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Die Entmilitarisierung der inneren Sicherheit und damit die Trennung von Armee- und Polizeiaufgaben ist eine Errungenschaft des demokratischen Rechtsstaates. Die Remilitarisierung der inneren Sicherheit, insbesondere die Schaffung eines Sicherheitsdepartementes, bedeutet bzw. bedeutete vor diesem Hintergrund einen sicherheitspolitischen Paradigmenwechsel, der auch demokratiepolitisch von erheblicher Brisanz ist. Die Versechsfachung der Diensttage für innere Einsätze innert zweier Jahren von 56 081 (2001) auf 375 007 (2003) und die Ergebnisse von Usis IV sind Anlass genug, eine grundsätzliche Diskussion über eine grundlegende Veränderung zu führen.

Zu deren Erklärung mag folgende Interviewaussage des Armeechefs Christophe Keckeis aufschlussreich sein: \"Sie dürfen nicht vergessen, dass solche Einsätze auch einen Imagegewinn für die Schweizer Armee bedeuten.\" (\"St. Galler Tagblatt\", 24. Januar 2004) Gut zu diesem Zitat passt die mit fetter Schrift hervorgehobene Bilanz im Usis-III-Bericht: \"Von 1996 bis 2001 wären ohne Lücke im zivilen Polizeisystem rund 95 Prozent aller Armeeeinsätze von der Polizei allein bzw. grundsätzlich allein zu bewältigen gewesen\" (S. 90).

Offensichtlich wird die \"polizeiliche Lücke\" als Chance gepackt, eine militärische Lücke zu füllen, die durch die unwahrscheinlich gewordene Grenzverteidigung und die schwieriger gewordenen Auslandeinsätze in jüngster Zeit gewachsen ist.

Wie gefährlich es ist, Soldaten, erst recht junge Durchdiener, in innere Einsätze zu schicken, zeigt nicht zuletzt die Geschichte unseres Landes. Es liegt zudem auf der Hand, dass die aktuelle Ausweitung der \"Assistenzdienste\" zukünftige Aufgebote für \"Ordnungsdienste\" erleichtern.

Da die Militarisierung der inneren Sicherheit teilweise finanzpolitisch begründet wird, macht es Sinn, echte Vergleichszahlen auf den Tisch zu legen. Dazu gehört bei den militärischen Truppen u. a. der Wertschöpfungsverlust, den die Wirtschaft während deren inneren Einsatzes erleidet.

","affair_title",41778,"20043007_5","Eingereichter Text","

Im Zusammenhang mit der massiven Zunahme von inneren Armee-Einsätzen möchte ich dem Bundesrat die folgenden Fragen stellen:

1. Wie bewertet und begründet er die sich beschleunigende Relativierung der demokratischen Trennung von polizeilich-ziviler und militärischer Sicherheit?

2. Wie würdigt er die liberale Gewaltenteilung zwischen Polizeilichem und Militärischem im Zusammenhang mit der Diskussion um die Schaffung eines Sicherheitsdepartementes?

3. Wie legitimiert er die allgemeine Wehrpflicht, die einen starken Eingriff in die persönliche Freiheit bedeutet, für die Erfüllung von Aufträgen, die gemäss offizieller Lesart sicherheitspolitische Lückenbüsserfunktion haben?

4. Was meint er zur Skepsis des Verbandes Schweizerischer Polizeibeamter, der sich \"im Bewusstsein des Milizcharakters\" der Armee \"äusserst beunruhigt\" zeigt, \"wenn polizeihoheitliche Funktionen\" an diese \"abgetreten werden\" (VSPB-Resolution vom 8. November 2002)?

5. Wie beurteilt er angesichts des riesigen Gefälles zwischen Polizisten und Soldaten im Ausbildungsniveau wie im Erfahrungsschatz die Gefahren von inneren Armee-Einsätzen, insbesondere beim Schusswaffengebrauch und bei der Botschaftsbewachung?

6. Wie teuer kommt beispielsweise die militärische Bewachung einer Botschaft im Vergleich zur polizeilichen zu stehen, wenn alle Kosten, auch die von Dritten getragenen extrabudgetären, einberechnet werden?

7. Wieso wurde bei Usis die Aufgabenteilung zwischen Bund und Kantonen zwecks Kostentransparenz nicht nach der Methode beim NFA-Projekt angegangen?

",41777,"20043007_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

1. Das geltende Verfassungsrecht erlaubt der Armee Einsätze in Teilbereichen der inneren Sicherheit. Artikel 58 Absatz 2 der Bundesverfassung nennt die Unterstützung der zivilen Behörden bei der Abwehr schwerwiegender Bedrohungen der inneren Sicherheit und bei der Bewältigung von ausserordentlichen Lagen ausdrücklich als Teilaufgaben der Armee und ermächtigt den Gesetzgeber, der Armee weitere Aufgaben zuzuweisen. Dieser verfassungsrechtliche Auftrag der Armee wird im Militärgesetz (Art. 1 Abs. 3 MG) dahingehend konkretisiert, dass die Armee zivile Behörden nur dann unterstützt, wenn deren Mittel bei der Bewältigung von ausserordentlichen Lagen nicht mehr ausreichen.

Mit dieser Einschränkung ist das Prinzip der Subsidiarität verbunden. Dies ergibt sich auch daraus, dass der Einsatz der Armee Sache des Bundes ist und die Ausübung der eigentlichen Polizeihoheit im Grundsatz seit jeher als originäre Kompetenz der Kantone gilt. Es trifft zu, dass die subsidiären Einsätze der Armee im Bereich der inneren Sicherheit in den letzten Jahren zugenommen haben. Den Kantonen fehlen in der Regel, das hat das Projekt Usis (Überprüfung des Systems der inneren Sicherheit der Schweiz) deutlich gemacht, die finanziellen Mittel, um dem gestiegenen Bedürfnis nach Sicherheit durch Aufstockung der Polizeikorps gerecht zu werden, was zu einem vermehrten subsidiären Engagement des Bundes geführt hat. Als eigene Ordnungskräfte stehen dem Bund grundsätzlich die Armee und das Grenzwachtkorps zur Verfügung. Die Armee-Einsätze zugunsten der inneren Sicherheit sind gesetzlich geregelt und finden ausnahmslos auf Ersuchen und unter der Verantwortung der zivilen Behörden statt. Die Zuweisung selbstständiger Kompetenzen an die Armee in diesem Bereich steht nicht zur Diskussion.

Die geltenden Regelungen auf Verfassungs- und Gesetzesstufe sind demokratisch abgestützt und die grundsätzliche Trennung zwischen polizeilich-ziviler und militärischer Sicherheit ist nicht infrage gestellt.

2. Die geltende Bundesverfassung geht von unterschiedlichen Rechtsgrundlagen für die Wahrung der inneren und äusseren Sicherheit aus. Sie folgt damit dem insbesondere im angelsächsischen Raum und in Westeuropa entwickelten rechtsstaatlichen Gedanken, dass alle Bürger Anspruch auf Schutz ihrer Grundrechte haben. Die Aktivitäten staatlicher Sicherheitsorgane gegenüber dem Individuum sind nach dieser Auffassung durch klare gesetzliche Regelungen zu umschreiben und die Überprüfung durch geeignete Rechtsmittel ist sicherzustellen. In der äusseren Sicherheit spielen diese Überlegungen naturgemäss keine vergleichbare Rolle, da hier die Sicherheitsmassnahmen jeweils gegen andere Staaten gerichtet sind. Aus diesen unterschiedlichen Aufgaben und rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen folgte eine strikte Trennung der Organisation, Ausbildung und Ausrüstung zwischen Armee und Polizei.

Seit einigen Jahren wird die Sicherheit zunehmend nicht nur durch staatliche Akteure, sondern auch durch international operierende para- und nichtstaatliche Organisationen bedroht. Daraus entstand Handlungsbedarf bei den herkömmlichen Sicherheitsstrukturen, denn der Polizei fehlen die Mittel und die Armee verfügt nicht über den rechtlichen Rahmen, die Ausbildung und die Organisation für den Einsatz ihrer Mittel gegen Private. Die Antwort auf diese Situation ist der subsidäre Armee-Einsatz zugunsten der Polizei. Dieser wird bei Vorliegen der Voraussetzungen vom EJPD und dem VBS in einem gemeinsamen Antrag dem Bundesrat zur Genehmigung unterbreitet (vgl. Art. 3 der Verordnung über den Truppeneinsatz zum Schutz von Personen und Sachen; SR 513.73).

Werden mehr als 2000 Angehörige der Armee aufgeboten oder dauert der Einsatz länger als drei Wochen, so muss das Parlament den Einsatz in der nächsten Session genehmigen (Art. 70 Abs. 2 MG). Dieses Vorgehen dient der demokratischen Kontrolle.

Die Diskussion um ein so genanntes Sicherheitsdepartement dreht sich um die Frage, ob der sich verändernden Bedrohungslage durch eine Neustrukturierung bestehender staatlicher Sicherheitsinstrumente noch besser Rechnung getragen werden kann, ohne dass verfassungsmässige und rechtsstaatliche Grundsätze oder der grundrechtliche Schutz Privater verletzt werden. Der Bundesrat hat sich zu dieser Problematik bisher noch nicht geäussert.

Mit Beschluss vom 24. März 2004 beauftragte der Bundesrat das EJPD, gemeinsam mit EFD und VBS, dem Bundesrat einen Antrag bezüglich der strukturpolitischen Pendenz aus dem Bundesratsbeschluss vom 16. April 2003 zu unterbreiten. Bis spätestens Mitte 2004 ist dem Bundesrat ein Zeitplan zur Prüfung der Unterstellung des Grenzwachtkorps bzw. des Bundessicherheitsdienstes vorzulegen.

3. Subsidiäre Einsätze der Armee zugunsten der zivilen Behörden (Sicherungseinsätze ebenso wie militärische Katastrophenhilfe) entsprechen einem ordentlichen Armeeauftrag (Art. 58 Abs. 2 der Bundesverfassung, MG, Sicherheitspolitischer Bericht 2000, Armeeleitbild XXI). Die Militärdienstpflicht begründet sich nicht nur aus diesem Auftrag, sondern vor allem aus dem Kernauftrag der Armee, der Raumsicherung und Verteidigung. Selbst wenn die Bereitschaft für den Verteidigungsfall verringert wird, bleibt die Erhaltung und Weiterentwicklung dieser Kernfähigkeiten wichtig, um sich für die langfristigen sicherheitspolitischen und militärischen Unwägbarkeiten vorzusehen. Die Armee ist gehalten, die ihr von Verfassung und Gesetz zugewiesenen Aufträge zu erfüllen; sie ist - angesichts der wiederholten Verringerungen des Verteidigungsbudgets - dazu nur in der Lage, wenn die allgemeine Militärdienstpflicht für alle männlichen Schweizer aufrecht erhalten wird.

4. Die mit der Resolution vom 8. November 2002 geäusserte Beunruhigung des Verbandes Schweizerischer Polizeibeamter gegenüber der Abtretung von polizeihoheitlichen Funktionen an die Armee trifft den Sachverhalt nicht genau. Die Armee-Einsätze zugunsten der inneren Sicherheit sind ausnahmslos subsidiär und erfolgen auf Ersuchen und unter Leitung der zivilen Behörden. Die Zuweisung selbstständiger polizeilicher Kompetenzen an die Armee steht für den Bundesrat weder heute noch in Zukunft zur Diskussion.

Der Bundesrat hat am 6. November 2002 den nach Möglichkeit verstärkten Einsatz der Armee für Grenz-, Konferenz- und Objektschutzaufgaben zur subsidiären Unterstützung der zivilen Kräfte beschlossen. Ausserdem legte er fest, dass das Grenzwachtkorps dauerhaft und verstärkt mit Mitteln des VBS unterstützt werden solle. Am 24. März 2004 hat der Bundesrat in Übereinstimmung mit der Konferenz der kantonalen Justiz- und Polizeidirektorinnen und -direktoren konkretisierend festgelegt, dass die stationären Aufgaben im Bereich Botschaftsschutz dauernd der Armee übertragen werden, dass bei den Sicherheitsmassnahmen an Bord schweizerischer Luftfahrzeuge weiterhin professionelle Kräfte der Armee einzusetzen sind und dass die Angehörigen des Militärpolizei-Schutzdetachements zur Unterstützung der Polizeikorps bei Personenschutzaufgaben eingesetzt werden können.

Bei all diesen Aufgaben geht es um die subsidiäre Unterstützung ziviler Polizeikräfte. Das bedeutet, dass personelle Lücken bei grösseren Ereignissen in erster Linie mit so genannten Interkantonalen Polizei-Einsätzen (Ikapol-Einsätzen) durch gegenseitige Unterstützung der Kantone geschlossen werden. Wenn das nicht ausreicht, kann gestützt auf die bilateralen Polizeiverträge mit Österreich und Deutschland um polizeiliche Verstärkung aus diesen Ländern ersucht werden; erst dann werden subsidiär Armeekräfte eingesetzt. Die Polizei muss bei Interventionen aber weiterhin aufgeboten werden und es obliegt ihr wie bisher die Führung. Die kantonale Polizeihoheit ist demnach in keinem Bereich tangiert.

5. Die zu solchen Einsätzen gelangenden Angehörigen der Armee (AdA) werden im Rahmen eines mehrtägigen, spezifisch auf diesen Einsatz ausgerichteten Lehrgangs ausgebildet. Diese Ausbildung wird objektbezogen (z. B. für die Botschaft XY) und auf die aktuelle Bedrohung ausgerichtet durchgeführt. Die Ausbildung erfolgt durch professionelle Kräfte der Militärischen Sicherheit in Absprache mit der zuständigen Polizei und muss durch jeden am Einsatz teilnehmenden AdA erfolgreich absolviert werden.

Schliesslich trägt jeder eingesetzte AdA eine so genannte \"Pocket Card\" auf sich, auf welcher das aus der einsatzbezogenen Ausbildung bekannte und eintrainierte Verhalten bei der Auftragserfüllung klar umschrieben ist. Insbesondere bezüglich des Schusswaffengebrauchs bestehen ebenso restriktive wie unmissverständliche Regeln (Notwehr, Notwehrhilfe, Notstand). Der Gebrauch der Schusswaffe als letztes Mittel wird nicht nur in der einsatzbezogenen Ausbildung geübt, sondern ist Bestandteil der Wacht- und Schiessausbildung eines jeden AdA. Zudem werden die Bewachungsdispositive, in welchen die AdA eingesetzt sind, laufend von Spezialisten des Bundessicherheitsdienstes, der verantwortlichen Polizei und der Armee optimiert. Die letzte Überprüfung dieser Dispositive in den Städten Bern, Genf und Zürich fand im Februar 2004 statt.

6. Das Einsatzpersonal, welches das VBS für Botschaftsschutzaufgaben zur Verfügung stellen kann, ist nicht wie beim Einsatz von Polizeikräften über den Arbeitsmarkt rekrutiert worden, sondern über eine rechtliche Anordnung (Wehrpflicht). Bei der Berechnung des finanziellen Aufwands der Armee für die Wahrnehmung von Botschaftsschutzaufgaben ist zu beachten, dass nur bei dem über den Arbeitsmarkt rekrutierten Personal die Kosten voll budgetwirksam sind.

Das VBS budgetiert die direkten Kosten, die ihm für einen AdA bei der Botschaftsbewachung erwachsen, mit etwa 70 Franken pro Tag. In den Ausgaben von 70 Franken nicht enthalten sind die Erwerbsersatzzahlungen. Bei der Erwerbsersatzordnung (EO) handelt es sich um ein Sozialwerk (Ausgleichssystem), dessen Leistungen sich nach den zivilen Verhältnissen (Beruf, Zivilstand, Anzahl Kinder usw.) richten. Durch dieses Ausgleichssystem wird den Dienstpflichtigen der Lohnausfall während ihrer Abwesenheit vom Arbeitsplatz entgolten (bzw. den Arbeitgebern, die den Lohn weiterzahlen, der entgangene Arbeitsertrag). Dabei ist zu beachten, dass die EO-Leistungen nur einen Teil (in der Regel 65 Prozent des zuletzt verdienten Erwerbslohnes/Grundleistung auf maximal 140 Franken pro Tag beschränkt, ergänzt durch Zusatzleistungen wie Kinder-, Betreuungs- oder Betriebszulagen) der Lohnsumme ausmachen, die einem Mitarbeiter im statistischen Durchschnitt pro Tag gezahlt werden (gemäss Arbeitsmarktstatistiken gegen 200 Franken pro Tag in den relevanten Alterskategorien). Die Wertschöpfung je Arbeitstag und Mitarbeiter kann zudem noch höher veranschlagt werden, liegen doch während der Abwesenheit im Militärdienst Maschinen und Räumlichkeiten brach oder es bleiben Marktchancen ungenutzt, während umgekehrt auch zu beachten ist, dass die Ausfälle am Arbeitsplatz vor und nach dem Dienst zum Teil kompensiert werden.

Nimmt man die Diensttagezahl aufgrund der Dienstpflicht als gegeben an, müsste der Verlust in Form einer verminderten Sicherstellung anderer Armeeaufgaben quantifiziert werden. In einem Vergleich muss auch die Effizienz bei der Erbringung von Bewachungsleistungen beachtet werden. In jedem Kosten-Nutzen-Vergleich stark niederschlagen dürfte sich schliesslich, dass die wöchentlichen Einsatzzeiten Dienstpflichtiger ganz anders bemessen werden können als die Arbeitszeiten arbeitsvertraglich angestellter Sicherheitskräfte. Ein Vergleich der finanziellen Aufwendungen für die Wahrnehmung von Bewachungsaufgaben durch die Armee bzw. durch Polizeiangehörige ist deshalb nur mit grossen Vorbehalten möglich.

Dem Wertschöpfungsverlust am zivilen Arbeitsplatz ist der sicherheitspolitische Nutzen des subsidiären Einsatzes von AdA zur Botschaftsbewachung entgegenzusetzen. Dieser Nutzen kann insofern quantifiziert werden, als durch diese Einsätze eine offensichtliche Sicherheitslücke geschlossen wird, die ansonsten ein Sicherheitsrisiko darstellen würde.

7. Gegenstand der Neugestaltung des Finanzausgleichs und der Aufgabenteilung zwischen Bund und Kantonen (NFA) bilden Aufgaben, an deren Erfüllung und Finanzierung sowohl der Bund als auch die Kantone beteiligt sind. Soweit sinnvoll und möglich will die NFA die Zuständigkeit und Finanzierung entflechten. Zwar existiert eine gewisse Verflechtung auch im Polizeiwesen der Schweiz. Die Frage wurde deshalb geprüft, ob eine Aufnahme der Polizeiaufgaben in den Katalog der Bereiche mit interkantonaler Zusammenarbeit gemäss Artikel 48a (neu) der Bundesverfassung sinnvoll sei. Am 5. Mai 2003, anlässlich einer Klausur mit dem Vorstand der KKJPD, beschloss eine Delegation des Bundesrates, dass das Polizeibereich nicht in das laufende NFA-Projekt integriert werden solle. Zu jenem Zeitpunkt waren die parlamentarischen Beratungen zum ersten Paket NFA mit den Verfassungsänderungen schon zu weit fortgeschritten - der Ständerat hatte die Vorlage bereits verabschiedet. Der NFA-Zeitplan erwies sich als zu eng für eine nachträgliche Aufnahme des Polizeiwesens in Artikel 48a (neu) der Bundesverfassung. Die Schlussabstimmungen im Parlament zum NFA-Verfassungspaket fanden in der Herbstsession 2003 statt.

Antwort des Bundesrates.",41776,"20043007_1","Titel des 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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1630":1631,"_1647":813,"_1648":1649,"_1650":1651,"_1652":1000,"_1331":573,"_1305":373,"_119":577,"_1653":580,"_1636":383,"_1654":1655,"_1656":784,"_1438":333,"_116":343,"_1633":485,"_121":353,"_19":583,"_123":363,"_1657":1110,"_1658":1244,"_1659":1280,"_1660":1244,"_1661":1662,"_1663":1244,"_1664":1665,"_1666":573,"_1667":752,"_1668":1244,"_1669":1651,"_1670":577,"_1637":452,"_1671":1672,"_1243":1244,"_1673":690,"_1256":1244,"_114":588,"_1674":1466,"_1675":1323,"_1676":1361,"_1677":1655,"_1678":1450,"_1638":393,"_1679":1442,"_1680":1244},"section_switcher",{"_1628":1629,"_1630":1631,"_1632":333,"_112":529,"_116":343,"_1633":485,"_1634":419,"_1305":373,"_123":363,"_1635":353,"_1636":383,"_1637":452,"_1638":393,"_1639":1640,"_1641":1642,"_1643":1644,"_1645":1646},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1682":1742,"_284":1743},"intro",{"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691,"_1692":1693,"_1694":1695,"_1696":1697},"en",{"_1698":1733,"_1700":1734,"_1702":1735,"_1704":1736,"_1706":1737},"de",{"_1698":1728,"_1700":1729,"_1702":1730,"_1704":1731,"_1706":1732},"fr",{"_1698":1723,"_1700":1724,"_1702":1725,"_1704":1726,"_1706":1727},"it",{"_1698":1718,"_1700":1719,"_1702":1720,"_1704":1721,"_1706":1722},"es",{"_1698":1713,"_1700":1714,"_1702":1715,"_1704":1716,"_1706":1717},"pt",{"_1698":1708,"_1700":1709,"_1702":1710,"_1704":1711,"_1706":1712},"rm",{"_1698":1699,"_1700":1701,"_1702":1703,"_1704":1705,"_1706":1707},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. 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Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1806":1807,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1165,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1167,"_1814":1169,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1818,"_1819":1820,"_1821":1822,"_1823":1824,"_638":639,"_1825":1826,"_1827":1828,"_1829":1830,"_1831":1832,"_1833":1834},"nav",{"_1630":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":688,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1639":1640,"_1641":1642,"_1643":1644,"_1645":1646,"_1632":333,"_112":529,"_1634":419,"_1633":485,"_116":343,"_1637":452,"_1305":373,"_123":363,"_1635":353,"_1636":383,"_1638":393,"_1760":1745,"_1761":1762,"_1608":1609,"_1763":1764,"_1610":1611,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1749,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805},{"_1698":1733,"_1700":1734,"_1702":1735,"_1704":1736,"_1706":1737},{"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1810":1836,"_1815":1837,"_1838":77,"_1839":56,"_1840":56,"_1841":77,"_1842":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]