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Was noch vor kurzer Zeit, nicht zuletzt, um die Einheitskasse zu bekämpfen, von Bundesrat und bürgerlichen Politikerinnen und Politikern verneint wurde, ist jetzt knallharte Realität! Die Krankenkassen müssen Prämiensteigerungen in zweistelliger Prozenthöhe vornehmen. Am härtesten trifft es paradoxerweise Kantone, wie beispielsweise den Kanton Appenzell, die mit niedrigen Gesundheitskosten schweizweit eine Vorbildfunktion ausüben! Es gibt nicht nur einen Schuldigen für dieses Debakel, aber nur eine Erklärung. Wir haben schwerwiegende Fehler in der Regulation und Steuerung unserer Gesundheitskosten. Leider büssen für politische Fehler heute diejenigen, die am wenigsten Schuld daran haben: Schweizerinnen und Schweizer mit niedrigen und mittleren Einkommen, insbesondere Familien. Sie bezahlen heute pro Kopf Krankenkassenprämien, die nicht länger zumutbar sind. Wir fordern deshalb einen Marschhalt für Prämienerhöhungen von zwei Jahren im Sinn einer konstruktiven Denkpause.

Wir fordern den Bundesrat auf, folgende Fragen zu beantworten:

1. Ist er bereit, die Prämienverbilligungsgelder kurzfristig so zu erhöhen, dass die Prämienerhöhung die Teuerung nicht übersteigt?

2. Ist er bereit, das System der Prämienverbilligung grundsätzlich auf seine Wirkung der Entlastung auch mittlerer Einkommen zu überprüfen? Ist er bereit, insbesondere einen Systemwechsel auf einkommensabhängige Prämien oder eine gezielte Entlastung von Familien durch Abschaffung der Kinderprämien zu prüfen?

3. Es gibt Handlungsbedarf bei der Verbesserung der Aufsichtsfunktion über die Krankenkassen. Ist er bereit, diesen wahrzunehmen? Wenn ja, in welcher Form? Wenn nein, warum nicht?

4. Ist er bereit, die Krankenkassen, die Vermögenswerte in Milliardenhöhe verwalten, in einem der wichtigsten öffentlich subventionierten Bereiche, der Finanzmarktaufsicht zu unterstellen?

5. Ist er bereit, die ausgewiesenen Verwaltungskosten der Krankenkassen auf ihre Korrektheit detaillierter zu prüfen und auf die Höhe der Verwaltungskosten der Suva zu begrenzen?

6. Ist er bereit, die Finanzflüsse und Quersubventionierungen innerhalb von Krankenkassen-Holdings, insbesondere hin zu ihren Billigkassen, auf ihre Rechtmässigkeit und KVG-Konformität (u. a. Risikoausgleich) zu prüfen?

7. Anerkennt er die Dringlichkeit des Problems \"Prämiensteigerung\"?

8. Welche kurzfristigen Massnahmen sieht er vor, um die von privaten Haushalten getragenen Gesundheitskosten sozialverträglich zu verteilen? Was unternimmt er, damit die Gesundheitskosten nicht weiter zuungunsten der privaten Haushalte und der Krankenkassen umverteilt werden?

9. Wie gestaltet er in Zukunft die Rahmenbedingungen für die Reservenbildung der Krankenkassen?

","affair_title",69225,"20093477_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

1. Mit dringlichen Massnahmen zur Kosteneindämmung will der Bundesrat die sich abzeichnende Prämienerhöhung für Personen in bescheidenen wirtschaftlichen Verhältnissen mildern. In seiner Botschaft vom 29. Mai 2009 zur Revision des KVG unterbreitet er dem Parlament u. a. den Vorschlag, wonach nebst der ordentlichen Erhöhung der Bundesmittel für die Verbilligung der Prämien für das Jahr 2010 zusätzliche Mittel im Umfang von 200 Millionen zur Verfügung gestellt werden sollen. Der Bundesrat erwartet, dass die Kantone ihrerseits die entsprechenden Unterstützungsmassnahmen vorsehen.

2. Mit dem heutigen Prämienverbilligungssystem werden Personen in bescheidenen wirtschaftlichen Verhältnissen gezielt entlastet. Im Jahre 2007 kamen rund 30 Prozent aller Einwohnerinnen und Einwohner der Schweiz in den Genuss von Prämienverbilligungen. In der Antwort vom 25. Februar 2009 auf die Motion der grünen Fraktion (08.3986, Krankenkassen. Prämienverbilligung) hat der Bundesrat zur Ausweitung der Prämienverbilligung Stellung genommen und festgehalten, dass das gegenwärtige Prämienverbilligungssystem erst seit dem 1. Januar 2008 in Kraft ist und dass nun Erfahrungen damit gesammelt werden müssten, bevor Änderungen in Betracht gezogen werden könnten. Dieser Auffassung schloss sich der Nationalrat am 9. März 2009 an, und sie gilt für den Bundesrat auch weiterhin.

Bezüglich der Befreiung von Kindern und jungen Erwachsenen in Ausbildung von den Krankenkassenprämien hat der Bundesrat bei der Beantwortung der Motion Maury Pasquier (09.3345, \"Familien von den Krankenkassenprämien entlasten\") sowie der Motion Leutenegger Oberholzer (08.4027, \"Entlastung der Familien mit Kindern von den Krankenkassenprämien\") bereits ablehnend Stellung genommen. Der Nationalrat hat sich am 9. März 2009 dieser Ansicht angeschlossen. Die Argumente, die von Bundesrat und Nationalrat bei der Ablehnung der Motion Leutenegger Oberholzer vorgebracht wurden, gelten weiterhin, und der Bundesrat sieht keine Veranlassung, von seiner ablehnenden Position abzuweichen.

3. Die Aufsicht des Bundesamtes für Gesundheit (BAG) über die Durchführung der sozialen Krankenversicherung und die einzelnen Krankenversicherer basiert auf folgenden drei Säulen:

a. Retrospektive Aufsicht: Diese erfolgt anhand der von den Versicherern einzureichenden Betriebsrechnungen, Bilanzen und Geschäftsberichte für das Vorjahr;

b. Aktuelle Aufsicht: Darunter fallen einerseits die Audits am Sitz des Krankenversicherers sowie andererseits die laufende Überwachung der einheitlichen Anwendung des Bundesrechts;

c. Prospektive Aufsicht: Diese umfasst die Prüfung und Genehmigung der Prämientarife nach Artikel 61 Absatz 5 KVG und Artikel 92 KVV und die Überprüfung der Versicherungsangebote auf ihre Gesetzmässigkeit.

Die wesentlichen Ziele der Aufsicht über die Krankenversicherer umfassen die Gewährleistung einer einheitlichen Anwendung der gesetzlichen Bestimmungen und die Wahrung der Solvenz der Versicherer. Nach Auffassung des Bundesrates hat sich dieses Aufsichtssystem bewährt, und er sieht keine Veranlassung, daran Änderungen vorzunehmen.

4. Bei der Krankenversicherung nach KVG handelt es sich um eine Sozialversicherung, die nach dem Ausgabenumlageverfahren finanziert ist. Das heisst, dass nicht so viele Gelder akkumuliert werden. Selbst die Pensionskassen, die im Kapitaldeckungsverfahren ungleich mehr Vermögen verwalten als die Krankenversicherer, sind als Sozialversicherer nicht der Aufsicht der Finma unterstellt. Auch die in den Jahren 2008 und 2009 zu verzeichnenden Verluste bei den Krankenversicherern sind nur zu einem kleinen Teil auf Anlageverluste zurückzuführen. Im Vergleich zu anderen Sozialversicherungen fiel der Verlust moderat aus. Der Bundesrat ist deshalb der Auffassung, dass sich die Aufsicht auch in diesem Bereich bewährt hat.

5. Das BAG als Aufsichtsbehörde überprüft regelmässig die Angemessenheit und Korrektheit der Verwaltungskosten der Krankenversicherer und schreitet bei einer ungewöhnlichen Kostenentwicklung ein. Die Verwaltungskosten der Krankenversicherer liegen seit Jahren bei rund 5 Prozent der Prämieneinnahmen. Bei der Suva, welche allerdings ein mit der Krankenversicherung nicht vergleichbares Geschäft betreibt, liegen die Verwaltungskosten deutlich über diesem Wert.

6. Die Krankenversicherer reichen dem BAG im April die Bilanz und die Erfolgsrechnung (Jahresbilanz) des Vorjahres ein. Im Rahmen der Prämiengenehmigung erhält das BAG im Juli von den Versicherern die Erfolgsrechnung für das Vorjahr, das laufende Jahr (Hochrechnung) und das folgende Jahr (Prognose). Erachtet es das BAG aufgrund dieser Zahlen als notwendig, so kann es von den einzelnen Versicherern ein monatliches Reporting verlangen. Im Rahmen seiner Aufsichtstätigkeit überprüft das BAG die korrekte Finanzierung der Krankenversicherer, die selbsttragend sein muss. Auch bei den sogenannten Tochterkassen handelt es sich um Unternehmen mit eigener Rechnungsführung und Prämienfestlegung. Die Aufsichtsbehörde genehmigt nur Prämien, die nach den Grundsätzen von Artikel 61 KVG festlegt werden. Das BAG achtet insbesondere darauf, dass im Rahmen der obligatorischen Krankenpflegeversicherung keine Quersubventionierungen (z. B. Umlagerung von Verwaltungskosten, Marketingausgaben, Vermögenserträge usw.) stattfinden, und ergreift nötigenfalls Massnahmen.

7./8. Die Kostensteigerung im Gesundheitswesen und der damit einhergehende Anstieg der Prämien der obligatorischen Krankenpflegeversicherung sind für den Bundesrat ein zentrales Thema. Angesichts der für das kommende Jahr angekündigten Prämienerhöhungen verabschiedete der Bundesrat zuhanden des Parlamentes mit Botschaft vom 29. Mai 2009 ein Paket von dringlichen Massnahmen. Diese Massnahmen visieren sowohl das Angebot an, indem die Kantone zusätzlich zur bereits bestehenden Pflicht zur Planung des stationären Spitalbereichs auch zur Steuerung der Versorgung im spitalambulanten Bereich verpflichtet werden. Auch die Nachfrage wird beeinflusst durch die Erhebung eines vom Versicherten in bar zu entrichtenden Behandlungsbeitrags und durch die Schaffung der allen Versicherten kostenlos zugänglichen Möglichkeit, sich vor einem allfälligen Arztbesuch telefonisch beraten zu lassen. Schliesslich soll der Bundesrat die Kompetenz erhalten, die Preise (Tarife) zu senken, wenn in einem bestimmten Bereich ein überdurchschnittlicher Preisanstieg zu verzeichnen ist. Die Verankerung dieser Massnahmen im Gesetz soll sicherstellen, dass der Grundsatz der Kosteneindämmung auch in Bezug auf den spitalambulanten und ambulanten Bereich wirksam wird. Der stationäre Bereich wird hier nicht einbezogen, da mit der Neuregelung der Spitalfinanzierung die erforderlichen Instrumente zur Kosteneindämmung im stationären Spitalbereich bereits vorhanden sind.

Weiter ist der Bundesrat gewillt, den bundesrätlichen Spielraum und die Entscheidmöglichkeiten des Departements zur Eindämmung der Kosten zu nutzen. Entsprechend bereitet das EDI zurzeit ein Massnahmenpaket vor, das Anpassungen auf Stufe Verordnung erforderlich machen wird. Dieses Paket ergänzt die vom EDI schon getroffenen Massnahmen (insbesondere die Revision der Analysenliste) und betrifft in erster Linie den Bereich der Medikamente.

Verschiedene Massnahmen zur Kostensenkung entziehen sich indessen dem Einfluss des Bundes. Sie liegen massgeblich in der Verantwortung der Tarifpartner. So können diese insbesondere Anpassungen bezüglich Struktur des Tarmed oder Differenzierungen der Taxpunktwerte des Tarmed vereinbaren. Sie können ebenfalls die Preise der Verbrauchsmaterialien in den Tarifverträgen vereinbaren. Der Bundesrat erwartet von den Tarifpartnern und insbesondere von den Versicherern, dass sie ihre Verantwortung hier wahrnehmen und ihren Beitrag zur Kostendämpfung leisten.

9. Die von den Versicherern unterschätzte Kostenentwicklung in den Jahren 2008 und 2009 hat dazu geführt, dass die Prämieneinnahmen die angefallenen bzw. anfallenden Kosten nicht decken. Der dadurch für die Krankenversicherer entstandene Verlust geht zulasten der Reserven. Diese werden per Ende 2009 deutlich unter die gesetzlich erforderliche Mindestgrenze von 11,5 Prozent fallen, sodass für die nächsten Jahre diesbezüglich ein Nachholbedarf besteht. Der Bundesrat prüft regelmässig, ob Anpassungen im Reservesystem nötig sind. Er ist der Meinung, dass es aufgrund der aktuellen Situation nicht angebracht erscheint, das geltende System anzupassen.

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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1576":1577,"_1593":759,"_1594":1595,"_1596":1597,"_1598":946,"_1277":519,"_1251":319,"_79":523,"_1599":526,"_1582":329,"_1600":1601,"_1602":730,"_1384":279,"_75":289,"_1579":431,"_19":299,"_77":529,"_82":309,"_1603":1056,"_1604":1190,"_1605":1226,"_1606":1190,"_1607":1608,"_1609":1190,"_1610":1611,"_1612":519,"_1613":698,"_1614":1190,"_1615":1597,"_1616":523,"_1583":398,"_1617":1618,"_1189":1190,"_1619":636,"_1202":1190,"_73":534,"_1620":1412,"_1621":1269,"_1622":1307,"_1623":1601,"_1624":1396,"_1584":339,"_1625":1388,"_1626":1190},"section_switcher",{"_1574":1575,"_1576":1577,"_1578":279,"_71":475,"_75":289,"_1579":431,"_1580":365,"_1251":319,"_82":309,"_1581":299,"_1582":329,"_1583":398,"_1584":339,"_1585":1586,"_1587":1588,"_1589":1590,"_1591":1592},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687,"_1628":1688,"_230":1689},"intro",{"_1630":1631,"_1632":1633,"_1634":1635,"_1636":1637,"_1638":1639,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643},"en",{"_1644":1679,"_1646":1680,"_1648":1681,"_1650":1682,"_1652":1683},"de",{"_1644":1674,"_1646":1675,"_1648":1676,"_1650":1677,"_1652":1678},"fr",{"_1644":1669,"_1646":1670,"_1648":1671,"_1650":1672,"_1652":1673},"it",{"_1644":1664,"_1646":1665,"_1648":1666,"_1650":1667,"_1652":1668},"es",{"_1644":1659,"_1646":1660,"_1648":1661,"_1650":1662,"_1652":1663},"pt",{"_1644":1654,"_1646":1655,"_1648":1656,"_1650":1657,"_1652":1658},"rm",{"_1644":1645,"_1646":1647,"_1648":1649,"_1650":1651,"_1652":1653},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1111,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1113,"_1760":1115,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_584":585,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780},"nav",{"_1576":1698,"_1699":1700,"_1701":634,"_1702":1703,"_1704":1705,"_1585":1586,"_1587":1588,"_1589":1590,"_1591":1592,"_1578":279,"_71":475,"_1580":365,"_1579":431,"_75":289,"_1583":398,"_1251":319,"_82":309,"_1581":299,"_1582":329,"_1584":339,"_1706":1691,"_1707":1708,"_1554":1555,"_1709":1710,"_1556":1557,"_1711":1712,"_1713":1714,"_1715":1716,"_1717":1718,"_1719":1720,"_1721":1722,"_1723":1724,"_1725":1726,"_1727":1728,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1733":1734,"_1735":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1695,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751},{"_1644":1679,"_1646":1680,"_1648":1681,"_1650":1682,"_1652":1683},{"_1690":1691,"_1692":1693,"_1694":1695,"_1696":1697},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). 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