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Der Klimawandel hat bereits begonnen. Der vergangene Juli mit seinen Hitzewellen war in vielen Teilen der Schweiz der heisseste Monat seit Messbeginn im Jahr 1864. Dazu kamen die deutlich unterdurchschnittlichen Niederschlagsmengen mit lang anhaltender Trockenheit. Ernteausfälle in der Landwirtschaft waren die Folge. Kühe verschwanden von den Weiden, weil sie in den Ställen mit Heu gefüttert werden mussten. Es starben mehr ältere Menschen als sonst im Juli.

Im Dezember berät die internationale Gemeinschaft über das neue Klimaabkommen, welches 2020 das geltende, in Kyoto beschlossene Regime ablösen wird. Das Jahr 2015 ist ein Schlüsseljahr für den Klimaschutz, werden doch dort die Eckwerte für die Klimapolitik der beteiligten Staaten definiert und somit auch Vorgaben für das neue CO2-Gesetz, das im Laufe des nächsten Jahres in die Vernehmlassung geht.

Der Bundesrat ist gebeten, folgende Fragen zu beantworten:

1. Folgen und Kosten des Klimawandels

a. Welches sind bis heute die Folgen und die geschätzten volkswirtschaftlichen Kosten des Hitzesommers 2015 in der Schweiz?

b. Welches sind die Folgen und die volkswirtschaftlichen Kosten des Klimawandels in der Schweiz seit 2000?

2. Ist der Bundesrat bereit, angesichts des voranschreitenden Klimawandels das Reduktionsziel für Treibhausgasemissionen für das Jahr 2020 gemäss CO2-Gesetz sowie das Reduktionsziel im Verhandlungsmandat für die Klimakonferenz diesen Dezember in Paris nach oben anzupassen?

a. Das Reduktionsziel für 2020 von 20 auf 40 Prozent erhöhen.

b. Das Reduktionsziel für 2030 von 50 auf 60 Prozent erhöhen. Der grösste Teil der Einsparungen soll dabei im Inland erfolgen.

Um das Zwei-Grad-Ziel zu erreichen, dürften höchstens noch 20 Prozent der bekannten fossilen Energiereserven verbrannt werden. Auf den Finanzmärkten wird aber davon ausgegangen, dass alle Reserven ausgebeutet werden.

3. Wird sich der Bundesrat dafür einsetzen, dass die Investitionen des Finanzsystems in fossile Energieträger in Übereinstimmung mit dem Zwei-Grad-Ziel reduziert werden?

Die Städte und Gemeinden werden sich in Zukunft vermehrt damit auseinandersetzen müssen, wie sie sich an den Klimawandel anpassen, z. B. Begrünung, Durchlüftung. Die Bevölkerung leidet unter der Hitze und gesundheitlichen Problemen.

4. Welche rechtlichen und finanziellen Möglichkeiten sieht er, den Städten und Gemeinden bei der Bewältigung der Folgen des Klimawandels zu helfen?

5. Wie stellt er sich zu einem verursachergerecht geäufneten Klimaanpassungsfonds, mit dem Massnahmen zur Bewältigung der Folgen des Klimawandels in den Städten und Gemeinden mitfinanziert werden können?

Besonders vom Klimawandel betroffen sind auch die ärmsten Länder der Welt, welche gleichzeitig am wenigsten zur Klimaerwärmung beigetragen haben. Die Schweiz als Industrieland, welches dem Verbrennen fossiler Ressourcen viel von ihrem Wohlstand zu verdanken hat, trägt Verantwortung für den Klimaschutz und die Anpassung an den Klimawandel in diesen Ländern.

6. Wie stellt er sich zu einem verursachergerecht geäufneten Klimaanpassungsfonds, aus dem Beiträge an den Green Climate Fund für Klimaschutz- und Anpassungsmassnahmen in den ärmsten Ländern geleistet werden können?

","affair_title",112279,"20153814_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

1. Für den Hitzesommer 2015 wurden die Auswirkungen und die damit verbundenen volkswirtschaftlichen Kosten noch nicht detailliert untersucht. Erste klimatologische Auswertungen sind im Klimabulletin Sommer 2015 von Meteo Schweiz zu finden. Eine umfassende Aufbereitung wird Meteo Schweiz bis Ende 2015 erstellen. Die Berechnungen des Mortalitätsmonitorings des Bundesamtes für Statistik zeigen, dass die Zahl der Todesfälle in den ersten drei Juliwochen in der Altersgruppe der über 65-Jährigen den Erwartungswert um rund 350 Personen überstieg. Eine Analyse von Bafu, BAG, Babs, Meteo Schweiz und weiteren Bundesämtern ist in Vorbereitung und soll bis Ende 2016 vorliegen. Hingegen gibt es über den noch heisseren und trockeneren Sommer 2003 verschiedene Untersuchungen, die in einem Synthesebericht von Pro Clim, dem Forum für Klima und globale Umweltveränderungen der Akademie der Naturwissenschaften Schweiz, zusammengeführt wurden (Pro Clim, 2005: Hitzesommer 2003. Synthesebericht). Unmittelbar mit Kosten verbunden sind Ernteausfälle bei der Landwirtschaft infolge längerer Trockenperioden, die für das Jahr 2003 auf 500 Millionen Franken geschätzt wurden. Des Weiteren verursachen die verringerte Arbeitsproduktivität sowie der zusätzliche Stromverbrauch für die Kühlung Kosten. Der Landesenergieverbrauch erreichte 2003 einen damals neuen Höchstwert, was auf den vermehrten Einsatz von Elektrizität zu Kühlzwecken zurückgeführt wurde. Auf die Stromproduktion aus Wasserkraft wirkte sich der Hitzesommer 2003 je nach Kraftwerktyp positiv respektive negativ aus. Die Laufkraftwerke erlitten Produktionseinbussen aufgrund der geringen Wasserführung. Im Gegensatz dazu profitierten die Speicherkraftwerke mit Zuflüssen aus vergletscherten Gebieten vom zusätzlichen Schmelzwasser. Insgesamt lag im Jahr 2003 die Energieproduktion aus Wasserkraft nur rund 0,8 Prozent unter dem Mittel der zehn Jahre davor. Die Leistung der Kernenergie musste während zweier Monate um 25 Prozent gedrosselt werden, was die Strommenge 2003 um 4 Prozent reduzierte. Volkswirtschaftlich relevant, aber nur schwierig in Geldwerten auszudrücken sind ausserdem hitzebedingte vorzeitige Todesfälle (im Jahre 2003 rund 1000 Personen) und hitzebedingte Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen. Zu den bisherigen volkswirtschaftlichen Kosten des Klimawandels gibt es keine umfassenden Studien für die Schweiz. Es liegen lediglich Modellrechnungen für den Erwartungsschaden in der Schweiz bei einer mittleren Erwärmung vor (AG Ecoplan/Sigmaplan 2007). 2050 liegt er bei 0,15 Prozent des Bruttoinlandprodukts. Danach steigen die Schadenkosten deutlich an. Gemittelt über das 21. Jahrhundert beläuft sich der jährlich zu erwartende durchschnittliche Schaden auf rund eine Milliarde Franken. Eine aktualisierte Modellierung wird 2016 von der EPFL vorgelegt.

2. Der Bundesrat hat die Erhöhung des Reduktionsziels bis 2020 an die Bedingung geknüpft, dass andere gewichtige Emittenten ihre Anstrengungen ebenfalls verstärken. Aufgrund der Entwicklung auf internationaler Ebene sieht der Bundesrat bisher keinen Anlass, das Reduktionsangebot der Schweiz zu erhöhen. Für die Zeit nach 2020 hat die Schweiz am 27. Februar 2015 ihr Reduktionsziel bei der Uno-Klimakonvention eingereicht. Das Angebot der Schweiz, die Treibhausgasemissionen bis 2030 um 50 Prozent zu senken, liegt in der von der Wissenschaft für die Einhaltung des Zwei-Grad-Ziels empfohlenen Bandbreite von 40 bis 70 Prozent. Die Reduktionsziele - sowohl gesamthaft wie auch im Inland - werden jedoch letztlich von den eidgenössischen Räten im revidierten CO2-Gesetz für die Zeit nach 2020 festgeschrieben. Eine entsprechende Vorlage wird der Bundesrat voraussichtlich im Sommer 2016 in die Vernehmlassung schicken.

3. Voraussetzung für ein klimafreundliches Investitionsverhalten sind die Verfügbarkeit von Informationen und eine grössere Transparenz über die Treibhausgasemissionen, die in Geldanlagen und Unternehmensbeteiligungen gebunden sind. Eine Studie, welche die Datenlage für die Schweiz verbessern soll, ist beim Bafu derzeit in Arbeit und steht kurz vor dem Abschluss. Die Risiken von Investitionen zur Erschliessung fossiler Energiereserven werden mittlerweile auch innerhalb des Finanzsektors sehr ernst genommen. Der Bundesrat verfolgt diese Entwicklung aufmerksam und unterstützt internationale Bestrebungen, standardisierte Messgrössen z. B. zu den klimatischen Auswirkungen der Investitionen zu entwickeln. In Zusammenarbeit mit der 2-Grad-Investing-Initiative, einem technischen Netzwerk für Klimainvestitionen, soll dies mit den interessierten Akteuren vorangetrieben und für die Schweizer Finanzbranche nutzbar gemacht werden. Der Bundesrat prüft zudem, inwieweit dieser Thematik bei der Ausgestaltung der Klimapolitik für die Zeit nach 2020 vermehrt Rechnung getragen werden kann, und will Möglichkeiten prüfen, Anreize für klimafreundliche Investitionen zu setzen.

4./5. Der gesetzliche Auftrag des Bundes beschränkt sich auf die Koordination von Massnahmen und die Bereitstellung von Grundlagen zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel (Art. 8 des CO2-Gesetzes, SR 641.71). Der Bundesrat hat eine nationale Strategie verabschiedet, welche in einem ersten Teil die Herausforderungen, Ziele und Handlungsfelder definiert sowie in einem zweiten Teil konkrete Massnahmen der Bundesämter enthält. Für das Vorgehen bei der Anpassung in den Kantonen und Gemeinden hat das Bafu im Frühling 2015 eine Arbeitshilfe zur Verfügung gestellt. Anfang 2016 müssen die Kantone erstmals über den Stand der Umsetzung Bericht erstatten. Gestützt auf diese erste Berichterstattung wird sich zeigen, ob der Bund eine stärkere Rolle wahrnehmen müsste. Im Rahmen der gesetzlichen Möglichkeiten unterstützt der Bund die Städte bei der Anpassung durch Bereitstellen von Wissensgrundlagen. 2016 plant das Bafu in Zusammenarbeit mit den Städten Zürich, Basel und Genf eine Forschungsarbeit zum vermeintlichen Konflikt zwischen dem raumplanerischen Ziel der Innenverdichtung und dem Anliegen der Anpassung an den Klimawandel, Freiräume und Durchlüftungsschneisen zu schaffen, zu bewahren und zu gestalten.

6. Die Schweiz hat an einer Geberkonferenz Anfang September 2015 in Paris ihren Willen bekräftigt, sich an der Bereitstellung von jährlich 100 Milliarden Dollar ab 2020 aus öffentlichen und privaten Mitteln für die Reduktion von Treibhausgasemissionen und für die Anpassung an den Klimawandel in Entwicklungsländern zu beteiligen. Ein Verteilschlüssel zwischen den Staaten wurde nicht vereinbart, und Methoden, was alles an die internationale Klimafinanzierung eines Landes angerechnet werden kann, sind erst in Erarbeitung. Die Schweiz unterstützt grundsätzlich eine verursachergerechte Klimafinanzierung und hat dementsprechend im Jahre 2011 ihren Beitrag an die 30-Milliarden-Dollar-\"Fast Start Financing\" vor allem gemäss ihrem Anteil an den Emissionen sowie zu einem geringeren Teil gemäss ihrer Finanzstärke berechnet. Sie wird sich auch weiterhin dafür einsetzen, dass die internationale Klimafinanzierung eine verursachergerechte Komponente enthält. Die Etablierung und Speisung eines spezifischen Klimaanpassungsfonds über eine Teilzweckbindung der CO2-Abgabe steht jedoch nicht im Einklang mit dem vom Bundesrat vorgeschlagenen Klima- und Energielenkungssystem (Kels), das den Übergang von der Förderung zur Lenkung gewährleisten und die Einnahmen vollumfänglich an Wirtschaft und Bevölkerung zurückverteilen will.

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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1585":1586,"_1602":768,"_1603":1604,"_1605":1606,"_1607":955,"_1286":528,"_1260":328,"_79":532,"_1608":535,"_1591":338,"_1609":1610,"_1611":739,"_1393":288,"_75":298,"_1588":440,"_19":308,"_77":538,"_82":318,"_1612":1065,"_1613":1199,"_1614":1235,"_1615":1199,"_1616":1617,"_1618":1199,"_1619":1620,"_1621":528,"_1622":707,"_1623":1199,"_1624":1606,"_1625":532,"_1592":407,"_1626":1627,"_1198":1199,"_1628":645,"_1211":1199,"_73":543,"_1629":1421,"_1630":1278,"_1631":1316,"_1632":1610,"_1633":1405,"_1593":348,"_1634":1397,"_1635":1199},"section_switcher",{"_1583":1584,"_1585":1586,"_1587":288,"_71":484,"_75":298,"_1588":440,"_1589":374,"_1260":328,"_82":318,"_1590":308,"_1591":338,"_1592":407,"_1593":348,"_1594":1595,"_1596":1597,"_1598":1599,"_1600":1601},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1693":1694,"_1695":1696,"_1637":1697,"_239":1698},"intro",{"_1639":1640,"_1641":1642,"_1643":1644,"_1645":1646,"_1647":1648,"_1649":1650,"_1651":1652},"en",{"_1653":1688,"_1655":1689,"_1657":1690,"_1659":1691,"_1661":1692},"de",{"_1653":1683,"_1655":1684,"_1657":1685,"_1659":1686,"_1661":1687},"fr",{"_1653":1678,"_1655":1679,"_1657":1680,"_1659":1681,"_1661":1682},"it",{"_1653":1673,"_1655":1674,"_1657":1675,"_1659":1676,"_1661":1677},"es",{"_1653":1668,"_1655":1669,"_1657":1670,"_1659":1671,"_1661":1672},"pt",{"_1653":1663,"_1655":1664,"_1657":1665,"_1659":1666,"_1661":1667},"rm",{"_1653":1654,"_1655":1656,"_1657":1658,"_1659":1660,"_1661":1662},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1120,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1122,"_1769":1124,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_593":594,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789},"nav",{"_1585":1707,"_1708":1709,"_1710":643,"_1711":1712,"_1713":1714,"_1594":1595,"_1596":1597,"_1598":1599,"_1600":1601,"_1587":288,"_71":484,"_1589":374,"_1588":440,"_75":298,"_1592":407,"_1260":328,"_82":318,"_1590":308,"_1591":338,"_1593":348,"_1715":1700,"_1716":1717,"_1563":1564,"_1718":1719,"_1565":1566,"_1720":1721,"_1722":1723,"_1724":1725,"_1726":1727,"_1728":1729,"_1730":1731,"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1704,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760},{"_1653":1688,"_1655":1689,"_1657":1690,"_1659":1691,"_1661":1692},{"_1699":1700,"_1701":1702,"_1703":1704,"_1705":1706},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). 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