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In der Schweiz sind verschiedene Unternehmen tätig, deren Güter und Leistungen für die Versorgung des Landes von grosser Bedeutung sind (Service public).

Die Swisscom ist eine spezialgesetzliche Aktiengesellschaft mit einem nationalen Versorgungsauftrag im Bereich der Telekommunikation. Die Emmi ist eine privatrechtliche Aktiengesellschaft, die im Bereich der Milchverwertung und der Käsevermarktung eine fast monopolähnliche Stellung in der Schweiz hat und damit eine wichtige Aufgabe in der Landesversorgung erfüllt. In der Energieversorgung erfüllen die zum Teil formell privatisierten regionalen Elektrizitätsgesellschaften eine unentbehrliche Service-public-Funktion; die im gescheiterten EMG vorgesehene nationale Netzgesellschaft mit Monopolcharakter existiert (noch) nicht.

Beteiligungen an Aktiengesellschaften sind grundsätzlich frei handelbar, in Publikumsgesellschaften sogar anonymisiert (der wirtschaftlich Berechtigte muss nicht bekannt sein). Grenzüberschreitende Verkäufe von allenfalls mehrheitlichen Unternehmensbeteiligungen an Unternehmen mit national wichtiger Versorgungsfunktion können deshalb nur auf der Grundlage einer ausdrücklichen gesetzlichen Grundlage verhindert werden.

Im Rahmen der nationalrätlichen Beratung des Fusionsgesetzes hat es der Bundesrat abgelehnt, im Kartellgesetz (Fusionskontrolle) sich selbst die Kompetenz einzuräumen, aus der Sicht überwiegend öffentlicher Interessen bedenkliche grenzüberschreitende Fusionen und den Verkauf von Beteiligungen ins Ausland notfalls zu verhindern.

","affair_title",38084,"20033099_5","Eingereichter Text","

1. Erachtet der Bundesrat die Gefahr als real, dass Beteiligungen an für die Versorgung des Landes wichtigen Unternehmen ins Ausland verkauft werden, insbesondere in den Bereichen Verkehr; Energie; Telekommunikation; Landwirtschaft, Nahrungsmittelversorgung; medizinische Versorgung?

2. Welche Verfügungsbeschränkungen bestehen aufgrund zwingender öffentlicher Trägerschaft bzw. auf spezialgesetzlicher Grundlage?

3. Welche Vorkehren sind aus der Sicht des Bundesrates zu treffen, die nationalen wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Versorgungsinteressen der Bevölkerung gegen Ausverkauf zu schützen?

4. Ist der Bundesrat bereit, umfassend Bericht zu erstatten und nötigenfalls geeignete gesetzgeberische Vorkehren zur Wahrung der öffentlichen Interessen bei drohendem Ausverkauf ins Ausland vorzuschlagen?

",38083,"20033099_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Unser Land hat ein grosses Interesse, dass Unternehmungen insbesondere in den Bereichen Verkehr, Energie und Telekommunikation in der Schweiz tätig sind und bleiben, geht es doch neben der Versorgungssicherheit auch um volkswirtschaftliche Wertschöpfung von beträchtlichem Ausmass, um technologisches Know-how und um die Sicherung zukunftsfähiger Arbeitsplätze. Die Erhaltung und Stärkung dieser schweizerischen Unternehmungen kann aber kaum durch einschränkende gesetzliche Regelungen oder Monopole erreicht werden. Notwendig sind vielmehr eine weitsichtige Wirtschaftspolitik und die Stärkung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit dieser Unternehmungen.

Der Bundesrat ist somit der Ansicht, dass die nationalen Versorgungsinteressen und die volkswirtschaftlichen Interessen des Landes prioritär auf dem Wege der Gesetzgebung zu den einzelnen vom Interpellanten genannten Sektoren sowie über die Schaffung guter Rahmenbedingungen sicherzustellen sind und nicht über Vorschriften zum Eigentum an bestimmten Unternehmen.

Die Art und Weise der Sicherstellung der Versorgung mit öffentlichen Gütern und Dienstleistungen (Service public) muss nach Massgabe der sektorspezifischen Begebenheiten und Interessen beurteilt werden. Wo es sich aufgrund der konkreten Situation als sinnvoll erweist, kann der Bund, soweit im Rahmen des Wirtschaftsverfassungsrechtes zulässig und nach Massgabe des Subsidiaritätsprinzips nötig, zusätzlich zur gesetzlichen Regulierung eines bestimmten Sektors Unternehmen gründen oder sich an solchen beteiligen. Dabei steht dem Bund grundsätzlich die freie Wahl zu, welche Rechtsform eine derartige Unternehmung haben soll.

Im Folgenden wird einzig auf die Bereiche eingegangen, in denen dem Bund eine Regelungsbefugnis zukommt, bzw. in denen bundesnahe Unternehmen tätig sind. Auf die Bereiche mit kantonaler Regelungsbefugnis bzw. auf die Beteiligung der Kantone oder Gemeinden an Unternehmen kann der Bund keinen unmittelbaren Einfluss nehmen.

Auf Bundesebene stehen grundsätzlich die folgenden Instrumente zur Steuerung von Unternehmen mit einem Versorgungsauftrag zur Verfügung:

a. unabhängig von der Eigentümerstruktur der Unternehmen:

- Gesetz und Verordnung;

- Aufsichtstätigkeiten des Bundes betreffend Einhaltung der Gesetzesvorgaben;

- je nach gesetzlicher Ordnung: Konzession, Leistungsvereinbarungen bzw. Bestellung von konkreten Leistungen usw.;

b. bei Beteiligungen des Bundes an Unternehmen:

- gestützt auf spezialgesetzliche Grundlagen erlassene strategische Ziele (bei spezialgesetzlichen Unternehmensformen);

- Rechte des Bundes als Aktionär von privatrechtlichen oder spezialgesetzlichen Aktiengesellschaften.

Der Bundesrat ist der Ansicht, dass die genannten Möglichkeiten ausreichen, um die politische Steuerung von Unternehmen auszuüben, die Bundesaufgaben erfüllen. Spezielle Vorkehrungen gegen den Ausverkauf von Unternehmen ins Ausland sind nach Meinung des Bundesrates angesichts dieser Kontrollinstrumente nicht angezeigt. Derartige Vorkehrungen würden zudem den Entwicklungen in Europa zuwiderlaufen. Dort wurden in jüngster Zeit verschiedene nationale Regelungen zum Schutz gegen ausländische Beteiligungen an Unternehmen als Verstoss gegen den freien Kapitalverkehr gewertet, sofern sie nicht durch ein ausreichendes öffentliches Interesse gerechtfertigt und nicht verhältnismässig sind.

1./2. Ob der Verkauf einer Beteiligung an einem Unternehmen, das im öffentlichen Interesse liegende Güter produziert, überhaupt als Gefahr für die Versorgung des Landes mit öffentlichen Gütern zu betrachten ist, kann nicht generell beurteilt werden. Beispielsweise hat sich die Beteiligung von Vodafone an der Swisscom Mobile AG durchaus bewährt und zur Verbesserung des Angebotes in der Mobiltelefonie beitragen können.

In den einzelnen Sektoren gestaltet sich die Situation wie folgt:

a. Verkehr

Der Bund ist gestützt auf das Bundesgesetz vom 20. März 1998 über die Schweizerischen Bundesbahnen (SBBG; SR 742.31) Mehrheitsaktionär der SBB (Art. 7 Abs. 3 SBBG). Der Bundesrat kann beschliessen, Aktien an Dritte zu verkaufen, der Bund muss jedoch jederzeit die aktien- und stimmenmässige Mehrheit besitzen. Es bestehen keinerlei Pläne, die aktuelle Beteiligung des Bundes an der SBB AG herabzusetzen. Gestützt auf diese Bestimmung ist im Übrigen die SBB AG verpflichtet, an ihrer Tochtergesellschaft SBB Cargo AG jederzeit die aktien- und stimmenmässige Mehrheit zu halten. Auch hier sind indes keine Pläne zum Verkauf von Beteiligungen vorhanden.

Im Bereich des strassengebundenen öffentlichen Personenverkehrs ist der Bund als Träger der Post bzw. ihres Geschäftsbereiches Postauto vertreten. Die Post ist eine selbstständige öffentlich-rechtliche Anstalt des Bundes und kann folglich bereits aufgrund ihrer Rechtsnatur nicht verkauft werden. Grundsätzlich könnte die Post gestützt auf das Bundesgesetz vom 30. April 1997 über die Organisation der Postunternehmung des Bundes (SR 783.1) Gesellschaften gründen. Diese müssten indes, so weit sie aus dem Stammhaus der Post ausgegliedert würden, im Mehrheitseigentum der Post bleiben.

Im Bereich Verkehr ist der Bund ferner an verschiedenen konzessionierten Transportunternehmungen beteiligt. Diese sind allesamt als privatrechtliche Aktiengesellschaften ausgestaltet und stehen jeweils im überwiegenden Eigentum der Kantone. Bei keiner dieser Gesellschaften drängen sich indes Vorkehrungen auf, um einen Ausverkauf ans Ausland zu verhindern, zumal über die im Verkehrsrecht bestehenden Instrumente (Bestellwesen, Ausschreibungen) die Möglichkeit besteht, die nötigen Verkehrsleistungen unabhängig von Beteiligungen an bestimmten Transportunternehmungen zu bestellen.

b. Energie

Die Erdölversorgung wird dominiert durch eine kleinere Zahl von international tätigen Gesellschaften, die ihren Hauptsitz im Ausland haben und deren Aktien in der Regel international gestreut sind. Daneben sind schweizerische Unternehmen im Bereich von Vertrieb und Handel tätig (z. B. Migros, Coop, lokale Ölhändler). Generell gilt, dass der Anteil inländisch kontrollierter Unternehmen mit zunehmender Kundennähe wächst.

In der Stromversorgung dominieren die schweizerisch beherrschten Unternehmen, allen voran die NOK/Axpo-Gruppe mit den nordostschweizerischen Kantonen als Aktionäre. Minderheitsbeteiligungen aus dem Ausland werden an Atel und BKW gehalten. Die durch die Lonza-group verkauften Wasserkraftwerke im Wallis werden vollständig von einer ausländischen Gesellschaft kontrolliert. Die Gesamtheit der in der Stromversorgung tätigen Unternehmen wird zu über 75 Prozent durch inländische Aktionäre kontrolliert. Besonders bei der Stromversorgung gilt, dass der Anteil der inländischen Eigentümer und der öffentlichen Hand auf Verteilstufe am grössten ist.

Auch die schweizerische Gasversorgung ist dezentral und föderalistisch organisiert. Von wenigen privaten und gemischtwirtschaftlichen Gesellschaften abgesehen, liegt die Endversorgung in den Händen der Städte- und Gemeindewerke, welche meistens auch die Belieferung von Strom, Wasser und Fernwärme sicherstellen. Vier Regionalgesellschaften, welche von den Endversorgungsunternehmen kontrolliert werden, sind auf nationaler Ebene zur Swissgas AG zusammengeschlossen, welche etwa drei Viertel des Schweizer Gasbedarfs beschafft.

Der Bund ist an keiner Unternehmung der Energieversorgung finanziell beteiligt. Die wichtigsten inländischen Eigentümer entsprechender Gesellschaftsanteile sind die Kantone, Städte und Gemeinden. Im Hinblick auf eine mögliche Liberalisierung des Strom- und Gasmarktes wurden gewisse Versorgungsunternehmen verselbstständigt, was heisst, dass ihnen ein unabhängiger Status zur Verbesserung ihrer Handlungs- und Entscheidungsfreiheit gewährt wurde. In den meisten Fällen wurde einer unternehmerischen Verselbstständigung nur unter dem Vorbehalt zugestimmt, dass das neue Unternehmen weiterhin im mehrheitlich öffentlichen Besitz bleibt und dadurch ein Verkauf an Dritte ohne Zustimmung der Behörden bzw. Volksentscheid verhindert werden kann. Der Verkauf eines Unternehmens der Strom- oder Gasversorgung an Private oder ausländische Aktionäre ist theoretisch zwar denkbar, tatsächlich ist aber die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass dieser Fall eintritt, eher gering. Letztlich ist gerade in diesem Bereich nicht das Eigentum und dann die Kontrolle über das Unternehmen entscheidend, sondern die Auflagen der Behörden im Rahmen der Erteilung von Konzessionen oder Betriebsbewilligungen. Gemäss dem in der Referendumsabstimmung abgelehnten Elektrizitätsmarktgesetz hätten beispielsweise die Kantone die in ihrem Gebiet tätigen Unternehmen zu obligatorischen Leistungen im Zusammenhang mit dem Service public verpflichten können.

c. Telekommunikation

Dieser Sektor wurde im Zuge der PTT-Reform 1998 bewusst liberalisiert. Die früher vom Staat selbst zu erbringende Versorgung des Landes mit Fernmeldediensten und -produkten wurde durch eine weitgehend privatwirtschaftliche Wettbewerbsordnung abgelöst. Versorgungspolitische Interessen auf diesem Gebiet werden gemäss Fernmeldegesetz durch ein Konzessionsregime und die Möglichkeit des Bundes sichergestellt, Telekommunikationsunternehmen zu einer bestimmten Grundversorgung mit festgelegten Preisobergrenzen verpflichten zu können.

Der Bund ist gesetzlich verpflichtet, an der Swisscom AG die aktien- und stimmenmässige Mehrheit zu halten (Art. 6 des Bundesgesetzes vom 30. April 1997 über die Telekommunikationsunternehmung des Bundes; SR 784.11).

Die im Jahr 2001 durchgeführte Vernehmlassung zu einer Flexibilisierung der Bundesbeteiligung hat gezeigt, dass die Swisscom nach wie vor als öffentliches Unternehmen wahrgenommen wird. Der Bundesrat hat deshalb im Oktober 2001 auf eine entsprechende Vorlage verzichtet. Die Swisscom ist die grösste unter den kleineren Telekommunikationsunternehmungen in Europa und verfügt dank ihrer umsichtigen Unternehmensstrategie (Fokussierung auf das Kerngeschäft) über eine gute Performance, einen stabilen Heimmarkt und eine robuste Finanzierungsstruktur. Die weitere Entwicklung wird allerdings aufmerksam verfolgt, da sich die Marktverhältnisse wieder ändern können.

d. Landwirtschaft, Nahrungsmittelversorgung

Im Bereich Landwirtschaft/Nahrungsmittel gibt es weder auf Verarbeitungs- noch auf Handelsstufe privatrechtliche Unternehmen mit einer Monopolstellung. Auch hat keine dieser Firmen einen nationalen Versorgungsauftrag. Das Risiko eines Verkaufs ins Ausland ist zudem sehr gering, denn die Unternehmen sind - insbesondere im Milchbereich - mehrheitlich in den Händen des schweizerischen Detailhandels, von bäuerlichen Organisationen oder direkt beteiligten Produzenten der Rohstoffe.

e. Medizinische Versorgung

Die medizinische Versorgung der Bevölkerung wird durch ein dichtes Netz von ambulanten und stationären Einrichtungen, d. h. von Arztpraxen, Apotheken, Spitexorganisationen sowie von Spitälern und Heimen gewährleistet.

Zuständig für die Bewilligung (Betriebs- und Berufsausübungsbewilligungen) und Beaufsichtigung dieser Einrichtungen sowie für die Sicherstellung einer ausreichenden Versorgung sind aufgrund der verfassungsmässigen Kompetenzordnung die Kantone. Der Bund hat im Rahmen seiner Zuständigkeit im Bereich der Sozialversicherungen (insbesondere Krankenversicherung) dafür zu sorgen, dass die ganze Bevölkerung zu wirtschaftlich tragbaren Bedingungen Zugang zu einer angemessenen Versorgung hat.

Die medizinischen Versorgungseinrichtungen und namentlich die Spitäler sind öffentlich-rechtlich (Gemeinden und/oder Kantone als Träger) oder privatrechtlich organisiert. Der Bund selber ist weder an öffentlich- noch an privatrechtlich organisierten Einrichtungen beteiligt. Im ambulanten und stationären Versorgungsbereich bestehen heute tendenziell eher Überkapazitäten. Der Verkauf von einzelnen Einrichtungen oder von Beteiligungen ins Ausland stellt deshalb keine Gefahr für die Versorgungssicherheit dar. Sollten sich durch entsprechende Verkäufe in einzelnen Bereichen oder Gebieten wider Erwarten Versorgungsengpässe ergeben, würde es den Kantonen obliegen, die für die Sicherstellung der Versorgung notwendigen Massnahmen zu treffen.

3./4. Nach Meinung des Bundesrates sind angesichts der oben beschriebenen Steuerungsmechanismen keine weiteren grundsätzlichen Vorkehren zum Schutz gegen den Ausverkauf von wichtigen Unternehmen ins Ausland zu treffen. Hingegen ist es eine Daueraufgabe, die bestehenden Bundesaufgaben so effizient und wirksam wie möglich zu erfüllen und der Dynamik der gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung Rechnung zu tragen. Bei den damit verbundenen Veränderungen wird der Bundesrat stets die Wahrung der Versorgungssicherheit des Landes mit wichtigen Gütern ins Zentrum seines Handelns stellen.

Antwort des Bundesrates.",38082,"20033099_1","Titel des 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Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1594":1595,"_1611":777,"_1612":1613,"_1614":1615,"_1616":964,"_1295":537,"_1269":337,"_78":541,"_1617":544,"_1600":347,"_1618":1619,"_1620":748,"_1402":297,"_74":307,"_1597":449,"_19":317,"_76":547,"_81":327,"_1621":1074,"_1622":1208,"_1623":1244,"_1624":1208,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1208,"_1628":1629,"_1630":537,"_1631":716,"_1632":1208,"_1633":1615,"_1634":541,"_1601":416,"_1635":1636,"_1207":1208,"_1637":654,"_1220":1208,"_72":552,"_1638":1430,"_1639":1287,"_1640":1325,"_1641":1619,"_1642":1414,"_1602":357,"_1643":1406,"_1644":1208},"section_switcher",{"_1592":1593,"_1594":1595,"_1596":297,"_70":493,"_74":307,"_1597":449,"_1598":383,"_1269":337,"_81":327,"_1599":317,"_1600":347,"_1601":416,"_1602":357,"_1603":1604,"_1605":1606,"_1607":1608,"_1609":1610},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1702":1703,"_1704":1705,"_1646":1706,"_248":1707},"intro",{"_1648":1649,"_1650":1651,"_1652":1653,"_1654":1655,"_1656":1657,"_1658":1659,"_1660":1661},"en",{"_1662":1697,"_1664":1698,"_1666":1699,"_1668":1700,"_1670":1701},"de",{"_1662":1692,"_1664":1693,"_1666":1694,"_1668":1695,"_1670":1696},"fr",{"_1662":1687,"_1664":1688,"_1666":1689,"_1668":1690,"_1670":1691},"it",{"_1662":1682,"_1664":1683,"_1666":1684,"_1668":1685,"_1670":1686},"es",{"_1662":1677,"_1664":1678,"_1666":1679,"_1668":1680,"_1670":1681},"pt",{"_1662":1672,"_1664":1673,"_1666":1674,"_1668":1675,"_1670":1676},"rm",{"_1662":1663,"_1664":1665,"_1666":1667,"_1668":1669,"_1670":1671},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. 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Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1129,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1131,"_1778":1133,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_602":603,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1798},"nav",{"_1594":1716,"_1717":1718,"_1719":652,"_1720":1721,"_1722":1723,"_1603":1604,"_1605":1606,"_1607":1608,"_1609":1610,"_1596":297,"_70":493,"_1598":383,"_1597":449,"_74":307,"_1601":416,"_1269":337,"_81":327,"_1599":317,"_1600":347,"_1602":357,"_1724":1709,"_1725":1726,"_1572":1573,"_1727":1728,"_1574":1575,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1733":1734,"_1735":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1713,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769},{"_1662":1697,"_1664":1698,"_1666":1699,"_1668":1700,"_1670":1701},{"_1708":1709,"_1710":1711,"_1712":1713,"_1714":1715},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1774":1800,"_1779":1801,"_1802":207,"_1803":194,"_1804":194,"_1805":207,"_1806":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]