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Im Rahmen der letzten Revision des Heilmittelgesetzes hat das Parlament den Bereich der Formula Arzneimittel gestärkt. Diese können seit über 10 Jahren von Apotheken, Spitalapotheken und im Falle der «Formula officinalis» und der «Eigenen Formel» auch von Drogerien in eigener Verantwortung hergestellt werden. Dazu benötigen sie eine kantonale Herstellungsbewilligung.

Arzneimittel nach «Eigener Formel» («Hausspezialitäten») haben sich bewährt. Sie sind wichtig, weil sie den Rückzug unrentabler zugelassener Arzneimittel teilweise kompensieren und so einen Beitrag zur Therapievielfalt leisten können. Allerdings sind die regulatorischen Hürden in den letzten Jahren derart gestiegen, dass die Herstellung von Arzneimitteln nach eigener Formel in Apotheken und Drogerien immer schwieriger wird.

Massgebend dafür, ob Apotheken und Drogerien Arzneimittel nach eigener Formel ohne Zulassung herstellen dürfen, ist die Risikoprüfung nach der Arzneimittel-Bewilligungsverordnung AMBV (Anhang 3). Diese regelt auch die die maximal zugelassene Herstellungsmenge pro Jahr und pro Standort. Die Produktion hat grundsätzlich nach den Regeln der «Guten Herstellungspraxis von Arzneimittel in kleinen Mengen» («GMP kleine Mengen») zu erfolgen. Diese Vorgabe wird in den Inspektionen der Kantonsapotherker:innen teilweise ungenügend berücksichtigt. Erschwerend kommt die Übernahme von EU-Vorgaben (z.B. der Pharmakopöe Europaea) hinzu, obwohl das Heilmittelgesetz im Bereich der Arzneimittel weitgehend von der EU unabhängig ist.

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Ich bitte den Bundesrat um die Beantwortung der folgenden Fragen:

Welche Möglichkeiten sieht der Bundesrat, im Rahmen der geplanten HMG-Revision 3 auf Stufe Gesetz oder Verordnung die Arzneimittel nach eigener Formel zu stärken, damit die Zahl nicht weiter abnimmt?
Ist der Bundesrat bereit, die Vorgaben risikogerechter auszugestalten und auf unnötige administrative Hürden sowie auf Vorgaben zu verzichten, die keinen Mehrwert an der Prozesssicherheit leisten?
Ist es rechtlich möglich, auf Anpassungen zu verzichten, welche auf einer einseitigen Übernahme von EU-Recht basieren und die Herstellung von Formula-Arzneimitteln zunehmend erschweren?
Reichen Merkblätter und Schulungen für einen einheitlichen Vollzug oder braucht es Präzisierungen auf Stufe Verordnung?

",179856,"20234142_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

1. Der Bund hat 2010 die Herstellungsmöglichkeiten von zulassungsbefreiten Arzneimitteln (Formula-Arzneimittel) deutlich erweitert (vorgezogene Revision des Heilmittelgesetzes, 1. Etappe). Um den Schutz der Gesundheit von Patientinnen und Patienten auch weiterhin zu gewährleisten, hat der Bundesrat Kriterien für die Herstellung dieser Arzneimittel erlassen. So dürfen gemäss Artikel 37 der Arzneimittelverordnung (VAM; SR 812.212.21) u.a. ausschliesslich Wirkstoffe verwendet werden, die in der Pharmakopöe aufgeführt sind, in einem in der Schweiz zugelassenen Arzneimittel enthalten sind oder welche in einem Arzneimittel vorkommen, das in einem Land mit vergleichbarer Arzneimittelkontrolle zugelassen ist.

Eine 2014 durch das Bundesamt für Gesundheit (BAG) in Auftrag gegebene Evaluation zeigte, dass die Akteure den rechtlichen Rahmen zum Ausgleich der Anliegen von Versorgungs- und Produktsicherheit als sinnvoll wahrnahmen. Mit Blick auf die Sicherheit in der Medikamentenversorgung empfahl ein Bericht des Bundesrats von 2016 in Erfüllung des Postulats 12.3426 Heim «Sicherheit in der Medikamentenversorgung» den Kantonen zu prüfen, wie die gesetzlichen Grundlagen unter ihrer Zuständigkeit sowie die Leistungsaufträge mit Leistungserbringern anzupassen seien, um zur Aufrechterhaltung und zum Ausbau von Infrastrukturen für die Herstellung von Formula-Medikamenten beizutragen.

Im Rahmen des Berichts «Versorgungsengpässe mit Humanarzneimitteln in der Schweiz: Situationsanalyse und zu prüfende Verbesserungsmassnahmen» des Bundesamtes für Gesundheit, den der Bundesrat am 16. Februar 2022 zur Kenntnis genommen hat, wird unter anderem über den Stand der Umsetzung dieser Empfehlung berichtet. Die befragten Fachpersonen halten erneut fest, dass sich die Reaktions- und Handlungsmöglichkeiten bei Formula-Arzneimittel verbessert hätten. In den kantonalen Herstellungslokalitäten könnten eine breite Palette an Präparaten in Eigen- oder Lohnauftrag bereitgestellt werden. Allerdings sei dies nicht immer kostendeckend möglich. Die Empfehlung des Bundes wurde in den Kantonen unterschiedlich umgesetzt. Sie reichen von finanzieller Unterstützung der lokalen pharmazeutischen Industrie bis zum Neu- und Ausbau von Spitalapotheken. Der Bundesrat sieht derzeit keinen Handlungsbedarf, das Heilmittelrecht anzupassen.

2. Der Prozess ist nach Einschätzung des Bundesrats bereits mit der bestehenden Regulierung ausreichend risikogerecht ausgestaltet. Der Hersteller muss eine Risikoprüfung nach Art. 8 der Verordnung über die Bewilligungen im Arzneimittelbereich (AMBV, SR 812.212.1) durchführen. Je nach Risikobewertung ist die Swissmedic oder die kantonale Behörde für die Herstellbewilligung zuständig. In beiden Fällen gelten die gleichen Anforderungen an den Hersteller, nämlich das Einhalten der Regeln der guten Herstellungspraxis für Arzneimittel in kleinen Mengen (Kapitel 20 der Pharmakopöe Helvetica). Es bestehen keine rein administrativen Hürden. Mit diesen Anforderungen wird ausschliesslich die Arzneimittelsicherheit sichergestellt.

3. Aus Sicht des Bundesrates ist eine gewisse Harmonisierung des Heilmittelrechts auf europäischer Ebene zur Gewährleistung der Arzneimittel- und damit Patientensicherheit sinnvoll. Die Aktivitäten der Europäischen Pharmakopöe (Ph. Eur.) finden im Rahmen des Europarats und nicht der Europäischen Union (EU) statt. Die Schweiz ist Mitglied des Europarats und hat dort ein vollumfängliches Mitsprache- und Entscheidrecht und nimmt damit auf die Erarbeitung von Konventionen und technischen Standards aktiv Einfluss. Eine einseitige Übernahme von EU-Recht findet im Kontext mit der Regulierung von Formula-Arzneimitteln nicht statt

4. Die behördliche Marktüberwachung obliegt Swissmedic und den zuständigen kantonalen Behörden. Die «GMP kleine Mengen» und die Erläuterungen dazu, beide in der Pharmakopöe Helvetica publiziert, stellen eine sehr solide und klare Grundlage für einen harmonisierten Vollzug dar. Darüber hinaus haben sowohl die Kantone ein Positionspapier «Formula-Arzneimittel: Herstellung und Inverkehrbringung» (www.kantonsapotheker.ch) als auch Swissmedic eine technische Interpretation «Herstellung und Inverkehrbringen von Formula-Arzneimitteln» (www.swissmedic.ch) zu den Formula-Präparaten publiziert. In diesen Dokumenten werden die Vorgaben und Bedingungen bezüglich Herstellung und Inverkehrbringen von Formula-Arzneimitteln präzisiert. Nach Auffassung des Bundesrats ist damit die ausreichende Information der Hersteller durch die Vollzugsbehörde sichergestellt. Eine Anpassung des Verordnungsrechts ist demnach nicht notwendig.

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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search 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group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1590":1591,"_1607":774,"_1608":1609,"_1610":1611,"_1612":961,"_1291":534,"_19":334,"_83":538,"_1613":541,"_1596":344,"_1614":1615,"_1616":745,"_1398":294,"_79":304,"_1593":446,"_85":314,"_81":544,"_87":324,"_1617":1071,"_1618":1205,"_1619":1241,"_1620":1205,"_1621":1622,"_1623":1205,"_1624":1625,"_1626":534,"_1627":713,"_1628":1205,"_1629":1611,"_1630":538,"_1597":413,"_1631":1632,"_1204":1205,"_1633":651,"_1217":1205,"_77":549,"_1634":1426,"_1635":1283,"_1636":1321,"_1637":1615,"_1638":1410,"_1598":354,"_1639":1402,"_1640":1205},"section_switcher",{"_1588":1589,"_1590":1591,"_1592":294,"_21":490,"_79":304,"_1593":446,"_1594":380,"_19":334,"_87":324,"_1595":314,"_1596":344,"_1597":413,"_1598":354,"_1599":1600,"_1601":1602,"_1603":1604,"_1605":1606},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1698":1699,"_1700":1701,"_1642":1702,"_245":1703},"intro",{"_1644":1645,"_1646":1647,"_1648":1649,"_1650":1651,"_1652":1653,"_1654":1655,"_1656":1657},"en",{"_1658":1693,"_1660":1694,"_1662":1695,"_1664":1696,"_1666":1697},"de",{"_1658":1688,"_1660":1689,"_1662":1690,"_1664":1691,"_1666":1692},"fr",{"_1658":1683,"_1660":1684,"_1662":1685,"_1664":1686,"_1666":1687},"it",{"_1658":1678,"_1660":1679,"_1662":1680,"_1664":1681,"_1666":1682},"es",{"_1658":1673,"_1660":1674,"_1662":1675,"_1664":1676,"_1666":1677},"pt",{"_1658":1668,"_1660":1669,"_1662":1670,"_1664":1671,"_1666":1672},"rm",{"_1658":1659,"_1660":1661,"_1662":1663,"_1664":1665,"_1666":1667},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1126,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1128,"_1774":1130,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_599":600,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794},"nav",{"_1590":1712,"_1713":1714,"_1715":649,"_1716":1717,"_1718":1719,"_1599":1600,"_1601":1602,"_1603":1604,"_1605":1606,"_1592":294,"_21":490,"_1594":380,"_1593":446,"_79":304,"_1597":413,"_19":334,"_87":324,"_1595":314,"_1596":344,"_1598":354,"_1720":1705,"_1721":1722,"_1568":1569,"_1723":1724,"_1570":1571,"_1725":1726,"_1727":1728,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1733":1734,"_1735":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1709,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765},{"_1658":1693,"_1660":1694,"_1662":1695,"_1664":1696,"_1666":1697},{"_1704":1705,"_1706":1707,"_1708":1709,"_1710":1711},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). 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