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Am 11. April 1991 hat die nationalrätliche Kommission die Behandlung der Patentgesetzrevision ausgesetzt, um die internationale Entwicklung zu beobachten. Inzwischen verfolgt der Bundesrat in seinen internationalen Verhandlungen eine aggressive Politik zugunsten der Patentierung von Lebewesen. Der Bundesrat hat dies in einer Antwort auf eine Interpellation Baerlocher auch dargelegt. Die zunehmende öffentliche Diskussion zum Thema Patentierung von Lebewesen zeigt jedoch, dass breite Bevölkerungskreise die Patentierung von Lebewesen ablehnen:

Gemäss VOX-Analyse, welche im Nachgang zur Abstimmung vom 17. Mai 1992 durchgeführt wurde, wäre die Mehrheit der Schweizer Bevölkerung, nämlich 69 Prozent, nicht einverstanden mit der Forderung: \"Tiere und Pflanzen sollen wie technische Erfindungen auch patentiert werden können\"; nur gerade 13 Prozent würden dieser Forderung zustimmen (18 Prozent keine Angaben).

In einer gemeinsamen Erklärung des Institutes für Sozialethik des SEK und von Justitia et Pax lehnen diese die Patentierung von Tieren und Pflanzen ab.

Am 13. Februar haben über 200 Gruppen in einem europaweiten Protest rechtlich Einspruch gegen das sogenannte \"Krebsmaus\"-Patent eingelegt. In der Schweiz haben sich 72 Organisationen, die zusammen weit über eine halbe Million Menschen vertreten, am rechtlichen Einspruch beteiligt. Damit wurde unüberhörbar die Forderung gestellt, dass gentechnisch manipuliertes Leben nicht patentiert werden darf. Diese Forderung haben sie auch in Form einer Petition \"Keine Patente auf Leben\" dem Bundesrat übermittelt.

Am 10. Februar 1993 hat das Europäische Parlament einen gemeinsamen Entschliessungsantrag mit 178 gegen 19 Stimmen gutgeheissen, welcher

- seinen entschiedenen Widerstand gegen die Gewährung eines Patentes für die \"Krebsmaus\" bekundet,

- das EPA auffordert, sein Patent für die \"Krebsmaus\" zurückzuziehen und keine weiteren Anträge für Tierpatente mehr anzunehmen,

- die Kommission auffordert, das Parlament diesbezüglich in der einschlägigen EG-Gesetzgebung zu unterstützen,

- seinen Präsidenten beauftragt, diese Entschliessung u. a. den Regierungen der Vertragsparteien des EPÜ zu übermitteln.

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Die Frage der Patentierbarkeit von gentechnisch veränderten Tieren und Pflanzen gehört zu den brisantesten Kontroversen der Gegenwart. Der Bundesrat wird gebeten, die folgenden Fragen zu beantworten:

1. Wie wird der Bundesrat das Ergebnis der VOX-Analyse, die gemeinsame Erklärung von Justitia et Pax und SEK sowie die Argumente der Petition \"Keine Patente auf Leben\" in sein weiteres Vorgehen bezüglich der Patentierungsfrage von Lebewesen einbeziehen, oder ist dies bereits erfolgt?

2. Hat der Bundesrat, für die Schweiz als Vertragspartei des EPÜ, die Entschliessung des Europäischen Parlamentes erhalten? Wie beurteilt der Bundesrat dessen Erwägungen und Forderungen?

3. Wird der Bundesrat das EPA auffordern, das Patent für die Harvard/Dupont-\"Krebsmaus\" zurückzuziehen und keine weiteren Anträge für Tierpatente mehr anzunehmen?

4. Welche grundsätzliche Haltung wird der Bundesrat zukünftig in der Frage der Patentierung von gentechnisch veränderten Tieren und Pflanzen einnehmen?

5. Welche internationalen Verhandlungen zur Frage der Patentierung werden zurzeit geführt, und welche Haltung nimmt die Schweizer Delegation ein?

6. Hat die Arbeitsgruppe Idagen ihre Arbeiten bereits abgeschlossen, und wann wird der entsprechende Bericht veröffentlicht? Wird dieser Bericht in eine öffentliche Vernehmlassung geschickt werden?

7. Welche Möglichkeiten sieht der Bundesrat, damit die öffentliche Diskussion zum brisanten Thema der Patentierung von Pflanzen und Tieren geführt wird und deren Ergebnisse in die weiteren Entscheidungen auf politischer Ebene einfliessen können?

",5422,"19933172_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

1. Der Bundesrat ist sich bewusst, dass die Frage der Patentierbarkeit von Tieren und Pflanzen eines der umstrittenen Themen der Gegenwart ist. Er kennt die diesbezüglich geäusserten Bedenken und hat auch die in der Frage angeführten Stellungnahmen sowie die zitierte VOX-Analyse zur Kenntnis genommen. Er hat die Bedenken bei der Formulierung seiner Patentpolitik im Rahmen der Gesamtinteressen des Landes mit berücksichtigt.

Am 23. Juni 1993 hat der Bundesrat die grundsätzliche Patentierbarkeit von Organismen bestätigt. Er erachtet diese als erforderlich, um die Chancen der Gentechnologie für Medizin und Ernährung wahrzunehmen, um die Investitionen zu sichern, um den Forschungsstandort Schweiz und die Konkurrenzfähigkeit der schweizerischen Industrie zu fördern und zu erhalten und um die Forschung transparent zu gestalten. Die vom Bundesrat zur Kenntnis genommenen Elemente für eine künftige schweizerische Patentpolitik tragen den gegen die Patentierung von Lebewesen geäusserten Bedenken insofern Rechnung, als eine solche Patentierung nicht schrankenlos zulässig ist. So sollen blosse Entdeckungen von der Patentierung ausgeschlossen bleiben, was insbesondere bei der Frage der Patentierbarkeit von Genen eine Rolle spielt und den Bedenken betreffend die Monopolisierung genetischer Ressourcen Rechnung trägt. Solche Ressourcen sind, so, wie sie in der Natur vorkommen, vom Patentschutz ausgeschlossen. Ferner sollen Erfindungen, deren Verwertung gegen die Würde der Kreatur verstösst bzw. die Umwelt, einschliesslich der biologischen Vielfalt, ernsthaft gefährdet, ebenfalls nicht patentiert werden können. Der Entscheid muss aufgrund einer Güterabwägung unter Berücksichtigung der betroffenen Grundrechtsinteressen und Verfassungsprinzipien erfolgen; somit müssen differenzierte Lösungen gesucht werden. Im Fall eines Versuchstieres müssen allenfalls auftretende Aspekte des Tierschutzes und der Nutzen für die Menschen und die Menschheit, z. B. für die Erforschung schwerer Krankheiten, gegeneinander abgewogen werden. Im übrigen weisen wir darauf hin, dass das Patentrecht kein absolutes Verfügungsrecht, z. B. über ein patentiertes Tier, enthält, sondern dem Schutzrechtsinhaber lediglich das Recht gibt, Dritte von der gewerbsmässigen (und nicht auch privaten) Benützung der Erfindung auszuschliessen. Das Recht ist zudem und im Gegensatz zum sachenrechtlichen Eigentumsrecht zeitlich beschränkt. Ähnliche Ausschliesslichkeitsrechte existieren schon seit längerer Zeit im Pflanzenbereich aufgrund des Sortenschutzgesetzes.

Um den Bedenken in bezug auf die Entwicklungsländer Rechnung zu tragen, sehen die Elemente der künftigen schweizerischen Patentpolitik keinen Zwang dieser Länder vor, Pflanzen und Tiere zu patentieren. Es genügt, wenn für Pflanzensorten ein Schutzsystem vorgesehen wird, das auch das sogenannte Landwirteprivileg und die Rechte der einheimischen Bevölkerungen an traditionell gezüchteten Sorten berücksichtigen kann.

Die erwähnten Elemente dienen in erster Linie der Festlegung der Haltung der Schweiz auf internationaler, insbesondere auf europäischer Ebene.

2. Der Bundesrat hat von der Entschliessung des Europäischen Parlamentes Kenntnis genommen. Da sie das vom Europäischen Patentamt erteilte sogenannte \"Krebsmaus\"-Patent betrifft, verweist er auf seine Stellungnahme zu Ziffer 3.

3. Das am 13. Mai 1992 vom Europäischen Patentamt (EPA) veröffentlichte sogenannte \"Krebsmaus\"-Patent wurde nach dem im Europäischen Patentübereinkommen (EPÜ) vorgesehenen Verfahren erteilt. Gegen die Erteilung des Patents konnte bis am 13. Februar 1993 Einspruch eingelegt werden, was denn auch geschah. Gegen den Entscheid der Einspruchsabteilung des EPA ist die Beschwerde an die Beschwerdekammern des EPA möglich. Schliesslich unterliegt das Patent der gerichtlichen Kontrolle: Seine Gültigkeit kann in den einzelnen Vertragsstaaten des EPÜ im Rahmen einer in der Schweiz in letzter Instanz vom Bundesgericht zu beurteilenden Nichtigkeitsklage überprüft werden. Aus Gründen der Gewaltentrennung kann der Bundesrat nicht in diese Entscheidmechanismen eingreifen.

Der Bundesrat wird das EPA auch nicht auffordern, keine weiteren Anträge für Tierpatente mehr anzunehmen. Er kann nicht in die Auslegung des EPÜ durch das EPA eingreifen. Ausserdem entspricht die Methode der Güterabwägung, die das EPA bei der Beurteilung des \"Krebsmaus\"-Patent-Gesuches und weiterer Gesuche anwendet, dem Ansatz, der auch einer künftigen schweizerischen Patentpolitik zugrundegelegt werden soll.

4. Die grundsätzliche Haltung des Bundesrates ergibt sich aus seiner Antwort zu Ziffer 1 sowie aus den Elementen für eine künftige schweizerische Patentpolitik, welche in dem im August 1993 veröffentlichten Bericht enthalten sind.

5. Die Frage der Patentierung von Organismen ist Gegenstand der Verhandlungen im Rahmen der Uruguay-Runde des Gatt. Der Bundesrat unterstützt das vorläufige Ergebnis, welches von der grundsätzlichen Patentierbarkeit von Organismen ausgeht, aber die Mitgliedstaaten nicht verpflichtet, Patente für Pflanzen und Tieren zu erteilen. Im Bereich der Pflanzensorten muss jedoch, wenn kein Patentschutz gewährt wird, ein anderes Schutzsystem vorgesehen werden, welches aber den Staaten genügend Spielraum für ihnen angemessene Lösungen gibt. In bezug auf die Entwicklungsländer sind dazu grosszügige Übergangsfristen vorgesehen, welche im Falle der ärmsten Länder im Ergebnis von unbestimmter Dauer sein werden. Im Rahmen der EG liegt ein Richtlinienvorschlag über den Rechtsschutz für biotechnologische Erfindungen vor. Da es sich um eine EWR-relevante Vorlage handelt, hat sich die Schweiz an den Stellungnahmen der Efta-Staaten nicht beteiligt.

6. Die Arbeitsgruppe Idagen hat ihre Arbeit abgeschlossen, und der entsprechende Bericht wurde am 7. Juni 1993 veröffentlicht. Er wird nicht in eine formelle Vernehmlassung geschickt.

7. Das EJPD hat einen vom Bundesamt für geistiges Eigentum in Zusammenarbeit mit weiteren Bundesämtern verfassten Bericht zur Frage der Patentierbarkeit von Organismen veröffentlicht, welcher als Diskussionsbasis dienen kann. Im übrigen beschneidet die Festlegung der Marschrichtung auf internationaler Ebene durch die in Ziffer 1 erwähnten Elemente einer schweizerischen Patentpolitik die verfassungsmässigen Rechte des Parlaments und des Volkes und die entsprechende Meinungsbildung in keiner Weise. Dem Parlament stehen bereits in der Vorbereitungsphase von internationalen Verhandlungen gewisse Mitwirkungsrechte zu. Führen diese Verhandlungen zu Staatsverträgen, sind sie vom Parlament zu genehmigen, welches auch für den Erlass der Gesetze zur Anpassung der schweizerischen Rechtsordnung zuständig ist. Das Volk kann in der Gesetzgebung seine Meinung im Vernehmlassungsverfahren sowie mittels des fakultativen Referendums äussern. Das Referendumsrecht ist bei Vorliegen gewisser Voraussetzungen auch in bezug auf die Genehmigung von Staatsverträgen gegeben. Schliesslich steht auch der Weg der Volksinitiative offen.

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members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1595":1596,"_1612":778,"_1613":1614,"_1615":1616,"_1617":965,"_1296":538,"_1270":338,"_78":542,"_1618":545,"_1601":348,"_1619":1620,"_1621":749,"_1403":298,"_74":308,"_1598":450,"_19":318,"_76":548,"_81":328,"_1622":1075,"_1623":1209,"_1624":1245,"_1625":1209,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1209,"_1629":1630,"_1631":538,"_1632":717,"_1633":1209,"_1634":1616,"_1635":542,"_1602":417,"_1636":1637,"_1208":1209,"_1638":655,"_1221":1209,"_72":553,"_1639":1431,"_1640":1288,"_1641":1326,"_1642":1620,"_1643":1415,"_1603":358,"_1644":1407,"_1645":1209},"section_switcher",{"_1593":1594,"_1595":1596,"_1597":298,"_70":494,"_74":308,"_1598":450,"_1599":384,"_1270":338,"_81":328,"_1600":318,"_1601":348,"_1602":417,"_1603":358,"_1604":1605,"_1606":1607,"_1608":1609,"_1610":1611},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1703":1704,"_1705":1706,"_1647":1707,"_249":1708},"intro",{"_1649":1650,"_1651":1652,"_1653":1654,"_1655":1656,"_1657":1658,"_1659":1660,"_1661":1662},"en",{"_1663":1698,"_1665":1699,"_1667":1700,"_1669":1701,"_1671":1702},"de",{"_1663":1693,"_1665":1694,"_1667":1695,"_1669":1696,"_1671":1697},"fr",{"_1663":1688,"_1665":1689,"_1667":1690,"_1669":1691,"_1671":1692},"it",{"_1663":1683,"_1665":1684,"_1667":1685,"_1669":1686,"_1671":1687},"es",{"_1663":1678,"_1665":1679,"_1667":1680,"_1669":1681,"_1671":1682},"pt",{"_1663":1673,"_1665":1674,"_1667":1675,"_1669":1676,"_1671":1677},"rm",{"_1663":1664,"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668,"_1669":1670,"_1671":1672},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1130,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1132,"_1779":1134,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_603":604,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799},"nav",{"_1595":1717,"_1718":1719,"_1720":653,"_1721":1722,"_1723":1724,"_1604":1605,"_1606":1607,"_1608":1609,"_1610":1611,"_1597":298,"_70":494,"_1599":384,"_1598":450,"_74":308,"_1602":417,"_1270":338,"_81":328,"_1600":318,"_1601":348,"_1603":358,"_1725":1710,"_1726":1727,"_1573":1574,"_1728":1729,"_1575":1576,"_1730":1731,"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1714,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770},{"_1663":1698,"_1665":1699,"_1667":1700,"_1669":1701,"_1671":1702},{"_1709":1710,"_1711":1712,"_1713":1714,"_1715":1716},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1775":1801,"_1780":1802,"_1803":206,"_1804":199,"_1805":199,"_1806":206,"_1807":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]