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Die Schweiz braucht eine starke Armee, welche über einen klaren Auftrag und eine klare Strategie verfügt. Leider befindet sich das VBS zurzeit in einem besorgniserregenden Zustand. Bundesrat und Parlament müssen sich endlich mit den Fehlentwicklungen und Missständen in der Armee und im VBS auseinandersetzen und Korrekturmassnahmen vornehmen. Es stellen sich folgende Fragen:

1. Genügt die Armee den Anforderungen an den für unser Land gefährlichsten Fall der Landesverteidigung und an Bedrohungsformen wie Terrorismus usw.?

2. Wie präsentiert sich der Zustand der Logistik in Bezug auf die Einsatzfähigkeit der Armee?

3. Zurzeit werden Luftwaffe und die Armee insgesamt ad interim geführt, der Stabschef des Armeechefs ist mit Burnout seit Längerem krankgeschrieben, genauso wie der Armeesprecher. Es gibt nur noch einen Korpskommandanten (Heer), was es seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg nie gegeben hat. Kann hier wirklich von einer funktionierenden Armeeführung gesprochen werden? Wer entscheidet bei der Selektion der höheren Stabsoffiziere? Welches sind die Gründe der zahlreichen personellen Wechsel in der Armeeführung?

4. Welche Massnahmen hat der Bundesrat getroffen, um die Erkenntnisse aus der Leistungsanalyse Sicherheitspolitik von 2004 umzusetzen, und wann wurden diese Massnahmen getroffen? Wieso verweigert das VBS die Veröffentlichung des Berichtes?

5. Der Bericht zur Armeeübung \"Stabilo\" vom November 2007 sieht Mängel bei der Führungsstruktur. Was plant der Bundesrat konkret, um diese rasch zu beheben?

6. Die Verankerung der Milizarmee in der Bevölkerung schwindet. Was unternimmt er, um dem entgegenzutreten? Werden wieder vermehrt Milizoffiziere in den Generalstab befördert? Was unternimmt er, um den Wert der Offiziersausbildung für die Wirtschaft zu erhöhen? Ist er bereit, die Trennung von Führung und Ausbildung wieder rückgängig zu machen?

7. Es scheint, als wäre der Betrieb des VBS nur noch möglich, weil jährlich Hunderte von Soldaten ihren WK in den Büros leisten. Wie viele WK-Soldaten haben in welchen Bereichen und vor allem aufgrund welcher Rechtsgrundlagen in den Jahren 2006 und 2007 Dienst geleistet?

8. Wie viele und welche Bewilligungen für Auslandreisen wurden in den Jahren 2005, 2006 und 2007 für Schweizer Angehörige der Armee und für wie viele und welche Einreisen von ausländischen Militärs erteilt?

9. Wie weit geht die Kooperation mit ausländischen Truppen, speziell mit dem Europa-Kommando der US-Streitkräfte? Wie lautet das Urteil über die Kooperationsfähigkeit der Schweizer Armee seitens der Nato-Gremien und der Direktionen unter US-Führung?

","affair_title",63088,"20083468_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

1. Mit dem Entwicklungsschritt 2008-2011 hat das Parlament Massnahmen zur Anpassung der Armee an die Bedrohungen des 21. Jahrhunderts beschlossen. Der Aufbau zusätzlicher Infanterieformationen wird die Fähigkeit zum Schutz der Bevölkerung vor terroristischen Bedrohungen verbessern. Für den sogenannten gefährlichsten Fall, nämlich den mit klassischen militärischen Mitteln vorgetragenen Angriff auf die Schweiz, werden die Mittel bereitgestellt, welche der Wahrscheinlichkeit dieses Falles entsprechen. Der Erhalt eines höheren Niveaus würde einen finanziellen und materiellen Aufwand bedingen, der sich durch die heute abzeichnende Bedrohungsentwicklung in keiner Weise rechtfertigen lässt.

2. Aufgaben, Leistungen und Mittel der logistischen Leistungserbringung sind in unserer Armee derzeit im Ungleichgewicht. Darauf verweist auch die Berichterstattung gemäss Artikel 149b des Militärgesetzes. Die Umsetzung der massiven Stellenabbauvorgaben und die gleichzeitig verzögerte Einführung der informatikbasierten Logistikprozesse sowie der neuen Logistikinfrastruktur haben den Engpass zwischen Leistungsnachfrage und -erfüllung verschärft. Im November 2007 hat die Armeeführung entsprechende Optimierungsmassnahmen beauftragt. Diese umfassen partiellen Leistungsverzicht, temporäre Senkung von Qualitätsstandards sowie den vermehrten Einbezug und Einsatz der Truppe. Sie sind in Umsetzung und werden durch ein Wirkungscontrolling gesteuert.

Die materielle Verfügbarkeit im Rahmen der Grund- und Einsatzbereitschaft weist aktuell gewisse Bestandes- oder Qualitätslücken auf, welche jedoch schrittweise geschlossen werden.

Was die Leistungserbringung betrifft, konnte die logistische Unterstützung von Operationen/Einsätzen der Schweizer Armee in den vergangenen Jahren (wie Aqua, Pelo, Swisscoy, WEF, Euro 2008) ohne Ausnahme parallel zur Grundbereitschaft und Grundlast sichergestellt werden.

3. Die Handlungsfähigkeit der Armeeführung ist letztlich daran zu messen, wie die Armee ihre Aufträge erfüllt. Die Bilanz aus den zahlreichen und wichtigen Einsätzen wie beispielsweise der Grosseinsatz an der Euro 2008 zeigt, dass die Armee erfolgreich geführt ist.

Höhere Stabsoffiziere werden durch den Bundesrat ernannt. Der Chef der Armee unterbreitet dem VBS-Chef einen entsprechenden Vorschlag, welchen dieser nach entsprechender Prüfung dem Bundesrat vorlegt.

2008 wurden in der Armeeführung fünf personelle Wechsel vorgenommen. Die Gründe für das Ausscheiden des Chefs der Armee sowie des Kommandanten Luftwaffe sind bekannt. Der Kommandant Höhere Kaderausbildung entschloss sich zum Übertritt in die Privatwirtschaft. Der vormalige Chef Planungsstab, Divisionär Jakob Baumann, wurde zum Chef Armasuisse ernannt. Der ehemalige Chef der LBA, Divisionär Bläuenstein, ist per Ende Mai 2008 in den Ruhestand getreten.

4. Die Leistungsanalyse Sicherheitspolitik wurde durch den VBS-Chef in Auftrag gegeben. Es lag deshalb auch in seinem Ermessen, aus den erhaltenen Empfehlungen Massnahmen abzuleiten. Als Konsequenz aus der Leistungsanalyse wurde die Direktion für Sicherheitspolitik fast um die Hälfte reduziert. Es entspricht langjähriger Praxis des VBS, Revisionsberichte nicht zu veröffentlichen. Der hier angesprochene Bericht wurde im Übrigen der GPK anlässlich der Thematisierung der Auflösung des Inspektorates VBS zugänglich gemacht.

5. Bis Ende Jahr sollen Arbeitsweise und Struktur des Militärstrategischen Stabes verbessert werden. Weiter gehende Anpassungen von Führungsstrukturen und Führungsprozessen der Armee werden im Rahmen des Projektes \"Weiterentwicklung der Armee\" angegangen. Auch die technischen Mittel der Armeeführung sollen verbessert werden.

6. Die Behauptung, wonach die Verankerung der Milizarmee schwindet, steht im Widerspruch zu aktuellen Umfragen, die sehr grosse Zustimmung zur Milizarmee aufzeigen (vgl. z. B. die jährliche repräsentative Befragung im Bericht \"Sicherheit 2008\" der ETH Zürich). Mit der Armee XXI wurde die Altersgrenze der Militärdienstpflicht massiv gesenkt. Dies hat zur Folge, dass ab dem 34. Altersjahr lediglich ein kleiner Teil unserer Bevölkerung überhaupt noch Militärdienst leistet. Für die aus der Wehrpflicht entlassenen Personen hat somit auch das Thema \"Militär\" nicht mehr den gleichen Stellenwert wie für einen aktiven Soldaten. Davon kann jedoch nicht auf die gesamtheitliche Verankerung der Miliz in unserer Bevölkerung geschlossen werden.

Die Frage nach dem Milizanteil unter Generalstabsoffizieren wurde bereits im Rahmen der Interpellation Miesch 08.3076, \"Miliz verabschiedet sich aus den Generalstabslehrgängen\", beantwortet.

Die Führungsausbildung wird dort, wo das militärisch sinnvoll ist, ständig an die Praxis und die modernen Bedürfnisse der Wirtschaft angepasst. Im Rahmen der höheren Kaderausbildung finden in Luzern gemeinsame Führungskurse mit Vertretern aus Wirtschaft und Militär statt. Die Kontakte mit der Wirtschaft sind sehr produktiv und werden in Zukunft intensiviert. Offiziersanwärter haben die Möglichkeit, während des Militärdienstes das von der Schweizerischen Vereinigung für Führungsausbildung (SVF) anerkannte Zertifikat Leadership I zu erwerben.

Mit den Anpassungen im Ausbildungsmodell XXI/2008 bestreiten die Milizkader wieder den grössten Teil der Ausbildung. Das hat vor allem positive Auswirkungen auf ihre praktische Erfahrung.

7. Nur durch den Einsatz von entsprechenden militärisch oder beruflich ausgebildeten Angehörigen der Armee können gewisse Ausbildungsunterstützungen, Unterhalts- und Betriebsarbeiten und weitere logistische Leistungen zugunsten der Truppe überhaupt sichergestellt werden. Hierfür bestehen die Gefässe von Ausbildung und Support (Betriebsdetachemente) sowie Angehörige der Armee, die ihren ordentlichen Dienst nicht mit ihrer Einteilungsformation erfüllen können.

In Artikel 15a der Verordnung über die Militärdienstpflicht wird klar definiert, unter welchen Bedingungen Dienstleistungen gemäss Artikel 59 des Militärgesetzes in Schulen, Kursen sowie in der Militärverwaltung erfolgen dürfen.

Im Jahre 2006 leisteten 33 418 Angehörige der Armee aus den Gefässen Ausbildung und Support in den Bereichen Verwaltung (Büro), Ausbildungsunterstützung, Unterhalt und Betrieb sowie Logistik Dienst. Im Jahre 2007 waren es 34 340 Angehörige.

8. In den zur Frage stehenden Jahren fanden auf bilateraler Ebene jeweils rund 1000 Auslandkontakte statt. Diese dienten vorab der militärischen Aus- und Weiterbildung. Reiseziele waren vor allem Deutschland, Frankreich, Österreich, Italien und die USA. Im gleichen Zeitraum empfing die Schweizer Armee pro Jahr rund 250 ausländische Besuche vor allem aus den Nachbarstaaten. Diese Besuche dienten mehrheitlich der militärischen Aus- und Weiterbildung.

Auf multilateraler Ebene nahmen im gleichen Zeitraum jährlich jeweils rund 350 Angehörige der Schweizer Armee an rund 250 PfP-Aktivitäten im Ausland teil. Über diese Tätigkeiten wurde dem Parlament im Rahmen der Jahresberichte PfP jeweils Bericht erstattet. In der gleichen Zeitperiode nahmen auf Einladung der Schweiz an den in der Schweiz angebotenen PfP-Ausbildungskursen jeweils rund 450 Teilnehmer aus den EAPC/PfP-Kooperationsstaaten teil.

9. Die Schweizer Armee arbeitet mit ausländischen Streitkräften im Rahmen gemeinsamer Friedensförderungseinsätze unter Uno- oder OSZE-Mandat zusammen. Des Weiteren bestehen Kooperationen im Ausbildungsbereich, die durch eine besondere Weisung des VBS-Chefs vom 1. Dezember 2003 geregelt sind (MilAZA). Das Schwergewicht dieser Ausbildungszusammenarbeit findet bilateral sowie im Rahmen der Partnerschaft für den Frieden statt. Dabei geht die Schweizer Armee ausschliesslich Abmachungen ein, welche die rechtliche Statusfrage der Beteiligten, Präzisierungen zu Ausbildungsinhalten sowie Abgeltungsmodalitäten regeln. Mit dem Europa-Kommando der US-Streitkräfte (Useucom) findet einmal pro Jahr ein Gedankenaustausch statt. Weiter gehende Kooperationen oder Vereinbarungen bestehen keine. Im Übrigen gelten die Aussagen der Beantwortung der Interpellation Baumann 07.3907 zum Thema Useucom. Wie die Nato die Zusammenarbeit mit der Schweiz beurteilt, sollte direkt bei der Nato erfragt werden.

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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1576":1577,"_1593":759,"_1594":1595,"_1596":1597,"_1598":946,"_1277":519,"_1251":319,"_79":523,"_1599":526,"_1582":329,"_1600":1601,"_1602":730,"_1384":279,"_75":289,"_1579":431,"_19":299,"_77":529,"_82":309,"_1603":1056,"_1604":1190,"_1605":1226,"_1606":1190,"_1607":1608,"_1609":1190,"_1610":1611,"_1612":519,"_1613":698,"_1614":1190,"_1615":1597,"_1616":523,"_1583":398,"_1617":1618,"_1189":1190,"_1619":636,"_1202":1190,"_73":534,"_1620":1412,"_1621":1269,"_1622":1307,"_1623":1601,"_1624":1396,"_1584":339,"_1625":1388,"_1626":1190},"section_switcher",{"_1574":1575,"_1576":1577,"_1578":279,"_71":475,"_75":289,"_1579":431,"_1580":365,"_1251":319,"_82":309,"_1581":299,"_1582":329,"_1583":398,"_1584":339,"_1585":1586,"_1587":1588,"_1589":1590,"_1591":1592},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687,"_1628":1688,"_230":1689},"intro",{"_1630":1631,"_1632":1633,"_1634":1635,"_1636":1637,"_1638":1639,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643},"en",{"_1644":1679,"_1646":1680,"_1648":1681,"_1650":1682,"_1652":1683},"de",{"_1644":1674,"_1646":1675,"_1648":1676,"_1650":1677,"_1652":1678},"fr",{"_1644":1669,"_1646":1670,"_1648":1671,"_1650":1672,"_1652":1673},"it",{"_1644":1664,"_1646":1665,"_1648":1666,"_1650":1667,"_1652":1668},"es",{"_1644":1659,"_1646":1660,"_1648":1661,"_1650":1662,"_1652":1663},"pt",{"_1644":1654,"_1646":1655,"_1648":1656,"_1650":1657,"_1652":1658},"rm",{"_1644":1645,"_1646":1647,"_1648":1649,"_1650":1651,"_1652":1653},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1111,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1113,"_1760":1115,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_584":585,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780},"nav",{"_1576":1698,"_1699":1700,"_1701":634,"_1702":1703,"_1704":1705,"_1585":1586,"_1587":1588,"_1589":1590,"_1591":1592,"_1578":279,"_71":475,"_1580":365,"_1579":431,"_75":289,"_1583":398,"_1251":319,"_82":309,"_1581":299,"_1582":329,"_1584":339,"_1706":1691,"_1707":1708,"_1554":1555,"_1709":1710,"_1556":1557,"_1711":1712,"_1713":1714,"_1715":1716,"_1717":1718,"_1719":1720,"_1721":1722,"_1723":1724,"_1725":1726,"_1727":1728,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1733":1734,"_1735":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1695,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751},{"_1644":1679,"_1646":1680,"_1648":1681,"_1650":1682,"_1652":1683},{"_1690":1691,"_1692":1693,"_1694":1695,"_1696":1697},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). 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