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Am 7. September 2007 haben die Rektoren und Präsidenten der Schweizer Universitäten und ETH (Crus) die folgenden Artikel des AuG zurückgewiesen: Artikel 27 Absatz 1 Buchstabe d, der besagt, dass Ausländerinnen und Ausländer aus Nicht-EU/Efta-Staaten für eine Aus- oder Weiterbildung zugelassen werden können, wenn \"die Wiederausreise (nach Studienabschluss) gesichert erscheint\", sowie Artikel 30 Absatz 1 Buchstabe i, der Abweichungen von den allgemeinen Zulassungsvoraussetzungen vorsieht für Personen mit einem Schweizer Hochschulabschluss, wenn ihre Erwerbstätigkeit \"von hohem wissenschaftlichem Interesse ist\".

Diese Bestimmungen passen nicht in das Gesamtbild: Der Bundesrat möchte die Einstellung von spezialisierten Arbeitskräften aus Nicht-EU/Efta-Staaten, die ihre Ausbildung bereits in ihrem Land abgeschlossen haben, begünstigen. Die betreffenden ausländischen Studienabgängerinnen und -abgänger entsprechen zudem den Kriterien des AuG, die eine Abweichung von den Zulassungsvoraussetzungen erlauben. Das Gesetz (Art. 23 Abs. 2 AuG) sieht Folgendes vor: \"Bei der Erteilung von Aufenthaltsbewilligungen müssen zusätzlich die berufliche Qualifikation, die berufliche und soziale Anpassungsfähigkeit, die Sprachkenntnisse und das Alter eine nachhaltige Integration in den schweizerischen Arbeitsmarkt und das gesellschaftliche Umfeld erwarten lassen.\"

Der Kanton Genf wird demnächst mittels einer von Grossrat Guillaume Barazzone angeregten Standesinitiative die Bundesversammlung beauftragen, für alle ausländischen Studienabgängerinnen und -abgänger, die in der Schweiz einen Master- oder einen Doktortitel erhalten haben, eine einjährige Aufenthaltsbewilligung einzuführen. Diese Personen könnten dann eine Stelle suchen und eine Erwerbstätigkeit ausüben oder an Forschungsprogrammen teilnehmen.

Das aktuelle Gesetz hat für Bund und Kantone beachtliche negative Folgen:

- Sie können nicht von der Fachkompetenz der Studierenden, die sie ausgebildet haben, profitieren. Diese können ihre Fachkenntnisse nicht zum Vorteil der schweizerischen Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft einsetzen.

- Sie erleiden grosse finanzielle Verluste, da die Ausbildung von hochqualifizierten Spezialistinnen und Spezialisten mehrere Zehntausend Millionen Franken kostet, die sozusagen verloren sind, wenn die Spezialistinnen und Spezialisten die Schweiz nach Abschluss ihres Studiums verlassen.

Die Fachkompetenzen der ausländischen Studienabgängerinnen und -abgänger sind für die Schweizer Wirtschaft, Forschung und Innovation äusserst stimulierend. Sie garantieren zudem auch die hohe Qualität des Bildungswesens und der universitären Forschung in der Schweiz.

Der Konkurrenzkampf um Wissen und Kreativität ist heutzutage weltweit im Gange. Davon zeugen die Schritte, welche die USA, England und Kanada unternehmen, um ausländische Absolventinnen und Absolventen im Land zu behalten. Die Schweiz darf sich diesem weltweiten Trend nicht entgegenstellen.

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Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, eine Vorlage auszuarbeiten, die:

- Artikel 27 Absatz 1 Buchstabe d des Bundesgesetzes über die Ausländerinnen und Ausländer (AuG) vom 16. Dezember 2005 aufhebt;

- eine neue Bestimmung vorsieht, wonach Ausländerinnen und Ausländer, die in der Schweiz einen Master- oder einen Doktortitel erlangt haben, eine Aufenthaltsbewilligung erhalten.

",58987,"20073782_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Herr Nationalrat Barthassat möchte mit seinem Vorstoss sinngemäss allen ausländischen Studienabsolventen mit einem in der Schweiz erworbenen Mastertitel oder Doktorat nach dem Studium automatisch einen Aufenthalt gewährleisten. Das neue Gesetz sei widersprüchlich. Einerseits rekrutiere man Spezialisten. Andererseits trage die Öffentlichkeit Kosten, weil die in der Schweiz ausgebildeten Personen unser Land nach dem Studium wieder verlassen müssten. Er beantragt dem Bundesrat deshalb eine Änderung des neuen Ausländergesetzes, das am 1. Januar 2008 in Kraft getreten ist.

Vorstösse mit ähnlicher Stossrichtung wurden wiederholt eingereicht, vor allem während konjunkturstarken Phasen (Motion Neirynck 00.3039, Postulat Neirynck 02.3263, Motion Neirynck 03.3205, Interpellation Berberat 06.3652).

Bei der Beratung des neuen Ausländergesetzes haben die vorberatenden Kommissionen und das Parlament diese Thematik ebenfalls aufgenommen und vertieft geprüft. Sie sind zum Ergebnis gelangt, dass Studienabsolventen aus Drittstaaten beim Zugang zum schweizerischen Arbeitsmarkt unter gewissen Bedingungen begünstigt werden sollten. Dieses Anliegen wurde aufgenommen.

Das Ausländergesetz ermöglicht eine erleichterte Erteilung von Aufenthaltsbewilligungen an Hochschulabsolventen aus Drittstaaten, wenn die Erwerbstätigkeit von besonderem wissenschaftlichem oder wirtschaftlichem Interesse ist (z. B. Grundlagenforschung oder Anwendung neuer Technologien; Artikel 30 Absatz 1 Buchstabe i in Verbindung mit g AuG). Der Gesetzgeber verzichtete jedoch auf die Einführung eines automatischen Aufenthaltsanspruchs für Drittstaatsangehörige nach dem Studienabschluss. Die in Artikel 27 Absatz 1 Buchstabe d AuG geforderte Verpflichtung zur Wiederausreise nach beendigtem Studium zeitigt keine Wirkungen auf die Möglichkeit für Hochschulabsolventen und Arbeitgeber bezüglich Einreichung und Beurteilung eines Gesuches um erleichterte Zulassung nach dem Studium.

Die Studienabsolventen werden beim Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt massgeblich bevorzugt, da sie dem Vorrang der Inländer nicht mehr unterstehen. Die übrigen Zulassungsvoraussetzungen (v. a. Sprachkenntnisse, Integrationsfähigkeit) werden nach ihrer Ausbildung in der Schweiz normalerweise erfüllt. Liegt das Gesuch eines Arbeitgebers vor, müssen sie das Land nicht mehr verlassen und können ihr Wissen in den Dienst der schweizerischen Volkswirtschaft stellen; die Kantone geben in aller Regel eine Kontingentszustimmung. Dies gilt zurzeit namentlich für zahlreiche Maschinen-, Elektro- und Informatikingenieure, Physiker, Biologen, Chemiker, Wirtschaftsprüfer oder Ökonomen für das Banken- und Finanzwesen. Gemäss Bundesamt für Statistik (BFS 2007) waren 67 Prozent der zur Ausbildung in die Schweiz eingereisten Ausländerinnen und Ausländer nach ihrer Promotion hier auch erwerbstätig. Sie bilden ohne Zweifel einen wichtigen Teil des schweizerischen Wirtschafts- und Hochschulsystems.

Die erleichterte Zulassung bedeutet aber zugleich, dass ausländische Hochschulabsolventen auch zahlreiche Schweizerinnen und Schweizer konkurrenzieren. Im Jahre 2004 waren insgesamt 11 340 Hochschulabsolventen arbeitslos (7,4 Prozent aller Arbeitslosen), 2006 waren es 10 027 (7,6 Prozent) und im November 2007 immer noch 8537 (8,1 Prozent) - dies trotz guter Konjunkturentwicklung und einem markanten Rückgang der Arbeitslosigkeit. Würden alle ausländischen Studienabsolventen automatisch eine Aufenthaltsbewilligung erhalten, wäre mit erhöhter Arbeitslosigkeit zu rechnen. Die dadurch entstehenden Kosten wären bei der Prüfung der vorliegenden Motion ebenfalls zu berücksichtigen.

Die Nachfrage des Arbeitsmarkts richtet sich nicht nach der Zahl der Hochschulabsolventen oder gar nach dem Ausbildungsangebot der Hochschulen und Universitäten. Absolventen gewisser Studiengänge tun sich bereits heute schwer beim Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt. Das BFS stellte 2006 fest, dass 42 Prozent der Absolventen in den Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften ein Jahr nach Studienabschluss immer noch oder wieder auf Stellensuche waren oder aber eine unterqualifizierte Erwerbstätigkeit ausübten, für die kein Hochschulabschluss verlangt wurde. Umgekehrt besteht insbesondere bei den Naturwissenschaften ein grosser Bedarf an gut qualifizierten Arbeitskräften, den die schweizerischen Hochschulen offensichtlich nicht abdecken können.

Der Bedarf an hochqualifizierten Arbeitskräften richtet sich nach arbeitsmarktlichen und wirtschaftlichen Kriterien; er kann sich schnell verändern. Das neue Gesetz bietet hierzu ein kontrolliertes, nachfrageorientiertes Zulassungsinstrument. Es ermöglicht eine Optimierung zwischen Angebot und Nachfrage und kann auch dem konjunkturellen Wandel rasch und flexibel Rechnung tragen. Der Gesetzgeber hatte deshalb im neuen Ausländergesetz einen Anspruch auf eine Aufenthaltsbewilligung für Drittstaatsangehörige nach Studienabschluss abgelehnt. Mit der automatischen Erteilung einer Aufenthaltsbewilligung würde ihnen ein Recht zum Verbleib gegeben, auch wenn sie auf dem Arbeitsmarkt nicht nachgefragt und arbeitslos würden. Sie könnten in der Schweiz verbleiben, ohne dass sie sich der Konkurrenz auf dem Arbeitsmarkt hätten stellen müssen. Dies liegt nicht im Interesse der schweizerischen Volkswirtschaft.

Ausländerinnen und Ausländer aus EU- und Efta-Staaten, mit denen ein Freizügigkeitsabkommen besteht, haben nach dem Abschluss des Studiums in der Schweiz ein eigenständiges Aufenthaltsrecht, wenn sie eine Arbeitsstelle finden oder über genügend finanzielle Mittel verfügen. Vorbehalten bleiben die mit einigen Vertragsstaaten noch bestehenden Übergangsfristen.

Der Bundesrat beantragt die Ablehnung der Motion.",58986,"20073782_1","Titel des 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members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1610":1611,"_1627":793,"_1628":1629,"_1630":1631,"_1632":980,"_1311":553,"_1285":353,"_78":557,"_1633":560,"_1616":363,"_1634":1635,"_1636":764,"_1418":313,"_74":323,"_1613":465,"_19":333,"_76":563,"_81":343,"_1637":1090,"_1638":1224,"_1639":1260,"_1640":1224,"_1641":1642,"_1643":1224,"_1644":1645,"_1646":553,"_1647":732,"_1648":1224,"_1649":1631,"_1650":557,"_1617":432,"_1651":1652,"_1223":1224,"_1653":670,"_1236":1224,"_72":568,"_1654":1446,"_1655":1303,"_1656":1341,"_1657":1635,"_1658":1430,"_1618":373,"_1659":1422,"_1660":1224},"section_switcher",{"_1608":1609,"_1610":1611,"_1612":313,"_70":509,"_74":323,"_1613":465,"_1614":399,"_1285":353,"_81":343,"_1615":333,"_1616":363,"_1617":432,"_1618":373,"_1619":1620,"_1621":1622,"_1623":1624,"_1625":1626},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1718":1719,"_1720":1721,"_1662":1722,"_264":1723},"intro",{"_1664":1665,"_1666":1667,"_1668":1669,"_1670":1671,"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677},"en",{"_1678":1713,"_1680":1714,"_1682":1715,"_1684":1716,"_1686":1717},"de",{"_1678":1708,"_1680":1709,"_1682":1710,"_1684":1711,"_1686":1712},"fr",{"_1678":1703,"_1680":1704,"_1682":1705,"_1684":1706,"_1686":1707},"it",{"_1678":1698,"_1680":1699,"_1682":1700,"_1684":1701,"_1686":1702},"es",{"_1678":1693,"_1680":1694,"_1682":1695,"_1684":1696,"_1686":1697},"pt",{"_1678":1688,"_1680":1689,"_1682":1690,"_1684":1691,"_1686":1692},"rm",{"_1678":1679,"_1680":1681,"_1682":1683,"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1145,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1147,"_1794":1149,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_618":619,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1814},"nav",{"_1610":1732,"_1733":1734,"_1735":668,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1619":1620,"_1621":1622,"_1623":1624,"_1625":1626,"_1612":313,"_70":509,"_1614":399,"_1613":465,"_74":323,"_1617":432,"_1285":353,"_81":343,"_1615":333,"_1616":363,"_1618":373,"_1740":1725,"_1741":1742,"_1588":1589,"_1743":1744,"_1590":1591,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1729,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785},{"_1678":1713,"_1680":1714,"_1682":1715,"_1684":1716,"_1686":1717},{"_1724":1725,"_1726":1727,"_1728":1729,"_1730":1731},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). 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