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Im Blick vom 11. Juli 2023 wird berichtet, dass die IRU nicht von der FINMA überwacht wird. Diese weigerte sich, die Fragen der Zeitung zu beantworten, und verwies stattdessen auf das BAZG. Dieses erklärte, dass die Geschäftstätigkeit der IRU (der Verkauf von Carnets TIR) nicht als Versicherungsgeschäft im Sinne des Versicherungsaufsichtsgesetzes angesehen werde.
Wie jedes Versicherungsunternehmen verfügt die IRU zur Deckung ihrer Risiken über Reserven, in ihrem Fall in der Höhe von knapp 400 Millionen Franken. Sie rechtfertigt dies folgendermassen: Die IRU verfügt weiterhin über solide und robuste Finanzaktiva, um das TIR-System zu betreiben, insbesondere für finanzielle Garantien für unbezahlte Zollgebühren und -abgaben auf TIR-Transporte, und für die Versicherung, die diese Garantien abdeckt. (Geschäftsbericht 2022, S. 54–55)
Bei einer Suche auf Linkedln findet man eine gewisse Oxana Rodel, die sich als «Senior lnsurance Manager» bei der IRU präsentiert, oder Daniele Sculati, der gemäss seinem Profil von 2005 bis 2019 «Head TIR lnsurance» bei der IRU war.
Die IRU hat seit 2011 einen Rückversicherungsvertrag mit der AXA. Zuvor war sie bei der Zurich rückversichert.
Laut dem Blick geht die IRU mit sehr grossen Beträgen um – 2015 soll sich ihr Vermögen auf 1,9 Milliarden Franken belaufen haben, wobei die Quelle dieses Vermögens Gewinne aus dem Geschäft mit den Carnets TIR sind: In der Vergangenheit konnte der Verband riesige Reserven bilden, bis zu 100 Millionen Franken pro Jahr.
In einem anderen Artikel, der am 15. Juli 2020 im Tagesanzeiger erschienen ist («Camionneure verschleudern Millionen»), konnte man lesen, dass die IRU aufgrund eines misslungenen Immobiliengeschäfts in Istanbul 500 Millionen Franken verloren hat.
Die IRU habe, um ihre Steuerbefreiung beizubehalten, eine IRU-Stiftung für Strassenverkehr gegründet, welche die gleichen Ziele wie die IRU verfolgt. Der Generalsekretär der IRU, Umberto de Pretto, sitzt im Stiftungsrat dieser Stiftung. Diese mehr als überraschende Situation war der Auslöser dafür, dass sich die ESA eingeschaltet hat.
Die Tätigkeit der IRU ähnelt derer von Unternehmen wie der Swiss Caution oder der First Caution, die beide der Aufsicht durch die FINMA unterstellt sind.

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1. Warum entzieht sich die Internationale Strassentransportunion (International Road Transport Union, IRU) jeglicher Aufsicht durch die Eidgenössische Finanzmarktaufsicht (FINMA)?
2. Da die IRU nicht als Versicherung erachtet wird, erlaubt ihr das Bundesamt für Zoll und Grenzsicherheit (BAZG), sich jeglicher staatlichen Aufsicht zu entziehen. Warum ist das so? Befürwortet der Bundesrat diesen Entscheid?
3. Ist es akzeptabel, dass die IRU keiner staatlichen Aufsicht unterliegt? Wenn ja, wie ist diese fehlende Aufsicht vereinbar damit, dass die Schweiz ihren internationalen Ruf als Finanzplatz pflegen will, der aktiv gegen Korruption und Geldwäscherei vorgeht?
4. Ist der Umstand, dass der Generalsekretär der IRU im Stiftungsrat einer von der IRU als «unabhängig» bezeichneten Stiftung sitzt, nicht ein sehr starkes Indiz dafür, dass in der IRU und dieser Stiftung seltsame Dinge vor sich gehen, gerade aufgrund der fehlenden staatlichen Aufsicht? Wäre es nicht dringend nötig, diese Situation zu berichtigen, indem die IRU und die Stiftung der Aufsicht durch die FINMA unterstellt werden?
5. Beunruhigt die Tatsache, dass ein Verein nach Schweizer Recht, der angeblich die Interessen von Lastwagenfahrerinnen und -fahrern vertritt, ohne jegliche staatliche Aufsicht 800 Millionen Franken in ein Immobilienprojekt in Istanbul investiert und dabei 500 Millionen Franken verliert, den Bundesrat nicht in Bezug auf den Ruf des Schweizer Finanzplatzes? Wäre es nicht dringend nötig, international eine klare Botschaft zu senden, indem die IRU der Aufsicht durch die FINMA unterstellt wird?
6. Was ist die Rolle der Eidgenössischen Stiftungsaufsicht (ESA) in dieser Angelegenheit? Warum hat sie sich eingeschaltet? Welche Entscheidungen hat sie getroffen? Was hält sie davon, dass Umberto de Pretto, der Generalsekretär der IRU, in einer von der IRU als «unabhängig» bezeichneten Stiftung sitzt?

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Im internationalen Warentransport (TIR) müssen Zölle und andere Abgaben während der gesamten Beförderung durch eine international gültige Bürgschaft gedeckt sein. In jedem Staat bürgt ein von den Zollbehörden anerkannter Verband für alle von ihm zugelassenen TIR-Transporte. In der Schweiz ist das der Schweizerische Nutzfahrzeugverband (ASTAG).

Im Falle einer Unregelmässigkeit können sich die Zollbehörden an den entsprechenden nationalen Verband wenden. Alle diese Verbände – inklusive ASTAG – bilden zusammen eine internationale Bürgschaftskette, welche von der International Road Union (IRU), dem Weltdachverband der Strassentransportwirtschaft mit Sitz in Genf, verwaltet wird.

Die IRU legt die Höhe der Bürgschaftsbeträge für jedes Land fest. Die ASTAG hat diesbezüglich mit einer schweizerischen Versicherungsgesellschaft einen Vertrag abgeschlossen, welche ihre Bürgschaften rückdeckt. Die IRU verfügt ebenfalls über einen solchen Vertrag. Rechtsgrundlage bildet das Zollabkommen über den internationalen Warentransport mit Carnets TIR (TIR-Abkommen; SR 0.631.252.512).

Fragen 1 - 3: Der Liste der unter der Aufsicht der FINMA stehenden Versicherungsunternehmen1 ist zu entnehmen, dass weder die IRU noch die Fondation IRU des Transports Routiers (Fondation IRU) von der FINMA als ein nach dem Versicherungsgesetz (Art. 3 Abs. 1 i.V.m. Art. 2 Abs. 1 VAG; SR 961.01) bewilligungspflichtiges Versicherungsunternehmen beurteilt werden und entsprechend nicht der Aufsicht der FINMA unterstehen. Erhält die FINMA Hinweise, dass jemand eine bewilligungspflichtige Tätigkeit ohne Bewilligung ausübt, so hat sie diesen Hinweisen nachzugehen. Liegen konkrete Anhaltspunkte für Verstösse gegen die einschlägigen Finanzmarktgesetze vor, nimmt die FINMA vertiefte Abklärungen vor und ordnet wenn nötig Massnahmen an. Die FINMA kann sich jedoch grundsätzlich weder zur Einschätzung eines Hinweises noch zu möglichen Abklärungen und Verfahren äussern (vgl. Art. 22 FINMAG, SR 956.1).

Fragen 4 - 6: Die Fondation IRU untersteht der Aufsicht der Eidgenössischen Stiftungsaufsicht (ESA). Diese überwacht, dass das Vermögen der beaufsichtigten Stiftungen gemäss statutarisch bestimmtem Zweck verwendet wird und dass die Stiftungsorgane in Übereinstimmung mit dem Gesetz, der Stiftungsurkunde, Reglementen, der öffentlichen Ordnung und Sitten handeln. Darüber hinaus wird die ESA bei Organisationsmängeln sowie bei Überschuldung oder Insolvenz einer Stiftung tätig.

Vorliegend verhängte die ESA gegen die Fondation IRU Massnahmen. Unter anderem berief sie alle Mitglieder des Stiftungsrats ab und ernannte zwei Sachwalter. Einige der verhängten Massnahmen sind noch nicht rechtskräftig aufgrund laufender Verfahren vor dem Bundesverwaltungsgericht (BVGer). Im Allgemeinen verbietet das Gesetz einer juristischen Person als Stifterin jedoch nicht, sich in der Stiftungsurkunde das Recht vorzubehalten, einen oder mehrere Vertreter in den Stiftungsrat zu entsenden. Seit der Errichtung der Fondation IRU sehen die Statuten Sitze im Stiftungsrat für Mitglieder vor, die eine Verbindung zur Stifterin (IRU) aufweisen.

1 https://www.finma.ch/~/media/finma/dokumente/bewilligungstraeger/pdf/vu.pdf

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group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1615":1616,"_1632":798,"_1633":1634,"_1635":1636,"_1637":985,"_1316":558,"_1290":358,"_78":562,"_1638":565,"_1621":368,"_1639":1640,"_1641":769,"_1423":318,"_74":328,"_1618":470,"_19":338,"_76":568,"_81":348,"_1642":1095,"_1643":1229,"_1644":1265,"_1645":1229,"_1646":1647,"_1648":1229,"_1649":1650,"_1651":558,"_1652":737,"_1653":1229,"_1654":1636,"_1655":562,"_1622":437,"_1656":1657,"_1228":1229,"_1658":675,"_1241":1229,"_72":573,"_1659":1451,"_1660":1308,"_1661":1346,"_1662":1640,"_1663":1435,"_1623":378,"_1664":1427,"_1665":1229},"section_switcher",{"_1613":1614,"_1615":1616,"_1617":318,"_70":514,"_74":328,"_1618":470,"_1619":404,"_1290":358,"_81":348,"_1620":338,"_1621":368,"_1622":437,"_1623":378,"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629,"_1630":1631},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1723":1724,"_1725":1726,"_1667":1727,"_269":1728},"intro",{"_1669":1670,"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674,"_1675":1676,"_1677":1678,"_1679":1680,"_1681":1682},"en",{"_1683":1718,"_1685":1719,"_1687":1720,"_1689":1721,"_1691":1722},"de",{"_1683":1713,"_1685":1714,"_1687":1715,"_1689":1716,"_1691":1717},"fr",{"_1683":1708,"_1685":1709,"_1687":1710,"_1689":1711,"_1691":1712},"it",{"_1683":1703,"_1685":1704,"_1687":1705,"_1689":1706,"_1691":1707},"es",{"_1683":1698,"_1685":1699,"_1687":1700,"_1689":1701,"_1691":1702},"pt",{"_1683":1693,"_1685":1694,"_1687":1695,"_1689":1696,"_1691":1697},"rm",{"_1683":1684,"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690,"_1691":1692},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1150,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1152,"_1799":1154,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807,"_1808":1809,"_623":624,"_1810":1811,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1815,"_1816":1817,"_1818":1819},"nav",{"_1615":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1740":673,"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629,"_1630":1631,"_1617":318,"_70":514,"_1619":404,"_1618":470,"_74":328,"_1622":437,"_1290":358,"_81":348,"_1620":338,"_1621":368,"_1623":378,"_1745":1730,"_1746":1747,"_1593":1594,"_1748":1749,"_1595":1596,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1734,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790},{"_1683":1718,"_1685":1719,"_1687":1720,"_1689":1721,"_1691":1722},{"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1733":1734,"_1735":1736},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). 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