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Die Idee der zweisprachigen Erziehung (auch zweisprachiger Unterricht oder Immersion genannt) - d. h. einer Erziehung, bei der die Zweitsprache als integrierte Unterrichtssprache behandelt wird und nicht als separates Unterrichtsfach respektive separater Unterrichtsgegenstand wie im herkömmlichen Fremdsprachenunterricht - gewinnt in der Schweiz und im Ausland immer mehr an Boden. Zahlreiche Erfahrungen und Untersuchungen zeigen, dass mit zweisprachiger Erziehung die Effizienz des Fremdsprachenunterrichts bei guten Voraussetzungen entscheidend verbessert werden kann, ohne Nachteile für die Muttersprache und die anderen Unterrichtsfächer, aber mit zusätzlichen Vorteilen für das Erlernen weiterer Sprachen (vgl. u. a. Watts/Andres, Bern 1990). Die Schweiz verfügt im internationalen Vergleich über ausgesprochen gute Voraussetzungen für die Einführung zweisprachiger Unterrichtsformen. Die interessierten Kantone müssten aber, insbesondere in Bezug auf die notwendige Forschung respektive die Begleitung und Auswertung der Projekte, auf die Unterstützung durch den Bund zählen können.

Die Schweiz hat ihre einstige europäische Pionierrolle im Bereich der Mehrsprachigkeit eingebüsst. Sie muss heute besondere Anstrengungen unternehmen zur Verbesserung der Verständigungsfähigkeit in den Landessprachen, für die Verständigung der Sprachregionen untereinander, aber auch zur Stärkung ihrer Konkurrenzfähigkeit auf dem internationalen Arbeitsmarkt. In all diesen Bereichen kann zweisprachige Erziehung einen wesentlichen Beitrag leisten.

Folgende Überlegungen sprechen für die Förderung der zweisprachigen Erziehung in der Schweiz:

1. Besondere Bedeutung für die Schweiz

Für die Schweizerinnen und Schweizer als Angehörige eines kleinen, mehrsprachigen Landes war das Sprachenlernen seit jeher aus kultur- und staatspolitischen wie aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen von besonderer Bedeutung. Im heutigen politischen und wirtschaftlichen Umfeld ist diese Bedeutung grösser denn je, und besondere Anstrengungen sind deshalb in den nächsten Jahren unerlässlich (vgl. u. a. EDI, Zustand und Zukunft der viersprachigen Schweiz, 1989 a und b).

2. Nationaler Identitätsfaktor - begrenzte individuelle Mehrsprachigkeit

Im Bereich der Sprachausbildung ist in der Schweiz zwar einiges geleistet worden (z. B. die Vorverlegung des Unterrichts in einer zweiten Landessprache), doch sind die Resultate eher enttäuschend. Obwohl die Schweiz ein mehrsprachiges Land ist und die Mehrsprachigkeit als wesentliches Element der schweizerischen Identität empfunden wird, ist ein grosser Teil der Schweizerinnen und Schweizer in der Regel selten mehr als einer Landessprache mächtig, und die Hemmschwelle, sich in einer zweiten Landessprache auszudrücken, ist hoch (vgl. u. a. Heller 1987; EDI, 1989b). Zwischen der offiziellen Mehrsprachigkeit der Schweiz und der individuellen Mehrsprachigkeit der Schweizer Bevölkerung besteht eine beträchtliche Diskrepanz. Diese wird einem nicht zuletzt dann besonders bewusst, wenn man im Ausland immer wieder auf die Meinung stösst, dass alle Schweizerinnen und Schweizer mindestens zwei- oder dreisprachig seien und dies auch der Grund dafür sei, dass in der Schweiz die Verständigung unter den verschiedenen Sprachgruppen und das friedliche Zusammenleben so gut funktionierten. Tatsächlich hat die Schweiz aber in Bezug auf die Mehrsprachigkeit ihren einstigen Vorsprung und ihre europäische Pionierrolle eingebüsst (vgl. Symposium zur 700-Jahr-Feier).

3. Abbau von Verständigungsschwierigkeiten und Vorurteilen

Verschiedene Stimmen haben in den letzten Jahren immer wieder vor einem Auseinanderdriften der Sprachregionen gewarnt. Eine Bestätigung in dieser Hinsicht lieferten u. a. die Rekrutenprüfungen 1985, die zeigten, dass unter den Befragten eine doch eher beschränkte Bereitschaft besteht, sich einer anderen Landessprache zu bedienen. Die zunehmend schwierige Verständigung hat sich auch im Vorfeld und im Ergebnis der EWR-Abstimmung vom 6. Dezember 1992 drastisch gezeigt. Eine verbesserte Sprachkompetenz in den Landessprachen gehört zu den Voraussetzungen, um Verständigungsschwierigkeiten und damit Vorurteile abbauen zu können.

4. Europäische Anstrengungen

In Europa werden seit einigen Jahren bedeutende Anstrengungen zur Förderung der Zwei- und Mehrsprachigkeit unternommen. In vielen europäischen Ländern setzt der Fremdsprachenunterricht schon seit längerer Zeit auf der Altersstufe von 10 und 11 Jahren ein, und in den letzten Jahren ist die zweisprachige Erziehung vermehrt in den Mittelpunkt des Interesses gerückt. Die Europäische Gemeinschaft und der Europarat verfolgen eine gezielte Sprachpolitik, um durch die Förderung von Zwei- und Mehrsprachigkeit:

a. Sprach- und Kulturgrenzen und damit Vorurteile abzubauen;

b. zur Erhaltung von regionalen Minderheitssprachen beizutragen;

c. die Chancen auf dem europäischen Arbeitsmarkt, der Mobilität und damit Kompetenz in mehr als einer Sprache voraussetzt, zu nutzen und zu verbessern.

Der Europarat unterstützt verschiedene Initiativen auf der Basis von früher zweisprachiger Erziehung (vgl. Europarat, Atelier 5A). Schweizerische Anstrengungen in dieser Richtung könnten der Schweiz aufgrund ihrer guten Voraussetzungen wieder zu einer führenden Stellung in Europa verhelfen.

5. Wirtschaftliche Notwendigkeit

Unabhängig von Überlegungen in Bezug auf Europa ist festzuhalten, dass sich die Wirtschaft immer mehr auf den Dienstleistungssektor verlagert, der allgemein einen wesentlich höheren Grad an Sprachkompetenz verlangt als der Primär- und Sekundärsektor. Auch innerhalb der Schweiz wird von den Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern immer mehr Mobilität verlangt. Diese sollte auch über die Sprachgrenzen hinweg möglich sein.

6. Defizite bei den Landessprachen abbauen

Die Förderung der Zweitsprachkompetenz ist vor allem im Bereich der Landessprachen wichtig, weil hier im Unterschied zur Weltsprache Englisch zum Teil markante Defizite bestehen, die es aufzuholen gilt (Befragungen ergaben, dass sich vor allem jüngere Jahrgänge, obwohl in der Schule viel weniger und später Englischunterricht geboten wird, in Englisch sicherer fühlen als in einer zweiten Landessprache).

7. Unterstützung vonseiten des Bundes

Die interdisziplinäre Arbeitsgruppe der Akademischen Kommission der Universität Bern, die sich sehr eingehend mit allen Aspekten zweisprachiger Erziehung befasst hat, kommt, ausgehend von Modellen zweisprachiger Erziehung in Kanada, Frankreich, Deutschland und Grossbritannien, zum Schluss, dass die Schweiz sehr gute Voraussetzungen für verschiedene Formen zweisprachiger Erziehung bietet (Watts und Andres, 1990; Andres 1990). Der Forschungsbericht macht aber auch deutlich, dass Modelle zweisprachiger Erziehung, wenn sie erfolgreich sein sollen, den regionalen, kulturellen, sozialen und politischen Gegebenheiten Rechnung tragen müssen. Untersuchungen an Orten mit zweisprachigen Erziehungsmodellen (Wales, Kanada, Baskenland, Aostatal, Neuseeland usw., vgl. u. a. Baker 1988) zeigen, dass dies ein unabdingbarer Bestandteil für den Erfolg ist. Das bedeutet auch, dass wissenschaftliche Unterstützung nötig ist für die Abklärung standortgerechter Modelle, Evaluation von Lehrmitteln usw., die Begleitung von Lehrern, Eltern, Schulbehörden und bezüglich Auswertung der Unterrichtsergebnisse, ihrer Umsetzung in weiteren Modellen usw. Dafür sollten die interessierten Kantone auf die Unterstützung durch den Bund zählen können, ohne dass damit in den Kompetenzbereich der Kantone eingegriffen wird.

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Artikel 27 der Bundesverfassung sei im folgenden Sinne zu ergänzen:

- Die Kantone fördern im Rahmen der Landessprachen die zweisprachige Erziehung.

- Der Bund unterstützt die Bemühungen der Kantone bei der Einführung regional und kulturell angepasster Formen zweisprachiger Erziehung, insbesondere im Bereich Forschung, Begleitung und Auswertung.

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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1630":1631,"_1647":813,"_1648":1649,"_1650":1651,"_1652":1000,"_1331":573,"_1305":373,"_123":577,"_1653":580,"_1636":383,"_1654":1655,"_1656":784,"_1438":333,"_120":343,"_1633":485,"_125":353,"_19":583,"_127":363,"_1657":1110,"_1658":1244,"_1659":1280,"_1660":1244,"_1661":1662,"_1663":1244,"_1664":1665,"_1666":573,"_1667":752,"_1668":1244,"_1669":1651,"_1670":577,"_1637":452,"_1671":1672,"_1243":1244,"_1673":690,"_1256":1244,"_118":588,"_1674":1466,"_1675":1323,"_1676":1361,"_1677":1655,"_1678":1450,"_1638":393,"_1679":1442,"_1680":1244},"section_switcher",{"_1628":1629,"_1630":1631,"_1632":333,"_116":529,"_120":343,"_1633":485,"_1634":419,"_1305":373,"_127":363,"_1635":353,"_1636":383,"_1637":452,"_1638":393,"_1639":1640,"_1641":1642,"_1643":1644,"_1645":1646},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1682":1742,"_284":1743},"intro",{"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691,"_1692":1693,"_1694":1695,"_1696":1697},"en",{"_1698":1733,"_1700":1734,"_1702":1735,"_1704":1736,"_1706":1737},"de",{"_1698":1728,"_1700":1729,"_1702":1730,"_1704":1731,"_1706":1732},"fr",{"_1698":1723,"_1700":1724,"_1702":1725,"_1704":1726,"_1706":1727},"it",{"_1698":1718,"_1700":1719,"_1702":1720,"_1704":1721,"_1706":1722},"es",{"_1698":1713,"_1700":1714,"_1702":1715,"_1704":1716,"_1706":1717},"pt",{"_1698":1708,"_1700":1709,"_1702":1710,"_1704":1711,"_1706":1712},"rm",{"_1698":1699,"_1700":1701,"_1702":1703,"_1704":1705,"_1706":1707},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1806":1807,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1165,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1167,"_1814":1169,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1818,"_1819":1820,"_1821":1822,"_1823":1824,"_638":639,"_1825":1826,"_1827":1828,"_1829":1830,"_1831":1832,"_1833":1834},"nav",{"_1630":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":688,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1639":1640,"_1641":1642,"_1643":1644,"_1645":1646,"_1632":333,"_116":529,"_1634":419,"_1633":485,"_120":343,"_1637":452,"_1305":373,"_127":363,"_1635":353,"_1636":383,"_1638":393,"_1760":1745,"_1761":1762,"_1608":1609,"_1763":1764,"_1610":1611,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1749,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805},{"_1698":1733,"_1700":1734,"_1702":1735,"_1704":1736,"_1706":1737},{"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1810":1836,"_1815":1837,"_1838":82,"_1839":57,"_1840":57,"_1841":82,"_1842":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]