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Unsere Aussenpolitik muss die schweizerischen Interessen gegenüber und in Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Staaten mit Nachdruck wahren. Angesichts beschränkter Ressourcen müssen dabei Prioritäten und Schwerpunkte gesetzt werden. Unsere aussenpolitischen und aussenwirtschaftlichen Hauptinteressen liegen eindeutig in Europa, insbesondere bei unserem nördlichen Nachbarn Deutschland.

Gerade dieses Verhältnis gibt in den letzten Monaten zu grösster Sorge Anlass. Die bilateralen Beziehungen waren seit Jahrzehnten nicht mehr von solch grossen Problemen und Differenzen belastet wie heute, angefangen beim erschwerten Marktzugang für Schweizer Banken in Deutschland durch neue Vorschriften der deutschen Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht bis hin zum Dauerproblem der Anflugrouten zum Flughafen Zürich. Kommt hinzu, dass Deutschland nicht mehr wie früher unser bester Fürsprecher bei der EU ist, sondern auch über Brüssel den Druck auf die Schweiz zu erhöhen versucht.

In ähnlicher Weise geben die vielfachen Differenzen mit der EU zu grösster Sorge Anlass. Die Probleme sind bekannt: Verhandlungen zu den \"Bilateralen II\" (Besteuerung von Zinserträgen, Schengen), EU-Zölle auf Re-Exporte, Transitverkehr, Luftverkehr. Die Schweiz ist in all den genannten Punkten politisch und wirtschaftlich unter Druck - und der Bundesrat agiert in dieser komplexen Situation ohne Konzept und Schwerpunktbildung.

Anstatt den Dialog mit dem wichtigsten Nachbarn Deutschland als Triebfeder hinter vielen Entwicklungen in der EU zu suchen, tourt Bundesrätin Calmy-Rey durch Afrika nach Mozambique. Anstatt die Führung in diesen überlebenswichtigen Fragen zu übernehmen und durch eine verstärkte Koordination zwischen Aussen- und Aussenwirtschaftspolitik unsere wirtschaftlichen Interessen in Europa durchzusetzen und für die Erhaltung unseres Wohlstandes zu kämpfen, tourt Bundespräsident und Wirtschaftsminister Deiss auf Vortrags- und Interviewtour durch die Schweiz und verbringt seine Zeit mit Nebensächlichem, z. B. der Verteilung des Schweizer Qualitätspreises Esprix für Business Excellence an die Suva.

Der Bundesrat und die Diplomatie scheinen wie in früheren Krisenlagen (Auseinandersetzung Schweiz-Zweiter Weltkrieg, Swissair) die Zeichen der Zeit zu verschlafen. Dringend Not täte die Entwicklung einer Gesamtstrategie durch den Bundesrat, welche die erwähnten Probleme einer umfassenden Lösung zuführt. Da Deutschland dabei eine zentrale Rolle spielt, ist vor allem gegenüber unserem nördlichen Nachbarn ein Konzept und eine Verhandlungsstrategie zu entwickeln, welche die verschiedenen Konflikte miteinander verknüpft und einer Gesamtlösung zuführt. Dabei ist vom Bundesrat Konzentration und Führung gefragt. Diese kann durch die Schaffung einer speziellen Bundesratsdelegation für diese Fragen geschaffen werden.

Beunruhigt über die aktuelle Entwicklung bitte ich den Bundesrat um Beantwortung folgender Fragen:

1. Teilt er die Einschätzung, dass unser Verhältnis zu Deutschland und zur EU durch Probleme belastet ist, die für die Schweiz und ihre Wirtschaft dramatische Folgen haben könnten, wenn sie nicht gelöst werden?

2. Welche Konsequenzen zieht er aus dieser Beurteilung? Ist er bereit, in seiner Aussen- und Aussenwirtschaftspolitik Schwergewichte zu bilden und sich auf die erkannten Probleme mit Deutschland und der EU zu konzentrieren?

3. Welchen Stellenwert räumt er insbesondere den Beziehungen zu Deutschland ein? Wie wird das aktuelle Verhältnis zu Deutschland eingeschätzt? Welche konkreten Massnahmen sind geplant, um das Verhältnis zu verbessern und unsere Interessen zu wahren?

4. Ist er bereit, gegenüber Deutschland und der EU Gegenmassnahmen anzudrohen und allenfalls zu ergreifen? Hat er bereits eine Analyse von möglichen Massnahmen vorgenommen?

5. Ist er bereit, angesichts der für unsere Wirtschaft eminenten Probleme mit der EU und dabei auch mit Deutschland die Bildung einer besonderen Bundesratsdelegation und die Entwicklung einer Strategie zur ganzheitlichen Problemlösung zu bilden?

6. Ist er weiter bereit, bei den anstehenden Gesprächen mit der EU und Deutschland darauf hinzuweisen, dass diese aus dem Zugang zur Schweizer Verkehrsinfrastruktur und zum Finanzplatz Schweiz erheblichen wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Nutzen ziehen und dass Nachbarschaft in einem Geben und Nehmen besteht?

7. Warum enthält der Bericht über die Legislaturplanung 2003-2007 keine Handlungshinweise bezüglich der spezifischen bilateralen Herausforderungen im Verhältnis zu Deutschland?

8. Welchen Grund hat es, dass der Aussenwirtschaftspolitik im bundesrätlichen Massnahmenpaket für mehr Wirtschaftswachstum kaum Platz eingeräumt wurde?

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1./3. Bedeutung der schweizerisch-deutschen Beziehungen

In ihrer Gesamtheit sind die Beziehungen zwischen der Schweiz und Deutschland gut und eng. Deutschland ist ein eminent wichtiger Partner der Schweiz, die Vernetzung und Intensität der Beziehungen in allen Bereichen ist von überragender Bedeutung. Gegen 70 000 Schweizerinnen und Schweizer in Deutschland sowie 125 000 deutsche Staatsangehörige in der Schweiz prägen diesen dynamischen Austausch massgeblich mit. Über 200 bilaterale Verträge sind Zeugnis für die enge und gut funktionierende Vernetzung zwischen der Schweiz und Deutschland. Deutschland ist mit 31 Prozent unserer Einfuhren und über 20 Prozent der Schweizer Ausfuhren unser weltweit bedeutendster Wirtschaftspartner. Auf der Exportseite entsprachen im Jahre 2003 die Lieferungen in die Bundesrepublik Deutschland etwa denjenigen nach Frankreich, Italien und den Niederlanden zusammen. Die Importe aus dem Land Baden-Württemberg allein übertreffen jene aus den Vereinigten Staaten. Voraussetzung für diesen regen und vielfältigen wirtschaftlichen Austausch ist auch das Vertrauen, das die jeweiligen Handelspartner einander und den beiden Staaten entgegenbringen.

Dieses Vertrauen und das Bewusstsein über die zahlreichen gemeinsamen Interessen spiegeln sich auch in der konstruktiven Haltung Deutschlands bei den bilateralen Verhandlungen II wider. Zu Beginn der Verhandlungen hat Deutschland die Forderung der Schweiz unterstützt, neben den Dossiers Zinsbesteuerung und Betrugsbekämpfung weitere Gegenstände in die Verhandlungen aufzunehmen (Schengen/Dublin, verarbeitete Landwirtschaftsprodukte, Bildung, Umwelt, Media, Statistik, Doppelbesteuerung der Pensionen von EU-Beamten; das Dienstleistungsdossier wurde 2003 aus dem Paket ausgeklammert). Bei Schengen und der Betrugsbekämpfung hat Deutschland bei der EU mehrmals zugunsten der Schweiz interveniert. Gerade aufgrund der schweizerischen Strategie des Verhandlungsparallelismus setzt sich Deutschland dafür ein, dass eine Lösung für die offenen Fragen bei Schengen gefunden werden kann, da es ein grosses Interesse an einer raschen Unterzeichnung des Zinsbesteuerungsabkommens hat.

Offene Fragen und Probleme der bilateralen Beziehungen (auch im Kontext der EU-Mitgliedschaft Deutschlands)

Vor dem Hintergrund der gesamthaft guten Beziehungen stellen sich heute vor allem folgende Fragen und Probleme, die sich unterteilen lassen in solche bilateralen Charakters und in solche, die im Kontext der EU-Mitgliedschaft Deutschlands gesehen werden müssen:

a. Wichtigstes Problem bilateraler Natur ist die Frage der An- und Abflüge über süddeutschem Luftraum. Die von Deutschland als Konsequenz der Ablehnung des Staatsvertrages durch das Schweizer Parlament beschlossenen einseitigen Massnahmen haben für die Fluggesellschaft Swiss und den Flughafen Zürich schwerwiegende wirtschaftliche Folgen. Der Bundesrat ist der Ansicht, dass die einseitigen Massnahmen Deutschlands das Abkommen der Schweiz und der EG über den Luftverkehr (\"Bilaterale I\") verletze und hat im Dezember 2003 daher beim EuGH Klage eingereicht.

Im September 2003 hat die Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungen (BaFin) ihre Verwaltungspraxis hinsichtlich aktiv grenzüberschreitend betriebenen Bankgeschäften und/oder grenzüberschreitend erbrachten Finanzdienstleistungen aus Drittstaaten (d. h. Länder ausserhalb des EWR) verschärft und eine Erlaubnispflicht eingeführt. Die Bewilligungserteilung durch die BaFin wurde grundsätzlich von der physischen Präsenz (Niederlassung) und der Verbuchung der Geschäfte in Deutschland abhängig gemacht.

Nach Ansicht des Bundesrates ist es mit Blick auf die hohen internationalen Standards entsprechende schweizerische Finanzmarktregulierung und -aufsicht angezeigt, von der BaFin eine Regelung zu fordern, die Schweizer Anbietern den möglichst uneingeschränkten Marktzutritt gewährt.

Bundesfinanzminister Eichel zeigte anlässlich des Gesprächs mit Bundesrat Merz vom 2. April 2004 Verständnis für die schweizerischen Anliegen und stellte klar, dass keine Niederlassungs- und Verbuchungspflichten für Schweizer Anbieter vorgesehen sind. In weiteren Gesprächen wird es darum gehen, diese Lösung weiter zu konkretisieren und ein erleichtertes und möglichst unbürokratisches Verfahren für Einzelbewilligungen festzulegen, welche die gesamte Palette von Bank- und Finanzdienstleistungen umfasst.

Was die offenen Fragen der grenznachbarlichen Beziehungen resp. der \"kleinen Aussenpolitik\" betrifft, stehen die Kantone, Regionalorganisationen und federführenden Bundesstellen in direktem Kontakt mit den deutschen Partnern. Die diesbezügliche Zusammenarbeit funktioniert gut.

b. Anlässlich ihres Treffens am 23. April 2004 hat Bundeskanzler Schröder Bundespräsident Deiss zugesichert, dass die verschärften Grenzkontrollen an der deutsch-schweizerischen Grenze wieder auf ein Normalmass zurückgefahren werden.

Diese von Deutschland eingeführten Kontrollen stehen im Kontext der deutschen EU-Mitgliedschaft. Verschiedene Mitglieder der deutschen Bundesregierung haben ihr Bedauern darüber ausgedrückt, dass die Schweiz vorgängig nicht über die Praxisänderung informiert worden ist. Sowohl Bundeskanzler Schröder als auch Bundesaussenminister Fischer haben gegenüber den Bundesräten betont, dass die Massnahme in keiner Weise einen Druckversuch auf die Schweiz in Bezug auf die bilateralen Verhandlungen II darstelle.

Die von Deutschland durchgeführten Grenzkontrollen entsprechen der Vorschrift gemäss Schengen-Aussengrenzen und werden in gleicher Weise auch an anderen Schengen-Aussengrenzen angewandt. Es ist im Interesse sowohl Deutschlands als auch der Schweiz, dass in einem wirtschaftlich und kulturell so eng verflochtenen Grenzraum ein flüssiger Grenzverkehr gewährleistet ist. Die Konsequenzen der verschärften Grenzkontrollen, aber auch die Terroranschläge von Madrid im März dieses Jahres, zeigen, welch eminentes Interesse die Schweiz an einer Zusammenarbeit im Schengener Rahmen hat: einerseits im Interesse der effizienten Terror- und Verbrechensbekämpfung, andererseits um negative Auswirkungen von Entscheidungen der EU bezüglich Grenzkontrollen zu verhindern.

Die von der EU angekündigte - und nach einer Intervention in Brüssel vorderhand suspendierte - Einführung von Drittlandzöllen auf Re-Exporte hat nicht nur negative wirtschaftliche Auswirkungen auf die Schweiz, sondern auch auf die EU, insbesondere auf Deutschland und die anderen umliegenden EU-Mitgliedstaaten. Deutschland unterstützt die Schweiz in dieser Angelegenheit in Brüssel.

Ausgestaltung der bilateralen Beziehungen Schweiz-Deutschland

Die strategische Prämisse der Schweiz gegenüber Deutschland ist im Aussenpolitischen Bericht 2000 festgehalten, gemäss dem den gesamthaften Beziehungen zu unseren Nachbarländern \"eine ausschlaggebende Bedeutung\" zukommen muss. Wie in der Antwort vom 27. August 2003 auf die Interpellation Bührer 03.3230, \"Gestaltung der deutsch-schweizerischen Beziehungen\" detailliert ausgeführt, hat es sich der Bundesrat in Übereinstimmung mit dieser strategischen Linie zur Aufgabe gemacht, der ausserordentlichen Bedeutung Deutschlands Rechnung zu tragen, indem er die vertraglichen Rahmenbedingungen stetig weiterentwickelt und die institutionelle Präsenz der Schweiz in Deutschland ausbaut.

Um Lösungen für die bilateralen Probleme zu finden, aber auch um gemeinsame Interessen zu identifizieren und mögliche Missverständnisse zu verhindern, sollen die formellen und informellen Kontakte auf allen Ebenen weiter ausgebaut werden. Im laufenden Jahr haben auf Ministerebene bereits zahlreiche Treffen mit Deutschland stattgefunden oder sind in nächster Zukunft geplant: Bundesrätin Calmy-Rey und Bundesaussenminister Fischer am 24. März in Bern, Bundesrat Merz und Bundesfinanzminister Eichel am 2. April in Berlin, Bundespräsident Deiss und Bundeskanzler Schröder am 23. April 2004 in Berlin.

Bundesrat Leuenberger hatte für Fragen des Luftverkehrs neben direkten Kontakten zu Bundeskanzler Schröder zahlreiche Treffen mit Bundesverkehrsminister Stolpe. Wegen des Nagra-Projektes in Benken (ZH) traf er sich mit Bundesumweltminister Trittin.

Ein Treffen zwischen Bundesrat Blocher und Bundesjustizministerin Zypries sowie Bundesinnenminister Schily ist in Planung. Anlässlich ihres Treffens in Bern vom 24. März kamen Bundesrätin Calmy-Rey und der deutsche Bundesaussenminister Fischer überein, die existierenden Konsultationsmechanismen zwischen den beiden Ländern weiter zu stärken. Sie beschlossen, die Frequenz ihrer Treffen und Kontakte zu erhöhen. Zudem sollen sich auch deutsche und schweizerische Beamte beider Aussenministerien im Sinne einer Kontaktgruppe regelmässig zu Gesprächen treffen.

4. Retorsionsmassnahmen wären in jedem Fall nur als allerletztes Mittel in Erwägung zu ziehen. Es wäre überdies genau zu prüfen, ob solche Massnahmen nicht den schweizerischen Interessen zuwiderliefen. Bei dieser Prüfung wäre eine klare Interessenabwägung vorzunehmen. Insbesondere wäre die Wahrscheinlichkeit möglicher Gegenmassnahmen abzuschätzen.

5. Die Politik des Bundesrates gegenüber der EU ist im \"Integrationsbericht 1999\", im Aussenpolitischen Bericht 2000, im Bericht über die \"Aussenwirtschaftspolitik 2003\" sowie im \"Bericht über die Legislaturplanung 2003-2007\" festgehalten. Was die \"Bilateralen II\" betrifft, hat der Bundesrat anlässlich seiner Klausursitzung vom 31. März 2004 die Strategie des Parallelismus bei den Dossiers Betrugsbekämpfung, Schengen/Dublin und Zinsbesteuerung sowie das entsprechende Verhandlungsmandat erneut bestätigt. Der Bundesrat strebt baldmöglichst ein Treffen mit der EU auf höchster politischer Ebene an (Bundespräsident, EU-Ratspräsident, EU-Kommissionspräsident), um die offenen Fragen mit der EU zu lösen.

Die Qualität der deutsch-schweizerischen Beziehungen rechtfertigt die Bildung einer besonderen Bundesratsdelegation nicht.

6. Der Bundesrat weist bei seinen Kontakten mit Vertretern der EU bzw. mit Ministern von EU-Mitgliedstaaten regelmässig auf den substanziellen Beitrag hin, den die Schweiz für den Wohlstand und die Sicherheit in Europa geleistet hat und immer noch leistet. Beispiele für das Engagement der Schweiz für Europa ist der Bau der Alpentransversale Neat, für den die Schweiz über 15 Milliarden Franken investiert, oder auch die finanzielle Unterstützung der Transformationsprozesse im Osten und Südosten Europas (zwischen 1991 und 2001 etwa 2,5 Milliarden Franken).

Die EU und ihre Mitgliedstaaten anerkennen diese Leistungen der Schweiz. Deutschland, und besonders die Region Südbaden, ist sich bewusst, welch wichtigen Beitrag die Schweiz namentlich für die Vernetzung der europäischen Verkehrsinfrastruktur leistet.

7. Die Pflege der bilateralen Beziehungen mit unseren Nachbarstaaten ist eine im Aussenpolitischen Bericht 2000 festgehaltene langfristige Priorität der Schweizer Aussenpolitik. Diese Prämisse findet in der Legislaturplanung 2003-2007 in verschiedenen Zielen ihren Niederschlag. Der Bundesrat verfolgt die Strategie, \"den Schweizer Unternehmen den Zugang zu den Exportmärkten für Waren und Dienstleistungen zu erleichtern und die Position der Schweizer Investoren im Ausland zu stärken\" (BBI 2004 1183). Dazu sollen neben den mulilateralen auch die bilateralen Regeln verstärkt werden. Viele der offenen Fragen der Beziehungen Schweiz-Deutschland stehen in ihrem Kern in einem Zusammenhang mit der EU-Mitgliedschaft Deutschlands (beispielsweise Grenzkontrollen). Die Legislaturplanung nennt als Ziel die Klärung und Vertiefung der Beziehungen zur Europäischen Union, namentlich den Abschluss und die Umsetzung der Bilateralen Abkommen II (BBI 2004 1179). Schliesslich anerkennt der Bundesrat die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Luftfahrt für die Schweiz und hält in seiner Legislaturplanung 2003-2007 fest, dass Verkehrsinfrastrukturen leistungsfähig erhalten, gezielt ausgebaut und europäisch vernetzt werden sollen: \"In der Luftfahrt müssen nach den Turbulenzen der vergangenen Jahre die Ziele und Instrumente der Luftfahrtpolitik neu festgelegt werden\" (BBI 2004 1104). Dies zielt auch auf eine Beilegung des Problems der An- und Abflüge über deutschem Luftraum ab.

8. Im Wachstumspaket, welches der Bundesrat am 16. Februar 2004 in die Wege leitete, wird explizit anerkannt, dass eine offene Wirtschaft ein wichtiger Wachstumsmotor ist. Verschiedene Massnahmen im Wachstumspaket tragen dem Rechnung, auch wenn sie nicht unter dem Ziel 2, \"Weitere Integration in die Weltwirtschaft\", genannt sind. Es gilt namentlich zu beachten, dass Marktöffnungen im Inland oftmals gleichzeitig die Voraussetzungen für den grenzüberschreitenden Marktzugang schaffen. So haben fast alle Massnahmen unter dem Ziel 1, \"Mehr Wettbewerb auf dem Binnenmarkt\", auch einen klaren aussenwirtschaftspolitischen Bezug.

Dies gilt namentlich für die neue Elektrizitätswirtschaftsordnung, für die \"Agrarpolitik 2011\" und für die Ermittlung des Anpassungsbedarfes an die Entwicklung in der EU auf den Dienstleistungsmärkten.

Festzuhalten ist weiter, dass das Wachstumspaket dort nicht \"Massnahmen\" ankündigen wollte, wo entsprechende staatsvertragliche Regelungen zuerst noch ausgehandelt werden müssen. Massnahmen wurden ausschliesslich dort vorgesehen, wo der Bundesrat aus eigener Initiative handeln und eine entsprechende Botschaft oder einen Bericht vorlegen kann. Deshalb ist etwa die Doha-Runde in der WTO nicht im Wachstumspaket enthalten. Dabei hat auch das multilaterale Vertragsnetz seine Bedeutung für die Beziehung zu unseren Nachbarn in Europa.

Insgesamt teilen wir die Auffassung des Interpellanten nicht, dass das Wachstumspaket die Aussenwirtschaftspolitik zu kurz kommen lässt.

Antwort des Bundesrates.",41821,"20043020_1","Titel des 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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1623":1624,"_1640":806,"_1641":1642,"_1643":1644,"_1645":993,"_1324":566,"_1298":366,"_78":570,"_1646":573,"_1629":376,"_1647":1648,"_1649":777,"_1431":326,"_74":336,"_1626":478,"_19":346,"_76":576,"_81":356,"_1650":1103,"_1651":1237,"_1652":1273,"_1653":1237,"_1654":1655,"_1656":1237,"_1657":1658,"_1659":566,"_1660":745,"_1661":1237,"_1662":1644,"_1663":570,"_1630":445,"_1664":1665,"_1236":1237,"_1666":683,"_1249":1237,"_72":581,"_1667":1459,"_1668":1316,"_1669":1354,"_1670":1648,"_1671":1443,"_1631":386,"_1672":1435,"_1673":1237},"section_switcher",{"_1621":1622,"_1623":1624,"_1625":326,"_70":522,"_74":336,"_1626":478,"_1627":412,"_1298":366,"_81":356,"_1628":346,"_1629":376,"_1630":445,"_1631":386,"_1632":1633,"_1634":1635,"_1636":1637,"_1638":1639},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1731":1732,"_1733":1734,"_1675":1735,"_277":1736},"intro",{"_1677":1678,"_1679":1680,"_1681":1682,"_1683":1684,"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690},"en",{"_1691":1726,"_1693":1727,"_1695":1728,"_1697":1729,"_1699":1730},"de",{"_1691":1721,"_1693":1722,"_1695":1723,"_1697":1724,"_1699":1725},"fr",{"_1691":1716,"_1693":1717,"_1695":1718,"_1697":1719,"_1699":1720},"it",{"_1691":1711,"_1693":1712,"_1695":1713,"_1697":1714,"_1699":1715},"es",{"_1691":1706,"_1693":1707,"_1695":1708,"_1697":1709,"_1699":1710},"pt",{"_1691":1701,"_1693":1702,"_1695":1703,"_1697":1704,"_1699":1705},"rm",{"_1691":1692,"_1693":1694,"_1695":1696,"_1697":1698,"_1699":1700},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. 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Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1158,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1160,"_1807":1162,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1811,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1815,"_1816":1817,"_631":632,"_1818":1819,"_1820":1821,"_1822":1823,"_1824":1825,"_1826":1827},"nav",{"_1623":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":681,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1632":1633,"_1634":1635,"_1636":1637,"_1638":1639,"_1625":326,"_70":522,"_1627":412,"_1626":478,"_74":336,"_1630":445,"_1298":366,"_81":356,"_1628":346,"_1629":376,"_1631":386,"_1753":1738,"_1754":1755,"_1601":1602,"_1756":1757,"_1603":1604,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1742,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1798},{"_1691":1726,"_1693":1727,"_1695":1728,"_1697":1729,"_1699":1730},{"_1737":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1803":1829,"_1808":1830,"_1831":211,"_1832":191,"_1833":191,"_1834":211,"_1835":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]