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Die Mikroelektronik ist eine moderne Schlüsseltechnologie, deren Anwendungsmöglichkeiten stark wachsen. Um der schweizerischen Industrie in der Anwendung der Mikroelektronik international eine gute Ausgangslage zu verschaffen, hat der Bund im Herbst 1991 das Aktionsprogramm Microswiss gestartet und die dafür notwendigen Geldmittel im Umfang von 150 Millionen Franken bewilligt. Die Finanzierung des Aktionsprogrammes durch den Bund läuft per Ende 1997 aus.

Das Aktionsprogramm baut auf vier Säulen auf:

- Förderung der Aus- und Weiterbildung mit Schwergewicht auf der Stufe der Ingenieurschulen durch die Schaffung von Mikroelektronikkompetenzzentren;

- Aufbau eines nationalen Toolverbundes zur wissenschaftlichen und ausbildungsmässigen Unterstützung der Kompetenzzentren;

- Bildung eines Forschungsschwerpunktes Mikroelektronik im Rahmen der Kommission für Technologie und Innovation (KTI);

- Förderung der Forschung in den Bereichen Prozesstechnologie und Ausrüstungsgüter.

Im Rahmen des Aktionsprogrammes soll die Schweiz in der Anwendung der Mikroelektronik in ausgewählten Bereichen international eine Spitzenposition erreichen. Die Zielsetzungen sollen hauptsächlich durch vier neu gebildete Microswiss-Zentren erreicht werden. Diese Zentren bilden zusammen mit ihren assoziierten Ingenieurschulen ein Kompetenznetzwerk. Der Toolverbund (ETHZ, EPFL, CSEM SA, ITM der Universität Neuenburg) unterstützt die Zentren.

Folgende Anreizinstrumente stehen den Microswiss-Zentren für die Erreichung der Programmziele zur Verfügung:

- Angebot von Aus- und Weiterbildungsmöglichkeiten;

- unentgeltliche Erstberatung für mögliche Industriepartner;

- unentgeltliche Eigenleistungen der Microswiss-Zentren bei der Entwicklung von Mikroelektronik, wenn der beteiligte Industriepartner selber auch beträchtliche Leistungen erbringt;

- Übernahme von 50 Prozent der Kosten für Entwicklungsarbeiten Dritter.

Das Programm wird durch den Bund (Investitionen, Basisfinanzierung, leistungsorientierte Finanzierung), den Kanton (Betriebskosten, Räumlichkeiten, zum Teil Personal, Investitionen für lokale Infrastrukturen) und - projektbezogen - durch die Industrie finanziert.

Die bisherigen Erfahrungen haben nun gezeigt, dass die Dienstleistungen der Microswiss-Zentren vor allem von kleinen Unternehmungen in Anspruch genommen werden. Grossunternehmungen verfügen häufig über eigene F&E-Kapazitäten; mittelgrosse Firmen bevorzugen private IC-Designhäuser.

Zudem wurden als Problemfelder die Gefahr der Marktverzerrung durch Konkurrenzierung privater IC-Designhäuser und eine Technologieorientierung versus Marktorientierung erkannt. So hat sich beispielsweise gezeigt, dass die im Rahmen von Microswiss entwickelten Produkte bei der Markteinführung bisher häufig weniger erfolgreich sind, als von den Herstellern und den Beteiligten angenommen wurde. Eine Ursache dafür könnte die starke Technologieorientierung des Programmes sein. Fragen der späteren Kommerzialisierung werden im Rahmen der Projektvorprüfung wenig gewichtet. Ein Indiz dafür ist auch die zu beobachtende Zurückhaltung von Kapitalgebern bei der breiten Markteinführung vieler entwickelter Produkte. Der Umstand, dass zurzeit noch kaum Produkte mit neu entwickelten Microchips auf den Markt gelangt sind, erklärt sich auch durch die klar unterschätzte Entwicklungszeit für die Chips und deren \"Verpackung\" in ein Produkt, welche bei rund zwei Jahren liegt.

Die Subventionen des Bundes an das Aktionsprogramm laufen per Ende 1997 aus. Anschliessend sollen die aufgebauten Infrastrukturen von Microswiss ohne Bundesgelder selbsttragend sein können. Es wird damit gerechnet, dass die Anzahl der Projekte im Technologietransferbereich drastisch zurückgehen wird, sobald die projektunabhängigen Bundessubventionen ausbleiben. Einzelne Microswiss-Zentren, die vor allem im Technologietransferbereich und weniger stark im Aus- und Weiterbildungsbereich aktiv sind, scheinen deshalb ohne Eingliederung in Fachhochschulen gefährdet. Zudem muss festgehalten werden, dass die Zentren Zeit brauchen, um sich mit ihren Dienstleistungen im Bereich des Technologietransfers auf dem Markt zu profilieren.

Fazit: Die Mikroelektronik ist aus wirtschaftlicher Optik eine sehr wichtige, zukunftsträchtige Technologie. Das Aktionsprogramm Microswiss konnte in den vergangenen Jahren wichtige Impulse für die Schweizer Wirtschaft vermitteln:

- Aus- und Weiterbildung von hochqualifizierten Arbeitskräften;

- Herstellung bzw. Vertiefung des Dialoges zwischen Lehre, Forschung und Wirtschaft;

- zukunftsorientierte Wirtschaftsförderung für kleine und mittlere Unternehmungen, die in einem für die Schweiz wichtigen Technologiefeld aktiv sind.

Die Fortführung des Aktionsprogrammes ist deshalb für die Schweiz aus volkswirtschaftlicher Optik sehr wichtig.

","affair_title",12943,"19963318_5","Eingereichter Text","

Der Bundesrat wird ersucht, über folgende Fragen Auskunft zu erteilen:

- Sind Microswiss-Zentren für den Bundesrat heute ein wirksames Instrument für die zukunftsorientierte Förderung von kleinen und mittleren Unternehmungen (KMU) sowie zur Sicherstellung des technologischen Anschlusses der Schweiz in einem wichtigen Bereich?

- Ist die Weiterexistenz der Microswiss-Zentren aus der Sicht des Bundesrates nach der Einstellung der Bundessubventionen sichergestellt?

- Wäre die allfällige Einstellung des Betriebes einzelner oder aller Microswiss-Zentren nicht ein Verlust, der durch gezielte Gegenmassnahmen verhindert werden müsste?

- Gedenkt der Bundesrat Massnahmen zu ergreifen, um das Aktionsprogramm Microswiss mit den Microswiss-Zentren auch weiterhin zu unterstützen (Aus- und Weiterbildung, Technologietransfer)?

- Kann der Erfolg des Programmes noch verbessert werden, wenn im Rahmen von Projektvorstudien Fragen der Kommerzialisierung bzw. Marktbeurteilungen für zu entwickelnde Produkte stärker gewichtet werden?

- Kann der Erfolg des Aktionsprogrammes gestärkt werden, wenn die einzelnen Microswiss-Zentren bei der professionellen Vermarktung ihres Leistungsangebotes unterstützt werden (Erarbeitung von Businessplänen usw.)?

",12942,"19963318_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Es ist ein erklärtes Ziel des Bundesrates, Umsetzung und Verbreitung von neuem, technikrelevantem Wissen in unserer Wirtschaft zu fördern. Dies trägt zur Stärkung der technologischen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit bei und hilft Wohlstand und Beschäftigung am Wirtschaftsstandort Schweiz zu sichern. Die zu diesem Zwecke wirksamsten Instrumente im Rahmen der technologieorientierten Wirtschaftspolitik sind die Aktionsprogramme des BFK zusammen mit der Fördertätigkeit der Kommission für Technologie und Innovation (KTI). Das Aktionsprogramm Microswiss ist 1992 gestartet worden und dauert bis Ende 1997. Sein Budget beträgt (nach Kürzungen von 40 Millionen Franken) zurzeit 110 Millionen Franken. Es verfolgt folgende drei Ziele für den Bereich Mikroelektronik: Aus- und Weiterbildung über Bildungs- und Kompetenzzentren, Technologietransfer vor allem in KMU sowie Förderung von praxisorientierter Forschung und Entwicklung in Zusammenarbeit mit der Industrie.

Die sechs Fragen werden wie folgt beantwortet:

1. Der Bundesrat vertritt die Auffassung, dass die Microswiss-Zentren analog wie die CIM-Zentren ein wirksames Instrument der Technologieförderung insbesondere zugunsten der KMU darstellen. Bis zur Programmhälfte haben die Microswiss-Zentren bereits über 200 anspruchsvolle Projekte lanciert. An den Gesamtprojektkosten von gut 27 Millionen Franken beteiligte sich der Bund mit rund 11,5 Millionen Franken. Davon waren 107 Aus- und Weiterbildungs- bzw. Kompetenzaufbauprojekte mit Gesamtkosten von über 9 Millionen Franken und einem entsprechenden Bundesbeitrag von 5 Millionen Franken. Der Effekt zeigte sich in zwei ausgelasteten Nachdiplomstudiengängen Mikroelektronik in Rapperswil und Windisch sowie in einem flächendeckenden Angebot an Mikroelektronikgrundausbildung an den assoziierten Ingenieurschulen HTL. Bei den anderen 95 Projekten ging es um den Technologietransfer mit Unternehmen. Hinzu kamen mehr als 100 Projekte, welche die Zentren gemeinsam mit der Wirtschaft in Eigenregie durchführten.

2. Für die Weiterexistenz der Microswiss-Zentren nach Auslaufen der Bundessubventionen sind die Trägerorganisationen zuständig. Dabei bieten sich ihnen verschiedene Möglichkeiten an. Die beiden Extreme sind eine bewusste kommerzielle Ausrichtung als Designzentrum oder eine stärkere Orientierung an Aus- und Weiterbildungsleistungen im Rahmen der kommenden Fachhochschulen. Die Finanzierung ist durch einen geeigneten Mix von Beiträgen aus verschiedenen Quellen anzustreben: vom Kanton, z. B. im Rahmen der Fachhochschulen, von der Industrie über Mandate sowie vom Bund, z. B. über ordentliche KTI-Projekte sowie indirekt über die Fachhochschulen. Die bisherigen Gespräche über die Weiterführung der Zentren haben gezeigt, dass in drei der vier Zentren Lösungen im Rahmen der Fachhochschulreform und damit schwergewichtig über den Einsatz von kantonalen Mitteln angestrebt werden.

3. Der Kern eines Aktionsprogrammes liegt in der Initiierung und Lancierung einer neuen, erfolgversprechenden Aktivität im Hinblick auf die Umsetzung und Verbreitung neuer Technologien am Wirtschaftsstandort Schweiz. Die Programme sind grundsätzlich zeitlich befristet. Das jeweilige Konzept und die dazugehörigen Aktivitäten haben sich im Verlaufe eines Programmes zu bewähren und zu etablieren. Nach Ablauf des Programmes kann seine Substanz in die Finanzierung mit ordentlichen Mitteln übergeführt werden, oder die Initiative hat sich nicht durchsetzen können und ist deshalb abzubrechen. Der Bundesrat beabsichtigt, diesen Grundprinzipien im Falle des Aktionsprogrammes Microswiss treu zu bleiben.

4. Der Bundesrat gedenkt keine zusätzlichen Massnahmen zur weiterführenden Unterstützung des Programmes zu ergreifen. Er möchte jedoch darauf hinweisen, dass sich der Bund nicht abrupt zurückzieht. Im letzten Programmjahr (1997) werden einige Mittel - wenn auch im Umfang deutlich abnehmend - auch für 1998 und 1999 verpflichtet werden können. Zudem berät und unterstützt die Programmleitung zusammen mit Experten die Zentren und ihre Träger bei der Planung und Realisierung des Übergangs. Die Unterstützung der Zentren nach Programmende über ordentliche KTI-Projekte hängt neben der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Projekte wesentlich auch von dem der KTI dannzumal zur Verfügung stehenden Kreditrahmen ab.

5. Die Bewilligung von Technologietransferprojekten, insbesondere die Unterstützung von Einsteigern, ist auch von einer Beurteilung des von diesen anvisierten Marktes abhängig. Wohl bietet das Programm einige Hilfen für die Kommerzialisierung der durchgeführten Projekte an, wie z. B. die Veröffentlichung von \"success stories\" oder ihre Präsentation an öffentlichen Veranstaltungen. Die aktive Kommerzialisierung von Projekten ist jedoch eine ureigene Aufgabe der Unternehmen, die ihnen der Staat nicht abnehmen kann. Die Programmleitung wird prüfen, ob über die Verbesserung der Rahmenbedingungen in dieser Richtung noch mehr getan werden könnte.

6. Die einzelnen Microswiss-Zentren wurden bei der Vermarktung ihres Leistungsangebotes bisher sehr intensiv unterstützt. Marketingaktivitäten der Programmleitung haben das Leistungsangebot aller Zentren übersichtlich und umfassend dargestellt und die Fachöffentlichkeit über verschiedene Wege wie Broschüren oder nationale und regionale Anlässe informiert und sensibilisiert. Zudem unterstützt das Programm dezentrale Marketinganstrengungen der einzelnen Zentren selbst. Auch unterstützt der Bund die Zentren bei der Erarbeitung von Businessplänen für deren Weiterführung nach Programmende.

Die Erfahrung zeigt, dass es nicht an Nachfrage nach Leistungen der Zentren mangelt. Die Kapazitäten der Zentren sind völlig ausgeschöpft. Wenn sich im Zusammenhang mit der Nachfrage ein Problem stellt, dann ist es die Identifikation und Auswahl von qualitativ hochwertigen und attraktiven Projekten aus den zahlreichen Anträgen. Die Generierung von guten Projekten hängt wiederum wesentlich von den Unternehmen ab.

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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1609":1610,"_1626":793,"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630,"_1631":980,"_1310":553,"_19":353,"_83":557,"_1632":560,"_1615":363,"_1633":1634,"_1635":764,"_1417":313,"_79":323,"_1612":465,"_85":333,"_81":563,"_87":343,"_1636":1090,"_1637":1224,"_1638":1260,"_1639":1224,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1224,"_1643":1644,"_1645":553,"_1646":732,"_1647":1224,"_1648":1630,"_1649":557,"_1616":432,"_1650":1651,"_1223":1224,"_1652":670,"_1236":1224,"_77":568,"_1653":1445,"_1654":1302,"_1655":1340,"_1656":1634,"_1657":1429,"_1617":373,"_1658":1421,"_1659":1224},"section_switcher",{"_1607":1608,"_1609":1610,"_1611":313,"_21":509,"_79":323,"_1612":465,"_1613":399,"_19":353,"_87":343,"_1614":333,"_1615":363,"_1616":432,"_1617":373,"_1618":1619,"_1620":1621,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1717":1718,"_1719":1720,"_1661":1721,"_264":1722},"intro",{"_1663":1664,"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668,"_1669":1670,"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674,"_1675":1676},"en",{"_1677":1712,"_1679":1713,"_1681":1714,"_1683":1715,"_1685":1716},"de",{"_1677":1707,"_1679":1708,"_1681":1709,"_1683":1710,"_1685":1711},"fr",{"_1677":1702,"_1679":1703,"_1681":1704,"_1683":1705,"_1685":1706},"it",{"_1677":1697,"_1679":1698,"_1681":1699,"_1683":1700,"_1685":1701},"es",{"_1677":1692,"_1679":1693,"_1681":1694,"_1683":1695,"_1685":1696},"pt",{"_1677":1687,"_1679":1688,"_1681":1689,"_1683":1690,"_1685":1691},"rm",{"_1677":1678,"_1679":1680,"_1681":1682,"_1683":1684,"_1685":1686},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1145,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1147,"_1793":1149,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_618":619,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1811,"_1812":1813},"nav",{"_1609":1731,"_1732":1733,"_1734":668,"_1735":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1618":1619,"_1620":1621,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625,"_1611":313,"_21":509,"_1613":399,"_1612":465,"_79":323,"_1616":432,"_19":353,"_87":343,"_1614":333,"_1615":363,"_1617":373,"_1739":1724,"_1740":1741,"_1587":1588,"_1742":1743,"_1589":1590,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1728,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784},{"_1677":1712,"_1679":1713,"_1681":1714,"_1683":1715,"_1685":1716},{"_1723":1724,"_1725":1726,"_1727":1728,"_1729":1730},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1789":1815,"_1794":1816,"_1817":220,"_1818":207,"_1819":207,"_1820":220,"_1821":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]