz über die direkte Bundessteuer in Kraft tritt mit einer massiven Verschärfung der Steuerstrafbestimmungen und einer weiteren Verstärkung der Steuerkontrollorgane sowie mit einer Ausdehnung der Haftungsvorschriften;

- das öffentliche Interesse sowie besondere Umstände eindeutig für die Durchführung einer generellen Steueramnestie sprechen und diese auch rechtsstaatlich als vertretbar erscheinen lassen.

Nachdem der Souverän ohnehin im Verlaufe der Jahre 1993 oder 1994 über die Neuordnung der Bundesfinanzen in einer obligatorischen Volksabstimmung zu befinden haben wird, soll ihm in einem separaten Beschluss Gelegenheit gegeben werden, zur Durchführung einer generellen Steueramnestie Stellung zu nehmen.

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Der Bund wird ersucht, in den Jahren 1993 und 1994 eine einmalige generelle Steueramnestie mit Wirkung für die Steuern des Bundes, der Kantone und der Gemeinden anzuordnen.

",5445,"19933191_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

1. Der Bundeshaushalt und die meisten kantonalen Haushalte haben sich innert kurzer Zeit drastisch verschlechtert. Gegenmassnahmen sind deshalb unumgänglich geworden. Das eidgenössische Parlament hat am 9. Oktober 1992 ein erstes Sanierungspaket mit fünf Erlassen verabschiedet, die teilweise bereits 1993 wirksam geworden sind. Der Bundesrat wird dem Parlament weitere Sanierungsvorschläge unterbreiten. Massnahmen zur besseren Einhaltung der Steuergesetze tragen grundsätzlich ebenfalls zu erhöhten Einnahmen bei. Demgegenüber wäre die Durchführung einer allgemeinen Steueramnestie kein geeignetes Mittel zur Einnahmensteigerung. Es sprechen nämlich sehr gewichtige Gründe dagegen:

a. Bei einer Steueramnestie verzichtet der Staat auf die Verfolgung und Bestrafung von Steuerhinterziehung und Steuerbetrug aus Gründen der Zweckmässigkeit. Ein solches Ausserkraftsetzen des Gesetzes bedeutet einen Einbruch in die bestehende Rechtsordnung, welche die Ahndung der Steuerdelikte verlangt, und begünstigt einseitig die Defraudanten.

Steuerehrliche Bürger dagegen - und das ist auch heute die grosse Mehrheit der Steuerpflichtigen - würden sich hintergangen und übervorteilt fühlen. Das könnte solche Steuerzahler gar veranlassen, die Steuergesetze in Zukunft ebenfalls nicht mehr so genau zu befolgen. Eine solche Tendenz könnte sich auch dann einstellen, wenn alle 25 bis 30 Jahre eine Steueramnestie durchgeführt würde.

b. Wie der Bundesrat bereits in seinen Stellungnahmen zum Postulat Pini vom 2. März 1983 und zur Interpellation Reimann Maximilian vom 7. Oktober 1988 zum Ausdruck gebracht hatte, muss eine Steueramnestie in zeitlicher Hinsicht ein einmaliges Ereignis oder doch zumindest eine ganz seltene Ausnahme bleiben. Die Anordnung einer Steueramnestie kommt nämlich letztlich immer einem Eingeständnis der Machtlosigkeit des Staates gleich, Steuerwiderhandlungen aufdecken und wirksam ahnden zu können. Der Bundesrat sieht aber weder heute noch in absehbarer Zeit eine Notwendigkeit zu einem solchen Eingeständnis.

Bereits im Bericht vom 19. Dezember 1983 über Massnahmen zur Bekämpfung der Steuerhinterziehung stellte der Bundesrat fest, dass die Schweiz nicht ein Land der Steuerdefraudanten ist. Anhaltspunkte für eine grundlegend andere Beurteilung liegen heute keine vor. Überdies konnte seit der letzten Steueramnestie das gesetzestechnische Instrumentarium ausgebaut werden. So gelang es vor allem, die Auskunftspflichten von Steuerpflichtigen und Dritten im Veranlagungsverfahren zu erweitern und die Strafbestimmungen zu verschärfen. Namentlich kann heute auch der Steuerbetrug strafrechtlich verfolgt werden; es wurden besondere Steuerkontrollorgane des Bundes zur Untersuchung schwerer Steuerwiderhandlungen geschaffen sowie das interkantonale Meldewesen ausgebaut. Ab dem Inkrafttreten des Bundesgesetzes über die direkte Bundessteuer am 1. Januar 1995 können die besonderen Steuerkontrollorgane nicht mehr nur auf Antrag eines Kantons, sondern auch gestützt auf blosse Ermächtigung durch den Vorsteher des Eidgenössischen Finanzdepartements tätig werden. Die Aussage im erwähnten Bericht über Massnahmen zur Bekämpfung der Steuerhinterziehung, wonach die gesetzlichen Möglichkeiten weitgehend genügen, um erfolgreich gegen die Steuerhinterziehung angehen zu können, trifft somit noch vermehrt zu. Hingegen wurde schon im Bericht des Bundesrates vom 19. Dezember 1983 festgestellt, dass es den Steuerverwaltungen aller Stufen am erforderlichen Personal fehlt. Die personelle Situation hat sich seither weiter verschärft. Nur eine wesentliche Erhöhung der Personalbestände würde es erlauben, die früher infolge der geringeren Zahl von Steuerpflichtigen möglichen Kontrollintervalle wiederherzustellen. Eine Steueramnestie wäre auch diesbezüglich nicht geeignet, Abhilfe zu schaffen.

2. Der Motionär zitiert den Bericht des Eidgenössischen Finanzdepartements vom 1. Juni 1972, welcher als Bericht des Bundesrates vom 12. Juni 1972 erschienen war, und weist darauf hin, dass das Amnestieergebnis in diesem Bericht als erfreulich gewertet werde. Insbesondere werde auch positiv festgestellt, dass dank der Amnestie die Zahl der ehrlichen Steuerpflichtigen zugenommen habe. Damit beurteilt der Motionär das Ergebnis der allgemeinen Steueramnestie von 1969 zu optimistisch:

Mit dem Erlass der Steueramnestie von 1969 wurden im wesentlichen zwei Hauptziele angestrebt: Man erhoffte sich eine generelle Hebung der Steuermoral und eine Steigerung des Steuerertrages (s. S. 4 des Berichts). Zwar wird im Bericht des Bundesrates (auf S. 10) tatsächlich gesagt, das ausgewiesene Amnestieergebnis mit rund 11,5 Milliarden Franken steuerbarem Vermögen zeige, dass der Amnestiebeschluss wirksam war. Auf Seite 11 wird allerdings eingeschränkt, das fiskalische Ergebnis im Sinne vermehrter Steuereinnahmen dürfe im gesamten nicht überschätzt werden. Auch die Bemerkung auf der gleichen Seite, dank der Amnestie habe die Zahl der Steuerehrlichen zugenommen, muss relativiert werden. Denn es handelt sich dabei um eine rein logisch-quantitative Aussage, welche durch eine zentrale Aussage auf Seite 5 des Berichts stark entkräftet wird. Es heisst dort nämlich, die Frage, inwieweit bezüglich der generellen Hebung der Steuermoral ein Erfolg zu verzeichnen sei, könne der Natur der Sache nach nur sehr schwer beurteilt werden, da rein zahlenmässige Feststellungen noch keine sicheren Schlüsse auf den erreichten Grad der Steuerehrlichkeit erlaubten.

Auch das finanzielle Ergebnis einer erneuten Steueramnestie liesse sich im voraus nicht abschätzen. Deshalb können nur allgemeine Aussagen der folgenden Art gemacht werden: Bei der Verrechnungssteuer dürften sich per saldo gewisse Mindereinnahmen ergeben. Diesen Mindereinnahmen stünden Mehreingänge bei der direkten Bundessteuer gegenüber, vor allem, weil bisher verheimlichte Kapitalerträge künftig neu besteuert würden. Aufgrund dieses erweiterten Steuersubstrats könnten namentlich die Kantone und Gemeinden mit erhöhten Steuereinnahmen rechnen.

Eine nachhaltige Stärkung des Steuersubstrats des Vermögens und des Einkommens, wie sie vom Motionär erwartet wird, ist jedoch zumindest so lange unsicher, als eine Amnestie nicht mit einem substantiellen Ausbau der Kontrolltätigkeit verbunden wird. Anders als der Motionär annimmt, bringt das am 1. Januar 1995 in Kraft tretende Bundesgesetz über die direkte Bundessteuer gegenüber dem geltenden Recht keine Verschärfung des Strafrechts, sondern teilweise sogar Milderungen (z. B. Strafmass bei der vollendeten Steuerhinterziehung, Entkriminalisierung des Inventarbetrugs, Einschränkung der Erbenhaftung).

3. Der Zeitablauf seit der letzten Amnestie dürfte kaum je ein echtes Argument für eine erneute Amnestie abgeben. Gewisse Mehreinnahmen als einzige positive Folge einer Steueramnestie, ergänzt durch den Umstand, dass seit der letzten Steueramnestie 24 Jahre vergangen sind, rechtfertigen somit für sich allein keine \"Neuauflage\". Die Gründe für eine Steueramnestie vermöchten die dagegen sprechenden, gewichtigen Nachteile höchstens dann teilweise aufzuwiegen, wenn ausserordentliche Umstände hinzukämen. Zu denken wäre insbesondere an einen substantiellen Ausbau der Kontrolltätigkeit. Solange eine derartige Massnahme aber nicht ergriffen werden kann, ist eine Steueramnestie nicht angezeigt.

4. Schon aus zeitlichen Gründen ist es ausgeschlossen, in den Jahren 1993 und 1994 eine einmalige allgemeine Steueramnestie durchzuführen. Zum einen benötigt eine allgemeine Steueramnestie eine minimale Vorbereitung. Damit die Steuerbehörden aller drei Ebenen ausreichend Zeit für die notwendigen Vorkehren haben, ist es notwendig, dass der definitive Amnestieentscheid vor Beginn des Amnestiejahres feststeht. Zum andern bedarf die Anordnung einer Steueramnestie, welche für die Steuern des Bundes, der Kantone und Gemeinden gelten soll, einer Grundlage in der Bundesverfassung. Da eine solche gegenwärtig nicht besteht, müsste sie zuerst geschaffen werden. Für die Genehmigung einer BV-Grundlage (durch Parlament und Souverän) ist nun aber zumindest mit einem Zeitbedarf von 12 bis 18 Monaten zu rechnen. Somit ist die Zeit für eine in der Steuerperiode 1993/94 durchzuführende Steueramnestie längst abgelaufen.

Der Bundesrat beantragt, das Postulat abzuschreiben.",5444,"19933191_1","Titel des 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members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1607":1608,"_1624":790,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1629":977,"_1308":550,"_1282":350,"_115":554,"_1630":557,"_1613":360,"_1631":1632,"_1633":761,"_1415":310,"_112":320,"_1610":462,"_117":330,"_19":560,"_119":340,"_1634":1087,"_1635":1221,"_1636":1257,"_1637":1221,"_1638":1639,"_1640":1221,"_1641":1642,"_1643":550,"_1644":729,"_1645":1221,"_1646":1628,"_1647":554,"_1614":429,"_1648":1649,"_1220":1221,"_1650":667,"_1233":1221,"_110":565,"_1651":1443,"_1652":1300,"_1653":1338,"_1654":1632,"_1655":1427,"_1615":370,"_1656":1419,"_1657":1221},"section_switcher",{"_1605":1606,"_1607":1608,"_1609":310,"_108":506,"_112":320,"_1610":462,"_1611":396,"_1282":350,"_119":340,"_1612":330,"_1613":360,"_1614":429,"_1615":370,"_1616":1617,"_1618":1619,"_1620":1621,"_1622":1623},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1715":1716,"_1717":1718,"_1659":1719,"_261":1720},"intro",{"_1661":1662,"_1663":1664,"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668,"_1669":1670,"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674},"en",{"_1675":1710,"_1677":1711,"_1679":1712,"_1681":1713,"_1683":1714},"de",{"_1675":1705,"_1677":1706,"_1679":1707,"_1681":1708,"_1683":1709},"fr",{"_1675":1700,"_1677":1701,"_1679":1702,"_1681":1703,"_1683":1704},"it",{"_1675":1695,"_1677":1696,"_1679":1697,"_1681":1698,"_1683":1699},"es",{"_1675":1690,"_1677":1691,"_1679":1692,"_1681":1693,"_1683":1694},"pt",{"_1675":1685,"_1677":1686,"_1679":1687,"_1681":1688,"_1683":1689},"rm",{"_1675":1676,"_1677":1678,"_1679":1680,"_1681":1682,"_1683":1684},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1142,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1144,"_1791":1146,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_615":616,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1811},"nav",{"_1607":1729,"_1730":1731,"_1732":665,"_1733":1734,"_1735":1736,"_1616":1617,"_1618":1619,"_1620":1621,"_1622":1623,"_1609":310,"_108":506,"_1611":396,"_1610":462,"_112":320,"_1614":429,"_1282":350,"_119":340,"_1612":330,"_1613":360,"_1615":370,"_1737":1722,"_1738":1739,"_1585":1586,"_1740":1741,"_1587":1588,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1726,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782},{"_1675":1710,"_1677":1711,"_1679":1712,"_1681":1713,"_1683":1714},{"_1721":1722,"_1723":1724,"_1725":1726,"_1727":1728},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). 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