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Im Jahr 1992 habe ich den Bundesrat ersucht, bis Ende 1993 unter Beizug ausserhalb des Bundes stehender Fachleute eine umfassende Expertise zu veranlassen und einen Bericht zu erstatten, der Auskunft gibt über Möglichkeiten und Zweckmässigkeit, gewisse Bereiche der Bundesverwaltung und der Regiebetriebe des Bundes aus Gründen der Rationalisierung, Effizienz und Kosteneinsparungen zu privatisieren. Diese Motion wurde auf Vorschlag des Bundesrates in ein Postulat umgewandelt. Trotz dem in der Antwort gezeigten Verständnis ist in der Zwischenzeit viel zu wenig geschehen. Zum Teil hat sich die Situation sogar noch verschlimmert.

Seit Anfang 1992 hat sich zudem die Lage der Bundesfinanzen dramatisch verschlechtert. Es gibt dafür viele Erklärungen. Diese lassen sich alle auf eine Grundtatsache zurückführen: Der Bund hat in den letzten zehn bis fünfzehn Jahren eindeutig über seine Verhältnisse gelebt. Wenn man an diesem Grundtatbestand vorbeisieht, wird es sicher nie gelingen, der steten Aufblähung der Bundestätigkeit und Bundesverwaltung Einhalt zu gebieten. Die Behörden aller Stufen tragen hier Verantwortung. Diese Verantwortung trifft aber primär den Bundesrat. Trotz aller Anstrengungen wird auch nach dem Voranschlag 1994, dem zweiten Sanierungspaket und - im Falle einer Annahme - nach der Einführung der Mehrwertsteuer das Loch in den Bundesfinanzen bei weitem nicht gestopft sein. Es bleiben Defizite in der Höhe von mehreren Milliarden Franken bestehen, die auf strukturelle Mängel in unserer Staatstätigkeit zurückzuführen sind. Es müssen daher ohne Verzug und energisch Massnahmen mit langfristiger Wirkung eingeleitet werden, welche die Bundestätigkeiten und die Bundesverwaltung wieder auf ein verantwortbares Mass zurückführen.

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1. Ist der Bundesrat bereit, die gesamten Bundestätigkeiten auf ihre Notwendigkeit und Effizienz kritisch zu überprüfen und die nötigen Massnahmen zu treffen (Verzicht auf Tätigkeiten bzw. Vereinfachung von Tätigkeiten)?

2. Ist der Bundesrat bereit, die Bundesverwaltung - gerade auch im Zusammenhang mit Frage 1 - energisch zu rationalisieren und zu reorganisieren (z. B. Zusammenlegung von Bundesämtern)?

3. Ist der Bundesrat bereit, der in den letzten zehn Jahren erfolgten Aufblähung und Aufstockung der Stabsstellen auf Departements- und Ämterebene entgegenzutreten und diese zu reduzieren?

4. Ist der Bundesrat bereit, innert nützlicher Frist eine Gesamtüberprüfung aller Subventionssätze vorzunehmen und den Verzicht bzw. die Reduktion der Subventionen voranzutreiben?

5. Ist der Bundesrat bereit, den in der Regel übertrieben hohen Standard der Normen in verschiedenen Bereichen (z. B. bei Installationen und Bauten) zu überprüfen und, wo möglich, zu reduzieren?

",5906,"19933461_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Die Interpellation erweckt den Eindruck, der Bundesrat leite zu wenig energisch Massnahmen ein, um einer Ausweitung der Bundestätigkeit und Bundesverwaltung Einhalt zu gebieten. Dies entspricht indessen nicht den Tatsachen.

In den letzten zehn bis fünfzehn Jahren ist die Bundesverwaltung einer Welle von Rationalisierungs- und Reorganisationsmassnahmen unterzogen worden. Gegenwärtig laufen drei zugleich, nämlich die Querschnittsmassnahmen zur Effizienzsteigerung (Effi-QM-BV, Abschluss 1995), das Sparpaket 1993 sowie die Regierungs- und Verwaltungsreform, ferner eine ganze Reihe von Einzelprojekten.

Zu erinnern ist an die Tatsache, dass die Schweiz auch heute noch unter den westlichen Industrienationen mit dem kleinsten Prozentanteil der öffentlichen Angestellten (Bund, Kantone, Gemeinden) an der Gesamtheit der Erwerbstätigen figuriert und dass auch die Staatsquote unter den OECD-Ländern einen der tiefsten Werte aufweist (Zwischenbericht des Bundesrates vom 21. Januar 1991 an die GPK betreffend Effi-QM-BV).

Im übrigen ist sich der Bundesrat durchaus bewusst, dass die Verhinderung einer Ausweitung der Bundestätigkeit und Bundesverwaltung sowie Einschränkungen eine permanente Aufgabe darstellen, der er sich im Hinblick auf die Finanzlage weiterhin prioritär zu widmen hat. Es handelt sich um aufwendige Detailarbeit. Der \"grosse Wurf\", den sich der Interpellant, unter anderem durch eine Privatisierungswelle, erhofft, ist unrealistisch. In dieser Hinsicht sind die Lehren aus Effi-QM-BV, das diesbezüglich völlig übertriebene Erwartungen aufkommen liess, gezogen worden.

Zu den einzelnen Fragen:

1. Verzicht auf Tätigkeiten, Vereinfachung: Wie der Bundesrat zur Motion II der Finanzkommission des Nationalrates vom 10. November 1992 (Verwaltungstätigkeit. Verzichtplanung; AB 1992 N 2403) ausgeführt hat, werden Verzicht und Vereinfachungen regelmässig im Rahmen der Finanz-, Budget- und Stellenplanung von den Departementen geprüft und mit Teilerfolgen verwirklicht. Verzichtsvorschläge werden zudem auch im Rahmen der Botschaft zu den Sparmassnahmen 1993 unterbreitet.

In der zitierten Antwort hat der Bundesrat darauf hingewiesen, dass auch die Einführung der periodischen Aufgabenüberprüfung, die von der Firma McKinsey, in anderer Form von der Verwaltungskontrolle (Bericht VKB, \"Aufsicht des Bundesrates\", vom 19. Februar 1993) und neuerdings von den Geschäftsprüfungskommissionen vorgeschlagen wird, geprüft wird.

Hinsichtlich Privatisierung oder Entlastung des Bundes auf andere Weise, zu der sich der Bundesrat im \"Bericht über Privatwirtschaft und Staatstätigkeit\" vom 25. August 1982 (BBl 1982 III 81ff.) ausführlich geäussert hat, laufen verschiedene konkrete Projekte auf Amtsstufe und bei den Regiebetrieben. Zudem wird die Verwaltungskontrolle gemäss dem vom Bundesrat 1991 behandelten Grobkonzept eine Untersuchung über die diversen Möglichkeiten, Varianten, Vor- und Nachteile durchführen (VKB-Projekt Nr. 19, \"Entlastung des Bundes\").

2. Rationalisierung und Reorganisation: Rationalisierungsmassnahmen finden neben den unter Ziffer 1 genannten grösseren Projekten praktisch überall permanent statt.

Dasselbe gilt hinsichtlich kleinerer laufender Reorganisationsmassnahmen. Letztere werden im grösseren Rahmen gestützt auf das soeben vorgelegte Regierungs- und Verwaltungsorganisationsgesetz (RVOG) in Aussicht genommen, sofern das Parlament dem Bundesrat die benötigte Organisationsfreiheit einräumt (vgl. die Antwort des Bundesrates auf die Motion Suter, Straffung der Bundesverwaltung; AB 1993 N 1391).

3. Stabsstellen: Die mit zunehmender Komplexität notwendig gewordene Aufstockung der Stabsstellen wird vom Bundesrat und von den Departementen durchaus unter Kontrolle gehalten. Es sind dem Bundesrat keine unverhältnismässig \"aufgeblähten\" Stabsstellen bekannt.

4. Subventionen: Gemäss Artikel 5 des neuen Subventionsgesetzes hat der Bundesrat periodisch, mindestens alle sechs Jahre, alle Subventionsregelungen im Hinblick auf ihre Begründung, Zweckmässigkeit usw. zu überprüfen und dem Parlament hierüber Bericht zu erstatten. Das Eidgenössische Finanzdepartement bereitet zusammen mit den übrigen Departementen eine solche Gesamtüberprüfung vor. Bericht und Anträge an die eidgenössischen Räte sind spätestens 1996 zu erwarten.

Zudem finden Einzeluntersuchungen und entsprechende Anpassungen laufend statt. Zum Beispiel hat der Bundesrat aufgrund eines Berichts der Verwaltungskontrolle vom 31. März 1993 eine gezielte Überprüfung der Nationalstrassenbeiträge angeordnet.

5. Standard bzw. Regelungsdichte der Normen: Auch hier sind vielerorts, z. B. im Rahmen des ersten Pakets der marktwirtschaftlichen Erneuerung, die gewünschten Bestrebungen festzustellen. Der Bundesrat hat sich über die Ansatzpunkte recht einlässlich im Rahmen der Stellungnahmen zur Einfachen Anfrage Jeanneret (Abbau der Gesetzesdichte; AB 1992 N 669) und zur Motion Loeb François (Gesetzesabschaffungs-Delegation; AB 1992 N 2161) geäussert, so dass der Einfachheit halber hierauf verwiesen werden kann.

Im Zusammenhang mit den Sanierungsmassnahmen 1993 hat zudem der Bundesrat die zuständigen Departemente beauftragt, Normen und Standards in den Bereichen Hoch- und Strassenbau einer kritischen Überprüfung zu unterziehen und bis Ende 1994 Vorschläge für mögliche Vereinfachungen und Einsparungen zu unterbreiten. Im Bereiche des Umweltschutzes soll auf eine konsequente Durchsetzung des Verursacherprinzips hingearbeitet werden; im Rahmen laufender oder künftiger Gesetzesrevisionen sollen auch die Umweltschutznormen und -standards einer kritischen Überprüfung unterzogen werden.

In den zitierten Vorkehren sind durchaus auch die vom Interpellanten geforderten Massnahmen mit langfristiger Wirkung enthalten, die indessen gerade wegen dieser Auswirkungen und wegen ihrer Komplexität einer besonders sorgfältigen Überprüfung mit entsprechendem Zeitaufwand bedürfen.

Abschliessend ist auf den Beitrag hinzuweisen, den das Parlament zur Vereinfachung und Rationalisierung der Bundestätigkeiten leisten könnte. Die Flut von Vorstössen und die Begehren in finanzieller und gesetzgeberischer Hinsicht tragen, wie der Bundesrat mehrfach ausgeführt hat, wesentlich zur Ausweitung der Staatstätigkeit und zur Regelungsdichte der Gesetze bei (vgl. u. a. die Stellungnahme zur parlamentarischen Initiative über die Stellenplafonierung; BBl 1981 III 929).

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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1597":1598,"_1614":780,"_1615":1616,"_1617":1618,"_1619":967,"_1298":540,"_1272":340,"_78":544,"_1620":547,"_1603":350,"_1621":1622,"_1623":751,"_1405":300,"_74":310,"_1600":452,"_19":320,"_76":550,"_81":330,"_1624":1077,"_1625":1211,"_1626":1247,"_1627":1211,"_1628":1629,"_1630":1211,"_1631":1632,"_1633":540,"_1634":719,"_1635":1211,"_1636":1618,"_1637":544,"_1604":419,"_1638":1639,"_1210":1211,"_1640":657,"_1223":1211,"_72":555,"_1641":1433,"_1642":1290,"_1643":1328,"_1644":1622,"_1645":1417,"_1605":360,"_1646":1409,"_1647":1211},"section_switcher",{"_1595":1596,"_1597":1598,"_1599":300,"_70":496,"_74":310,"_1600":452,"_1601":386,"_1272":340,"_81":330,"_1602":320,"_1603":350,"_1604":419,"_1605":360,"_1606":1607,"_1608":1609,"_1610":1611,"_1612":1613},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1705":1706,"_1707":1708,"_1649":1709,"_251":1710},"intro",{"_1651":1652,"_1653":1654,"_1655":1656,"_1657":1658,"_1659":1660,"_1661":1662,"_1663":1664},"en",{"_1665":1700,"_1667":1701,"_1669":1702,"_1671":1703,"_1673":1704},"de",{"_1665":1695,"_1667":1696,"_1669":1697,"_1671":1698,"_1673":1699},"fr",{"_1665":1690,"_1667":1691,"_1669":1692,"_1671":1693,"_1673":1694},"it",{"_1665":1685,"_1667":1686,"_1669":1687,"_1671":1688,"_1673":1689},"es",{"_1665":1680,"_1667":1681,"_1669":1682,"_1671":1683,"_1673":1684},"pt",{"_1665":1675,"_1667":1676,"_1669":1677,"_1671":1678,"_1673":1679},"rm",{"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668,"_1669":1670,"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1132,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1134,"_1781":1136,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_605":606,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801},"nav",{"_1597":1719,"_1720":1721,"_1722":655,"_1723":1724,"_1725":1726,"_1606":1607,"_1608":1609,"_1610":1611,"_1612":1613,"_1599":300,"_70":496,"_1601":386,"_1600":452,"_74":310,"_1604":419,"_1272":340,"_81":330,"_1602":320,"_1603":350,"_1605":360,"_1727":1712,"_1728":1729,"_1575":1576,"_1730":1731,"_1577":1578,"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1716,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772},{"_1665":1700,"_1667":1701,"_1669":1702,"_1671":1703,"_1673":1704},{"_1711":1712,"_1713":1714,"_1715":1716,"_1717":1718},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1777":1803,"_1782":1804,"_1805":208,"_1806":201,"_1807":201,"_1808":208,"_1809":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]