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1. Einleitung

Diese von Grossrätin Anne-Laure Botteron eingereicht Initiative verlangt im Wesentlichen, dass die Kosten für Leistungen bei Schwangerschaft ab der Empfängnis vollständig - ohne Franchise und Selbstbehalt - von der Krankenversicherung übernommen werden.

Nach geltendem Recht (Bundesgesetz über die Krankenversicherung vom 18. März 1994, KVG) wird eine Schwangerschaft, die vor der 13. Woche endet, als Krankheit betrachtet, wodurch die übliche Kostenübernahme gilt. Folglich sind die Kosten für Arztbesuche, medizinische Analysen, Arzneimittel und die nötigen Eingriffe zur Entnahme des Embryos oder des toten Fötus bis zum Erreichen der Franchise oder des Selbstbehalts von der betroffenen Frau zu tragen. Die entsprechende Franchise ist im Übrigen häufig sehr hoch, da die betroffenen Frauen zumeist jung und gesund sind.

Die im KVG vorgesehene Regelung schafft eine Ungleichbehandlung zwischen Frauen, deren Schwangerschaft über die 13. Woche hinausgeht, und Frauen, bei denen dies nicht der Fall ist. Der Verlust eines Embryos oder eines Fötus kann ein sehr einschneidendes Erlebnis für eine Frau bzw. ein Paar sein. Wer damit konfrontiert ist, muss nicht nur diesen Verlust bewältigen, sondern auch noch erhebliche medizinische Kosten tragen.

Diese Initiative wurde am 15. März 2019 in der Gesundheitskommission des Grossen Rates vorgelegt. Diese empfahl dem Grossen Rat mit 14 zu 1 Stimmen, die Initiative anzunehmen und an den Staatsrat zu überweisen, was der Grosse Rat am 3. März 2020 mit 108 zu 2 Stimmen bei 5 Enthaltungen tat.

Die Grossratsmitglieder ersuchten den Kanton Waadt damit, gestützt auf Artikel 109 Absatz 2 der Waadtländer Verfassung sein Initiativrecht auf Bundesebene wahrzunehmen. Die Standesinitiative verlangt, Artikel 64 Absatz 7 Buchstabe b KVG so zu ändern, dass der Geltungsbereich dieses Artikels auf Fälle ausgedehnt wird, in denen die Schwangerschaft vor der 13. Woche endet.

2. Stellungnahme des Staatsrates

Das aktuelle System diskriminiert in der Tat Frauen, deren Schwangerschaft vor der 13. Woche endet. Diese sind doppelt gestraft, da ihre Schwangerschaft vorzeitig endet und sie zudem die damit verbundenen medizinischen Kosten zu tragen haben (Franchise und Selbstbehalt). In diesem Zusammenhang sei zudem darauf hingewiesen, dass es sich zumeist um junge und gesunde Frauen handelt, deren Krankenversicherungsfranchise sich üblicherweise auf 2500 Franken beläuft. Gemäss geltendem Recht werden die Leistungen, die bis zur 13. Schwangerschaftswoche erbracht werden, als Behandlung einer Krankheit betrachtet, was zur Folge hat, dass für die Versicherte die übliche Kostenbeteiligung anfällt. Diese Regelung wurde bei den gesetzgeberischen Arbeiten damit gerechtfertigt, dass \"der Beginn der Schwangerschaft erst im Nachhinein festgestellt werden kann und der Versicherer allenfalls bereits Kostenbeteiligungen auf Behandlungen erhoben hat, wenn er von der Schwangerschaft erfährt\" und die nachträgliche Befreiung von der Kostenbeteiligung auf Behandlungen während der ersten zwölf Schwangerschaftswochen daher \"zu unverhältnismässigem Verwaltungsaufwand\" führen würde (siehe Bericht der SGK-S vom 11. Februar 2013 zur parlamentarischen Initiative \"Kostenbeteiligung bei Mutterschaft. Gleichbehandlung\", BBl 2013 2459 2462). Als Hauptargument für die Begrenzung der vollen Kostenübernahme auf den Zeitraum ab der 13. Schwangerschaftswoche wird also der praktische Aufwand angeführt, den die Rückerstattung der ab der Empfängnis angefallenen Kosten verursacht.

Dieses Argument ist nicht haltbar. Die Frage der Kostenrückerstattung für Leistungen, für die von den Versicherten bereits eine Kostenbeteiligung verlangt wurde, stellt sich für die Versicherer unabhängig von dieser zeitlichen Begrenzung. Es ist schockierend, dass als Begründung für die geltende Regelung der Verwaltungsaufwand genannt wird; dies umso mehr, wenn man in Betracht zieht, dass es hier um die medizinischen Kosten für ein vorzeitiges Schwangerschaftsende geht!

Diese Regelung schafft eine Ungleichbehandlung zwischen Frauen, die ihr Kind vor der 13. Woche verlieren, und Frauen, die es später verlieren oder austragen können.

Die Erstattung der medizinischen Kosten bei Fehlgeburt oder Windei würde zu keinem Anstieg der Gesundheitskosten insgesamt führen, da es sich in der Regel nicht um optionale Behandlungen handelt, sondern diese für die Patientin und das medizinische Personal alternativlos sind. Ferner hätte diese Verlagerung privat zu tragender Kosten auf die obligatorische Krankenpflegeversicherung (OKP) nur geringfügige finanzielle Auswirkungen auf die OKP und somit auf die Krankenkassenprämien. Die zusätzlichen Kosten in der gesamten Schweiz werden auf 13 bis 18 Millionen Franken geschätzt, was rund 0,05 Prozent der Gesamtkosten zulasten der OKP entspricht.

3. Änderungsantrag

3.1 Geltendes Recht

Die Krankenpflegeversicherung ist in der Schweiz seit dem 1. Januar 1996 universell und obligatorisch (Art. 1 KVG). Gemäss Artikel 24 und Artikel 34 Absatz 1 KVG übernimmt die OKP nach Massgabe der in den Artikeln 32-34 KVG festgelegten Voraussetzungen ausschliesslich die Kosten für die Leistungen, die in den Artikeln 25 bis 31 KVG abschliessend aufgeführt sind. Die Leistungen, die bei Mutterschaft übernommen werden, sind in Artikel 29 KVG geregelt (Stéphanie Perrenoud, Les prestations de soins en cas de maternité - analyse des prestations dispensées en Suisse et à l'étranger, Réflexions romandes en droit de la santé, 2016, S. 139/140).

Gemäss Artikel 29 Absatz 1 übernimmt die OKP neben den Kosten für die gleichen Leistungen wie bei Krankheit die Kosten der besonderen Leistungen bei Mutterschaft. Dabei handelt es sich gemäss Absatz 2 um die von Ärzten und Ärztinnen oder von Hebammen durchgeführten oder ärztlich angeordneten Kontrolluntersuchungen während und nach der Schwangerschaft (Bst. a), die Entbindung zu Hause, in einem Spital oder einem Geburtshaus sowie die Geburtshilfe durch Ärzte und Ärztinnen oder Hebammen (Bst. b), die notwendige Stillberatung (Bst. c) sowie die Pflege und den Aufenthalt des gesunden Neugeborenen, solange es sich mit der Mutter im Spital aufhält (Bst. d) (BGE 144 V 184 E. 3.1 und zitierte Verweise).

Artikel 64 Absatz 7 KVG wiederum bestimmt, dass der Versicherer keine Kostenbeteiligung erheben darf für Leistungen nach Artikel 29 Absatz 2 KVG (Bst. a) und für Leistungen nach den Artikeln 25 und 25a, die ab der 13. Schwangerschaftswoche, während der Niederkunft und bis acht Wochen nach der Niederkunft erbracht werden (Bst. b).

Mutterschaft im Sinne von Artikel 5 des Bundesgesetzes vom 6. Oktober 2000 über den Allgemeinen Teil des Sozialversicherungsrechts (ATSG) in Verbindung mit Artikel 1a Absatz 2 Buchstabe c KVG und Artikel 29 KVG bezieht sich auf einen gewöhnlichen Prozess des Lebens, der anders als eine Krankheit (Art. 3 ATSG) keine Beeinträchtigung der Gesundheit darstellt. Mit den besonderen Leistungen bei Mutterschaft, die in Artikel 29 Absatz 2 KVG abschliessend aufgezählt und in den Artikeln 13 bis 16 der Krankenpflege-Leistungsverordnung (KLV; SR 832.112.31) präzisiert sind, soll der reibungslose Ablauf dieses Prozesses sichergestellt werden. Insbesondere die Kontrolluntersuchungen im Sinne von Artikel 13 KLV dienen der medizinischen Überwachung der Schwangerschaft und sollen Komplikationen, welche die Gesundheit der Mutter und/oder des Ungeborenen gefährden könnten, vermeiden. Es handelt sich dabei um prophylaktische Massnahmen, die je nach Stand der Schwangerschaft erfolgen und deren Kosten demnach ohne medizinische Indikation übernommen werden. Diese Untersuchungen sind besondere Leistungen bei Mutterschaft unabhängig davon, ob es sich um eine unkomplizierte Schwangerschaft oder eine Hochrisikoschwangerschaft der Versicherten handelt. Die medizinische Behandlung, die notwendig wird, wenn bei einer solchen Untersuchung eine Gesundheitsgefährdung festgestellt wird, fällt hingegen unter die Leistungen bei Krankheit im Sinne der Artikel 25 bis 29 Absatz 1 KVG mit der Folge, dass gemäss Artikel 64 Absatz 7 Buchstabe b KVG eine Beteiligung an den entsprechenden Kosten fällig wird, wenn die Behandlung vor der 13. Schwangerschaftswoche erfolgt (BGE 144 V 184 E. 3.2 und zitierte Verweise).

Auch wenn die Mutterschaft nicht als Krankheit betrachtet wird, wird sie durch Artikel 29 Absatz 1 KVG leistungsrechtlich einer Krankheit gleichgestellt. Diese Gleichstellung bedeutet, dass die medizinischen Behandlungen, die bei Komplikationen nötig werden, wie Leistungen bei Krankheit betrachtet werden (man spricht dann von Hochrisikoschwangerschaft). Diese Behandlungen fallen dann (durch den Verweis in Art. 29 Abs. 1 KVG) unter die allgemeinen Leistungen bei Krankheit im Sinne von Artikel 25 KVG. Dies gilt z. B. für Behandlungen zur Vermeidung einer Früh- oder Fehlgeburt (BGE 144 V 184 E. 3.3 und zitierte Verweise).

Wie bereits erwähnt, ist die Unterscheidung zwischen besonderen Leistungen bei Mutterschaft (Art. 29 Abs. 2 KVG) und Leistungen bei Krankheit (Art. 25 und Art. 29 Abs. 1 KVG), die im Fall von Schwangerschaftskomplikationen erbracht werden, wesentlich für die Kostenbeteiligung.

Während bei den besonderen Leistungen bei Mutterschaft im Sinne von Artikel 29 Absatz 2 KVG zu keiner Zeit eine Kostenbeteiligung erforderlich ist (Art. 64 Abs. 7 Bst. a KVG), gilt dies für Leistungen bei Krankheit nur dann, wenn sie ab der 13. Schwangerschaftswoche, während der Niederkunft und bis acht Wochen nach der Niederkunft erbracht werden (Art. 64 Abs. 7 Bst. b KVG) (BGE 144 V 184 E. 3.4 und zitierte Verweise). Diese Regelung gilt seit dem 1. März 2014. Bis zum 28. Februar 2014 waren nur die besonderen Leistungen bei Mutterschaft (Art. 29 Abs. 2 KVG, Art. 13-16 KLV) von der Kostenbeteiligung ausgenommen, nicht aber die allgemeinen Leistungen bei Mutterschaft (Art. 25, 25a und 19 Abs. 1 KVG), bei denen Franchise und Selbstbehalt zu bezahlen waren (siehe Stéphanie Perrenoud, Les prestations de soins en cas de maternité - analyse des prestations dispensées en Suisse et à l'étranger, Réflexions romandes en droit de la santé, 2016, S. 145).

3.2 Auswirkungen der aktuellen Regelung

Wie bereits dargelegt, ist der Wortlaut von Artikel 64 Absatz 7 KVG klar und entspricht er dem eindeutigen Willen des Gesetzgebers, die Versicherte in den ersten zwölf Schwangerschaftswochen nur hinsichtlich der besonderen Leistungen bei Mutterschaft im Sinne von Artikel 29 Absatz 2 KVG von der Kostenbeteiligung zu befreien. Diese Ausnahme gilt folglich nicht für die Behandlungen im Zusammenhang mit Komplikationen wie dem vorzeitigen Ende der Schwangerschaft oder einer Eileiterschwangerschaft, die vor der 13. Schwangerschaftswoche erfolgen. Diese werden als Krankheitskosten angesehen (Anwendung von Art. 25 KVG durch Verweis von Art. 29 Abs. 1 KVG), was zur Folge hat, dass sich die Versicherte an den Kosten zu beteiligen hat (Art. 64 Abs. 7 Bst. b KVG) (BGE 144 V 184 E. 5.2). Daraus ergibt sich eine Diskriminierung, welche die Menschenwürde verletzt, umso mehr, als der Gesetzgeber zur Rechtfertigung lediglich administrative Gründe anführt.

3.3 Beantragte Änderungen

Um die im aktuellen Recht bestehende Diskriminierung von Frauen, deren Schwangerschaft nicht über die 13. Woche hinausgeht, zu beseitigen, wird beantragt, Artikel 64 Absatz 7 Buchstabe b KVG so zu ändern, dass für Leistungen nach den Artikeln 25 und 25a KVG ab der Empfängnis keine Kostenbeteiligung verlangt wird. Der Verweis auf die 13. Schwangerschaftswoche ist zu streichen.

Der Wortlaut von Artikel 64 Absatz 7 Buchstabe b KVG wäre dann wie folgt:

\"Für folgende Leistungen darf der Versicherer keine Kostenbeteiligung erheben:

a. Leistungen nach Artikel 29 Absatz 2 [unverändert];

b. Leistungen nach den Artikeln 25 und 25a, die ab der Empfängnis, während der Niederkunft und bis acht Wochen nach der Niederkunft erbracht werden.\"

Diese Änderung würde auch Anpassungen an der KLV erforderlich machen, namentlich an Artikel 13 Absatz 1 Buchstabe f und an Artikel 16. Es sei darauf hingewiesen, dass die beantragte Änderung im Sinne der Motionen 19.3070 (Kälin) und 19.3307 (Addor) ist, die vom Bundesrat angenommen wurden und im Parlament hängig sind.

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Gestützt auf Artikel 160 Absatz 1 der Bundesverfassung nimmt der Kanton Waadt sein Initiativrecht auf Bundesebene wahr und fordert die Bundesversammlung auf, das Bundesgesetz über die Krankenversicherung (KVG) wie folgt zu ändern:

Art. 64 Abs. 7 Bst. b (neu)

7 Für folgende Leistungen darf der Versicherer keine Kostenbeteiligung erheben:

a. Leistungen nach Artikel 29 Absatz 2;

b. Leistungen nach den Artikeln 25 und 25a, die ab der Empfängnis, während der Niederkunft und bis acht Wochen nach der Niederkunft erbracht werden.

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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1631":1632,"_1648":814,"_1649":1650,"_1651":1652,"_1653":1001,"_1332":574,"_1306":374,"_76":578,"_1654":581,"_1637":384,"_1655":1656,"_1657":785,"_1439":334,"_72":344,"_1634":486,"_19":354,"_74":584,"_79":364,"_1658":1111,"_1659":1245,"_1660":1281,"_1661":1245,"_1662":1663,"_1664":1245,"_1665":1666,"_1667":574,"_1668":753,"_1669":1245,"_1670":1652,"_1671":578,"_1638":453,"_1672":1673,"_1244":1245,"_1674":691,"_1257":1245,"_70":589,"_1675":1467,"_1676":1324,"_1677":1362,"_1678":1656,"_1679":1451,"_1639":394,"_1680":1443,"_1681":1245},"section_switcher",{"_1629":1630,"_1631":1632,"_1633":334,"_68":530,"_72":344,"_1634":486,"_1635":420,"_1306":374,"_79":364,"_1636":354,"_1637":384,"_1638":453,"_1639":394,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643,"_1644":1645,"_1646":1647},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1683":1743,"_285":1744},"intro",{"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690,"_1691":1692,"_1693":1694,"_1695":1696,"_1697":1698},"en",{"_1699":1734,"_1701":1735,"_1703":1736,"_1705":1737,"_1707":1738},"de",{"_1699":1729,"_1701":1730,"_1703":1731,"_1705":1732,"_1707":1733},"fr",{"_1699":1724,"_1701":1725,"_1703":1726,"_1705":1727,"_1707":1728},"it",{"_1699":1719,"_1701":1720,"_1703":1721,"_1705":1722,"_1707":1723},"es",{"_1699":1714,"_1701":1715,"_1703":1716,"_1705":1717,"_1707":1718},"pt",{"_1699":1709,"_1701":1710,"_1703":1711,"_1705":1712,"_1707":1713},"rm",{"_1699":1700,"_1701":1702,"_1703":1704,"_1705":1706,"_1707":1708},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. 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Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1166,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1168,"_1815":1170,"_1816":1817,"_1818":1819,"_1820":1821,"_1822":1823,"_1824":1825,"_639":640,"_1826":1827,"_1828":1829,"_1830":1831,"_1832":1833,"_1834":1835},"nav",{"_1631":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":689,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643,"_1644":1645,"_1646":1647,"_1633":334,"_68":530,"_1635":420,"_1634":486,"_72":344,"_1638":453,"_1306":374,"_79":364,"_1636":354,"_1637":384,"_1639":394,"_1761":1746,"_1762":1763,"_1609":1610,"_1764":1765,"_1611":1612,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1750,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806},{"_1699":1734,"_1701":1735,"_1703":1736,"_1705":1737,"_1707":1738},{"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1811":1837,"_1816":1838,"_1839":209,"_1840":193,"_1841":193,"_1842":209,"_1843":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]