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Die innere Sicherheit wird in jüngster Zeit mit neuen und wachsenden Aufgaben und Problemen konfrontiert. Das moderne organisierte Verbrechen stellt grosse Anforderungen an die kantonalen Polizeiapparate, verlangt aber auch auf nationaler Ebene eine permanente Neubeurteilung der Lage. In verschiedenen Kantonen scheint die Lage angespannt, was sich in der internen Stimmung der Polizeikorps niederschlägt. In diesem Zusammenhang möchte ich dem Bundesrat folgende Fragen stellen:

1. Wie schätzt der Bundesrat heute die innere Sicherheit im Zusammenhang mit dem wachsenden internationalen Verbrechen und mit den dauernd steigenden Aufgaben ein? Ist der Bundesrat über die Entwicklung beunruhigt?

2. Wie schätzt der Bundesrat die gespannte Lage in verschiedenen kantonalen Polizeikorps ein? Teilt der Bundesrat die Auffassung, dass verschiedentlich die Kapazitätsgrenze an Pflichten und Aufgaben erreicht ist?

3. Ist der Bundesrat nicht auch der Meinung, dass im operativen Bereich verschiedene koordinierende Instrumente wie beispielsweise eine nationale Nachrichten- und Lagezentrale und zeitgemässe, professionelle Aus- und Weiterbildungsinstitutionen fehlen?

4. Welche Massnahmen sieht der Bundesrat vor, um der wachsenden Internationalisierung des organisierten Verbrechens gerecht zu werden? Welche Massnahmen zur Verbesserung der Zusammenarbeit mit ausländischen Stellen sind vorgesehen? Wie schätzt der Bundesrat die Möglichkeit von bilateralen Abkommen mit der EG im Bereich der Verbrechensbekämpfung ein?

5. Wie stellt sich der Bund längerfristig eine Verbesserung der Situation vor? Wurde in diesem Zusammenhang die Schaffung eines eidgenössischen Kriminalamtes geprüft oder die Möglichkeit der Schaffung einer eidgenössischen Strafprozessordnung ins Auge gefasst?

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1. Es trifft zu, dass mit der in den letzten Jahren allgemein gestiegenen Mobilität auch die grenzüberschreitende Kriminalität an Bedeutung zugenommen hat. Dies betrifft insbesondere den sogenannten Kriminaltourismus zum einen und das organisierte Verbrechen zum andern, das quasi seiner Natur gemäss eine stark international geprägte Dimension aufweist. Der Einfluss gerade des organisierten Verbrechens auf die innere Sicherheit der Schweiz ist allerdings zurzeit geringer, als angenommen wird. So sind nur \"Inseln\" sogenannter organisierter Basiskriminalität festzustellen, dies vor allem im Bereich des Drogenhandels und der Schutzgelderpressung; diesen ist aber die typische Einflussnahme auf Politik und Wirtschaft in grösserem Umfang bisher nicht gelungen. Gefährlicher erscheint dagegen der Missbrauch der Schweiz als logistische Basis, als Transit- und vor allem als Finanzierungsort des organisierten Verbrechens. Gründe für diese Rolle der Schweiz sind ihre zentrale geographische Lage, ihre politische Stabilität, ihr liberales System und besonders die bekannte Qualität der Dienstleistungen ihres Finanzplatzes - Vorteile, welche vom organisierten Verbrechen ebenso geschätzt werden wie von der legalen Wirtschaft. Diese Auswirkungen des organisierten Verbrechens auf die Schweiz sind in erster Linie zu bekämpfen.

Der Kriminaltourismus - vorübergehender Aufenthalt ausländischer Tätergruppen in der Schweiz mit dem Ziel, Verbrechen zu begehen - operiert im Rahmen der herkömmlichen Kriminalität (Vermögensdelikte, Drogenhandel), darf aber ebenfalls nicht unterschätzt werden, wenngleich seine zahlenmässige Bedeutung wesensgemäss nur schwer beurteilt werden kann.

Obschon der Einfluss der erwähnten Phänomene auf die innere Sicherheit zurzeit beschränkt ist, ist der Bundesrat über die mögliche Entwicklung beunruhigt. Er ist daher der Überzeugung, dass die weitere Entwicklung der verschiedenen Ausprägungen internationalen Verbrechens in der Schweiz mit aller Sorgfalt verfolgt werden muss. Vor allem aber sind alle erforderlichen Massnahmen zu treffen, um ein Fussfassen des organisierten Verbrechens und anderer krimineller Gruppen in unserem Land zu verhindern. Entsprechende Vorkehren sind auf dem Wege der Verwirklichung (insbesondere 2. Massnahmenpaket gegen das organisierte Verbrechen, Zentralstelle zur Bekämpfung des organisierten Verbrechens, Polizei-Verbindungsbeamte im Ausland, Drogendatenbank Dosis, Staatsschutzdatenbank Isis). In diesem Zusammenhang muss festgehalten werden, dass die Bürgerin und der Bürger vom organisierten Verbrechen eher selten unmittelbar betroffen sind; zumindest nehmen sie, wenn sie mit kriminellen Handlungen konfrontiert werden, diese nicht als Erscheinungen des organisierten Verbrechens wahr, auch wenn sie im organisierten Verbrechen begründet sind.

In diesem Zusammenhang ist ausserdem festzuhalten, dass der Bund der inneren Sicherheit im allgemeinen - diese Problematik reicht weit über organisiertes Verbrechen und Kriminaltourismus hinaus - grosse Beachtung schenkt. Erinnert sei nur an die Expertenkommission \"Grenzpolizeiliche Personenkontrolle\" (EGPK), welche das Thema \"Innere Sicherheit\" einlässlich analysiert und im Januar 1993 entsprechende Berichte veröffentlicht hat. Der Vorsteher des Eidgenössischen Justiz- und Polizeidepartements hat zudem die innere Sicherheit zum Schwerpunktthema des Jahres 1994 in seinem Departement erklärt; ein entsprechendes Aktionsprogramm ist in Vorbereitung.

2. Zuständig für Polizeibelange sind von Verfassung wegen primär die Kantone. Der Bund hat keine Aufsichtskompetenz. Darum und zudem, weil Vorfälle in einigen Polizeikorps Gegenstand laufender Untersuchungen in den Kantonen sind, muss der Bundesrat davon absehen, zur Lage in den kantonalen Polizeikorps Stellung zu nehmen. Im übrigen ist dem Interpellanten darin beizupflichten, dass die kantonalen Polizeikorps durch die wachsenden Aufgaben durchwegs sehr stark belastet sind. In dieser Situation Abhilfe zu schaffen ist freilich, aufgrund der geschilderten Zuständigkeitsordnung, wiederum primär Sache der Kantone.

3. Bereits heute bestehen bewährte und wirkungsvolle Koordinationsinstrumente auf Bundesebene; so namentlich die Einrichtungen des Zentralpolizeibüros, allen voran die Zentralstellen Rauschgift und Geldfälschung, dann aber auch das nationale Interpol-Zentralbüro, das Zentralstrafregister und der Erkennungsdienst; in diesem Zusammenhang zu erwähnen ist auch das automatisierte Fahndungssystem Ripol. Auch die Bundespolizei wirkt im Kampf gegen das organisierte Verbrechen mit: Sie koordiniert international die Ermittlungen in Fällen mit Bezug zum internationalen Verbrechen, in denen sie national die Ermittlungen führt (Sprengstoffanschläge, illegaler Kriegsmaterialhandel, Verstösse gegen das Atomgesetz und die ABC-Gesetzgebung usw.); zudem orientiert sie die übrigen national mit der Bekämpfung des organisierten Verbrechens befassten Behörden über die Erkenntnisse aus ihren Kontakten mit ausländischen Nachrichten- und Sicherheitsdiensten. Es ist aber nicht zu bestreiten, dass weiterer Koordinationsbedarf besteht, so namentlich im Bereich des organisierten Verbrechens und des Drogenhandels, aber auch auf dem Gebiet des Staatsschutzes; entsprechende Massnahmen sind in Vorbereitung (siehe Antwort zu Punkt 4). Im Rahmen der heutigen Bundeskompetenzen besteht somit heute schon durchaus eine Art kriminalpolizeilicher nationaler Nachrichten- und Lagezentrale, deren Erweiterung zudem geplant ist.

Es trifft zu, dass professionell geführte, zeitgemässe Aus- und Weiterbildungsstätten für die Polizei immer wichtiger werden. In diesem Zusammenhang darf festgehalten werden, dass das vorab von den Kantonen getragene und vom Bund mitunterstützte Schweizerische Polizei-Institut in Neuenburg beachtliche und anerkannte Arbeit auf diesem Gebiet leistet. Im übrigen steht der Bundesrat der Idee eines Angebotes der Schweiz als Standort für eine europäische Polizei-Führungsakademie positiv gegenüber und hat entsprechende Abklärungen befürwortet (vgl. seine Stellungnahme zu der am 18. Dezember 1992 als Postulat entgegengenommenen Motion Eymann Christoph vom 3. Juni 1992).

4. Im Rahmen seiner seit Mitte der achtziger Jahre entwickelten Gesamtstrategie zur Bekämpfung von Geldwäscherei und organisiertem Verbrechen sieht der Bundesrat eine ganze Reihe von Massnahmen vor, welche der starken internationalen Dimension des organisierten Verbrechens Rechnung tragen. Im Vordergrund steht die Schaffung einer Zentralstelle zur Bekämpfung des organisierten Verbrechens. Diese Stelle soll als Informationsdrehscheibe fungieren und insbesondere interkantonale sowie internationale Ermittlungen gegen das organisierte Verbrechen koordinieren. Der besseren Koordinierung der interkantonalen und internationalen Verfahren in Fällen illegalen Betäubungsmittelhandels dient eine spezielle Drogendatenbank Dosis. Ein interner Versuch im Bundesamt für Polizeiwesen läuft seit Anfang dieses Jahres; es ist vorgesehen, den Versuch gestützt auf eine demnächst zu erlassende Verordnung auf acht Kantone zu erweitern. Der definitive, landesweite Betrieb ist nicht vor 1995 zu erwarten.

Besonders der Verbesserung der Zusammenarbeit mit ausländischen Stellen dienen Polizeiverbindungsbeamte, die an bestimmte ausländische Destinationen entsandt werden. Dort beschaffen sie in Zusammenarbeit mit den örtlichen Behörden die für Verfahren in der Schweiz benötigten Informationen und sorgen generell für einen raschen Informationsaustausch. Die Schweiz wird von 1994 an über solche Polizeiverbindungsbeamte verfügen; die beiden ersten sollen in Washington sowie beim Generalsekretariat der Interpol in Lyon eingesetzt werden. Weitere Beamte sollen zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt vor allem in die Produktions- und Transitländer für illegale Betäubungsmittel entsandt werden. Neben dem Rauschgiftbereich werden die Beamten aber auch Fälle von organisiertem Verbrechen sowie anderen Straftaten, für welche die Rechtshilfe möglich ist, bearbeiten.

Die von der EG geschaffenen Sicherheitsinstitutionen, wie Trevi, Schengener Vertragssystem, Europol, sind grundsätzlich auf die EG-Staaten beschränkt. Die Schweiz als Nicht-EG-Mitglied ist mithin von diesen Instrumenten ausgeschlossen, es sei denn, sie werde nach dem alleinigen Belieben der EG-Staaten zu einer Teilnahme daran eingeladen. Dies war jedoch bisher nur in beschränktem Rahmen der Fall. Indes steht fest, dass eine Mitgliedschaft in den genannten Institutionen sowie weiteren Einrichtungen im schweizerischen Interesse läge. Davon ausgehend, dass ein Beitritt der Schweiz zur EG jedenfalls kurzfristig nicht zu erwarten ist, werden als Ersatzlösung von der Beitrittsfrage losgelöste Beteiligungsmöglichkeiten - z. B. Beobachterstatus, Verbindungsbeamte, Parallelabkommen - geprüft. Im übrigen sieht der noch unverbindliche Vorentwurf zu einem EG-Übereinkommen betreffend Europol Möglichkeiten der Zusammenarbeit mit Drittstaaten vor; die Modalitäten sind jedoch noch nicht bekannt. Der Bundesrat wird sich um eine solche Zusammenarbeit bemühen.

5. Die Stärkung der inneren Sicherheit ist ein wichtiges Anliegen des Bundesrates. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, bedarf es Massnahmen verschiedenster Art und auf allen Ebenen. Es ist auch zu beachten, dass auf diesem Gebiet die Lage sich rasch ändert und Massnahmen daher ebenso rasch angepasst werden müssen. Vorausschauendes Erkennen der Entwicklungstendenzen, rasches Erkennen einer neuen Situation und flexibles Reagieren darauf sind daher, auch längerfristig, die entscheidenden Handlungsgrundsätze. Der Bundesrat ist der Auffassung, dass seine Politik in den sicherheitsrelevanten Bereichen - z. B. organisiertes Verbrechen, gewalttätiger Extremismus und Terrorismus, Asylwesen - diesen Leitlinien folgt und daher fortgesetzt werden soll. Allerdings ist zu unterstreichen, dass innere Sicherheit nicht allein Sache des Bundes ist, sondern - jedenfalls in den Bereichen Polizei und Justiz - primär in die Zuständigkeit der Kantone fällt.

Ob ein eidgenössisches Kriminalamt zu schaffen sei, ist eine Frage des Umfanges der sogenannten Bundesstrafgerichtsbarkeit, das heisst der Straftaten, für deren Untersuchung und Beurteilung der Bund zuständig ist (Art. 340 StGB). Im Rahmen der Revision des Dritten Buches des Strafgesetzbuches wird diese Frage geprüft, allerdings ohne Priorität. Von grösserer Bedeutung ist die Mitwirkung des Bundes durch Koordination und Dienstleistungen bei Strafuntersuchungen, die in mehreren Kantonen oder Staaten geführt werden (vgl. Antworten zu den Punkten 3 und 4).

Die Vereinheitlichung des Strafprozessrechts wird in letzter Zeit durch Politik und Wissenschaft wieder verstärkt gefordert. Auch wenn die Anforderungen der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention und die Praxis des Bundesgerichts zu den Artikeln 4 und 58 der Bundesverfassung einen einheitlichen Mindeststandard im Strafprozessrecht bewirkt haben, würde eine weiter gehende Vereinheitlichung einen nicht unbedeutenden Eingriff in die traditionelle Kompetenzaufteilung zwischen Bund und Kantonen darstellen. Eine solche Vereinheitlichung sollte daher nur nach sorgfältiger Prüfung aller massgeblichen Kriterien vorgeschlagen werden und würde in jedem Fall eine Verfassungsänderung voraussetzen. Der Bundesrat hat sich bereit erklärt, einen kürzlich eingereichten Vorstoss der CVP zu diesem Thema zu prüfen. Falls das Parlament den Vorstoss überweist, wird der Bundesrat insbesondere auch zu prüfen haben, ob eine Harmonisierung des schweizerischen Strafprozessrechts allenfalls beschränkt auf bestimmte Teilbereiche, zumal das organisierte Verbrechen, möglich und erwünscht sei.

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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1597":1598,"_1614":781,"_1615":1616,"_1617":1618,"_1619":968,"_1298":541,"_19":341,"_83":545,"_1620":548,"_1603":351,"_1621":1622,"_1623":752,"_1405":301,"_79":311,"_1600":453,"_85":321,"_81":551,"_87":331,"_1624":1078,"_1625":1212,"_1626":1248,"_1627":1212,"_1628":1629,"_1630":1212,"_1631":1632,"_1633":541,"_1634":720,"_1635":1212,"_1636":1618,"_1637":545,"_1604":420,"_1638":1639,"_1211":1212,"_1640":658,"_1224":1212,"_77":556,"_1641":1433,"_1642":1290,"_1643":1328,"_1644":1622,"_1645":1417,"_1605":361,"_1646":1409,"_1647":1212},"section_switcher",{"_1595":1596,"_1597":1598,"_1599":301,"_21":497,"_79":311,"_1600":453,"_1601":387,"_19":341,"_87":331,"_1602":321,"_1603":351,"_1604":420,"_1605":361,"_1606":1607,"_1608":1609,"_1610":1611,"_1612":1613},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1705":1706,"_1707":1708,"_1649":1709,"_252":1710},"intro",{"_1651":1652,"_1653":1654,"_1655":1656,"_1657":1658,"_1659":1660,"_1661":1662,"_1663":1664},"en",{"_1665":1700,"_1667":1701,"_1669":1702,"_1671":1703,"_1673":1704},"de",{"_1665":1695,"_1667":1696,"_1669":1697,"_1671":1698,"_1673":1699},"fr",{"_1665":1690,"_1667":1691,"_1669":1692,"_1671":1693,"_1673":1694},"it",{"_1665":1685,"_1667":1686,"_1669":1687,"_1671":1688,"_1673":1689},"es",{"_1665":1680,"_1667":1681,"_1669":1682,"_1671":1683,"_1673":1684},"pt",{"_1665":1675,"_1667":1676,"_1669":1677,"_1671":1678,"_1673":1679},"rm",{"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668,"_1669":1670,"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1133,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1135,"_1781":1137,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_606":607,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801},"nav",{"_1597":1719,"_1720":1721,"_1722":656,"_1723":1724,"_1725":1726,"_1606":1607,"_1608":1609,"_1610":1611,"_1612":1613,"_1599":301,"_21":497,"_1601":387,"_1600":453,"_79":311,"_1604":420,"_19":341,"_87":331,"_1602":321,"_1603":351,"_1605":361,"_1727":1712,"_1728":1729,"_1575":1576,"_1730":1731,"_1577":1578,"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1716,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772},{"_1665":1700,"_1667":1701,"_1669":1702,"_1671":1703,"_1673":1704},{"_1711":1712,"_1713":1714,"_1715":1716,"_1717":1718},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1777":1803,"_1782":1804,"_1805":209,"_1806":202,"_1807":202,"_1808":209,"_1809":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]