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1. Ungenügende Interpellationsantwort

Mit der Interpellation 99.3128, Unverantwortliche Entscheide der Asylrekurskommission, vom 19. März 1999 wurde anhand zahlreicher konkreter Beispiele die oft realitätsfremde und folgenschwere Praxis der ARK aufgezeigt. Dies betraf insbesondere die folgenden Bereiche:

- Familiennachzug: Es ist zur Praxis geworden, dass vorläufig aufgenommenen Personen der Familiennachzug gewährt wird (vgl. ARK-Grundsatzurteil 1995/24). Diese Praxis steht im Widerspruch zum Bundesgesetz über Aufenthalt und Niederlassung der Ausländer (Anag).

- Verzögerung von Verfahren: Gemäss Grundsatzurteil 1998/1 der ARK kann eine Asyl suchende Person nach einer rechtskräftigen erstinstanzlichen Verfügung, mit der das Fehlen der Flüchtlingseigenschaft festgestellt wurde, noch während des hängigen Beschwerdeverfahrens gegen die Wegweisung ein neues Asylgesuch einreichen. Dies führt zur Sistierung des Beschwerdeverfahrens und zur Überweisung des neuen Gesuches an das Bundesamt für Flüchtlinge, das über das neue Gesuch zu befinden hat. Asylsuchende haben somit die Möglichkeit, nach Ablehnung des neuen Gesuches noch während eines hängigen Beschwerdeverfahrens erneut ein ordentliches Rechtsmittel zu ergreifen und damit ihr Verfahren in die Länge zu ziehen. Mit diesem Entscheid wird der Wille des Gesetzgebers nach grösserer Effizienz des Asylverfahrens und Beseitigung von Missbräuchen missachtet.

- Wiederherstellung der aufschiebenden Wirkung: Eine weitere Missachtung des Gesetzes durch die ARK erfolgt in jenen Fällen, wo Asylbewerber, insbesondere Personen aus dem Drogenmilieu, mehrfach ihre Mitwirkungspflicht verletzen, indem sie nicht an Anhörungen erscheinen. Trotzdem gewährt die ARK aber die Wiederherstellung der aufschiebenden Wirkung einer Beschwerde, was die vom Gesetzgeber verlangte Verfahrensbeschleunigung verhindert.

Zu dieser Frage übernimmt der Bundesrat die unbelegte Behauptung der ARK, es treffe nicht zu, dass die ARK die aufschiebende Wirkung \"praktisch systematisch\" wieder herstelle. Tatsache ist indessen, dass ARK-Richter selbst in Fällen, wo die Gesuchsteller im Drogenmilieu verkehrten, die aufschiebende Wirkung wieder hergestellt haben.

2. Die Situation nach der Totalrevision des Asylgesetzes

Das Bild hat sich auch mit der Inkraftsetzung des neuen Asylgesetzes vom 26. Juni 1998 nicht geändert. Mit der Totalrevision des Asylgesetzes wollte der Gesetzgeber ein Instrumentarium schaffen, um konsequenter gegen Missbräuche vorgehen zu können und das Verfahren zu beschleunigen. Das Vorgehen einer Gruppe von ARK-Richtern und neueste ARK-Entscheide weisen aber in die gegenteilige Richtung. Mit meist formalistischen Erwägungen werden die Bestimmungen des Asylgesetzes aufgeweicht:

- Verfolgungsbegriff: Mit dem Urteil Emark 1999/17 wird der Verfolgungsbegriff über die Definition gemäss Artikel 3 des Asylgesetzes hinaus ausgedehnt.

- Vorsorgliche Wegweisung: Mit der durch die ARK vorgenommenen Auslegung von Artikel 42 Absatz 2 des Asylgesetzes in Verbindung mit Artikel 31 Absatz 1 der Asylverordnung 1 in einem Grundsatzurteil wird eine Umsetzung des Rückübernahmeabkommens mit Italien, von wo aus die meisten illegalen Einreisen von Asylsuchenden erfolgen, praktisch verunmöglicht.

- Flughafenverfahren: In gewissen Fällen setzte sich die ARK selbst über Einschätzungen des UNHCR, in denen eine Gefährdung eines Asylbewerbers ausgeschlossen wird, ohne stichhaltige Begründung hinweg und ordnete die Erteilung einer Einreisebewilligung an.

- Die Schweiz als Zufluchtsort für Kriegsverbrecher: In zwei Urteilen gegen ranghohe Vertreter des afghanischen Karmal-Najibullah-Regimes hat die ARK den vom Bundesamt für Flüchtlinge verfügten Ausschluss von der Flüchtlingseigenschaft kassiert und die Asylgewährung angeordnet. Diese Rechtsprechung setzt sich nicht nur in Widerspruch zu den Fakten und zur Praxis anderer westeuropäischer Staaten, sondern läuft auch den Bemühungen der Schweiz zuwider, aktiv zur Verfolgung und Bestrafung von Verantwortlichen für Menschenrechtsverletzungen in aller Welt beizutragen.

3. Anag als Mittel der Migrationspolitik missbraucht

Schon vor einiger Zeit hat die ARK damit begonnen, im Bereich des Anag mittels einer gesetzeswidrigen Ausweitung des Begriffes der Zumutbarkeit eines Wegweisungsvollzuges Migrationspolitik zu betreiben:

- Begriff der \"konkreten Gefährdung\": Mit dem Urteil Emark 1996/2 schafft die ARK eine neue Definition für eine \"konkrete Gefährdung\", indem \"schwierige Lebensverhältnisse\" der im Anag genannten \"konkreten Gefährdung\" (Art. 14a Abs. 4) gleichgesetzt werden, um die Unzumutbarkeit einer Wegweisung zu begründen. Selbst eine drohende Arbeitslosigkeit ist gemäss einem kürzlichen Urteil der ARK \"aus humanitärer Erwägung\" als Grund für die Feststellung der Unzumutbarkeit des Vollzuges einer Wegweisung zu erachten.

- Gesundheitszustand als Wegweisungshindernis: Im Falle eines HIV-positiven Afrikaners, gemäss Arztzeugnis zur fraglichen Zeit bei guter Gesundheit, wurde die Zumutbarkeit des Wegweisungsvollzuges verneint. Auch hier kann von einer \"konkreten Gefährdung\" nicht die Rede sein. Ein solches Urteil schafft die Möglichkeit, dass HIV-infizierte Personen aus Regionen mit niedrigem medizinischem Versorgungsgrad sich mittels Asylgesuch ein dauerndes Aufenthaltsrecht in der Schweiz erwirken können.

- Zumutbarkeit des Wegweisungsvollzuges für Asylsuchende aus bestimmten türkischen Provinzen: Diesbezüglich hat die ARK in willkürlicher Weise siebzehn Provinzen bestimmt, in die keine Gesuchsteller zurückgewiesen werden dürfen. So wurde einem Dienstverweigerer aus der Osttürkei die vorläufige Aufnahme gewährt, nur weil er den Militärdienst in seinem Herkunftsgebiet in der Osttürkei leisten müsste, was ihm aber nicht zuzumuten sei. Die Behauptung einer flächendeckenden Gefährdung der Bevölkerung in diesen siebzehn Provinzen ist durch keine Fakten erhärtet. Zudem gibt es Zehntausende junger Männer aus diesen Provinzen, die jährlich ihren Dienst zu leisten haben und somit gemäss Logik der ARK Anrecht auf vorläufige Aufnahme in der Schweiz hätten.

4. Asylgesuche auf die lange Bank geschoben

In den letzten Jahren wurden Hunderte von Fällen durch ARK-Richter sistiert, zum Teil sogar auf Weisung ihrer Vorgesetzten. Im Falle von Bosnien-Herzegowina hat die ARK die Wegweisungspolitik des Bundesrates unterlaufen, indem sie Dossierkategorien zusammenstellte und diese einfach nicht mehr behandelte, in der Meinung, dass es irgendwann eine humanitäre Globalregelung gebe. In der Tat müssen nun all diese Dossiers auf die Anwendung von Artikel 44 Absatz 3 des Asylgesetzes geprüft werden, was im Bundesamt für Flüchtlinge zu einem erheblichen Mehraufwand führen wird.

Mit dieser Problematik setzt sich auch ein Artikel der Zeitung \"Le Matin\" vom 19. Februar 2000 auseinander. Darin wird bestätigt, dass zwar jedermann wisse, wo das Asylverfahren klemme, nämlich auf Beschwerdeebene bei der ARK, doch gebe es dazu keine konkreten Zahlen. Es gibt aber zahlreiche Statistiken bei der ARK und beim Bundesamt für Flüchtlinge mit genauen Zahlenangaben zu Verfahrensdauer und Herkunftsstaaten. Daraus geht u. a. hervor, dass bei der ARK allein für die Zeit von 1992 bis 1995 rund 2000 sistierte Asylgesuche aus Bosnien, Jugoslawien und Sri Lanka hängig sind. Die jährlichen Kosten für die Fürsorge dieser Personen, die sich vorwiegend nur deshalb in der Schweiz aufhalten, weil einige ARK-Richter bewusst das Asylgesetz unterlaufen, geht in zwei- bis dreistellige Millionenbeträge. Das ist ein Skandal!

5. Verhalten gewisser ARK-Richter

Gemäss Presseberichten kann es sich ein gewisser ARK-Richter erlauben, das vom Parlament und vom Volk genehmigte Asylgesetz in der Öffentlichkeit heftig zu kritisieren. Insbesondere stört es ihn, dass das Bundesamt für Flüchtlinge nun die verschärften Gesetzesbestimmungen \"fleissig und oft\" anwende. Seine Vorwürfe an den Gesetzgeber krönt er mit der Aussage, es könne nicht mehr von einem fairen Verfahren gesprochen werden, da ja die teilweise kurzen Fristen im Asylverfahren nur eingeführt worden seien, um den Asylbewerbern die Möglichkeit einer Beschwerde vorzuenthalten (\"Berner Zeitung\" vom 9. Februar 2000).

Das einseitige und untolerierbare Verhalten dieses Richters und Kammerpräsidenten hat bisher zu keinen Sanktionen geführt. So konnten sich auch weitere im selben Kielwasser agierende Richterinnen und Richter bei ihren zum Teil weltfremden und dem Willen des Gesetzgebers zuwiderlaufenden Urteilen auf ihre richterliche Unabhängigkeit berufen.

Die oft fragwürdige bis unverantwortliche Praxis der ARK hat eine fatale Signalwirkung und leistet dem Missbrauch unseres Asylrechtes Vorschub. Sie verursacht gewaltige Kosten, schürt gefährliche fremdenfeindliche Strömungen und unterhöhlt die Rechtsordnung in unserem Land.

6. Fazit

Asylentscheide des Bundesamtes für Flüchtlinge werden durch die ARK zunehmend desavouiert. Sofern die Beamten des Bundesamtes für Flüchtlinge das Asylgesetz korrekt anwenden, müssen sie gewärtigen, dass ihre Entscheide von der ARK entweder sistiert oder kassiert und dass Beschwerden gegen den Vollzug der Wegweisung gutgeheissen werden. Deshalb ist die Antwort des Bundesrates auf die erwähnte Interpellation unbefriedigend und nicht akzeptabel.

Es drängen sich dazu folgende Feststellungen auf:

- Der Bundesrat hat die politische Kontrolle über den Asylbereich offensichtlich weitgehend verloren; er hat die Festlegung der asylpolitischen Leitlinien praktisch der ARK überlassen.

- Es macht den Anschein, dass sich der Bundesrat von der politischen Verantwortung in der Asylfrage verabschiedet hat und dass er die Gestaltung der Asylpolitik Gruppierungen (ARK, Hilfswerken, Rechtsprofessoren) überlässt, die von einer largen Asylpolitik und von einem ungehemmten Zustrom von Asylsuchenden nur profitieren können. An vorderster Stelle steht dabei die ARK.

- In seiner Antwort auf die Interpellation versteckt sich der Bundesrat hinter Paragraphen. Er nimmt es in Kauf, dass seine eigenen Leitlinien von der ARK unterlaufen werden.

- Bei der Beantwortung der Interpellation ist der Bundesrat nicht in der Lage, klare Zahlen zu liefern. Die zum Teil beschönigenden Antworten hat er sich offensichtlich von der (befangenen) ARK liefern lassen.

- Der Bundesrat hat es bisher versäumt, von seinem Weisungsrecht gegenüber der ARK Gebrauch machen und den Richtern Ordnungsvorschriften zur Behandlung der Dossiers vorzulegen. Um das willkürliche Sistieren von Dossiers zu verhindern, müssen die ARK-Urteile spätestens sechs Monate nach Eingang der Beschwerde gefällt werden.

- Der Bundesrat lässt es zu, dass ein ARK-Richter gegen das Prinzip der Unparteilichkeit und der Gewaltentrennung verstösst und öffentlich die Gesetze kritisiert, die er kraft seines Amtes anzuwenden hat. Derartige Äusserungen eines Kammerpräsidenten bedeuten einen klaren Verstoss gegen die Amtspflicht und müssen sanktioniert werden.

- Die ARK kann offenbar Migrationspolitik betreiben, ohne dass es der Bundesrat merkt. Die ARK masst sich auf diese Weise quasi gesetzgeberische Kompetenzen an.

- Es ist auch Aufgabe des Bundesrates, gegenüber der ARK dafür zu sorgen, dass die Schweiz unter dem Deckmantel des Asylgesetzes nicht zu einem Zufluchtsort für Kriegsverbrecher wird.

7. Konsequenz

Der Bundesrat muss die politische Kontrolle im Rahmen seiner Aufsichtspflicht über die ARK-Tätigkeit konsequent ausüben und seine Verantwortung im Asylbereich wieder wahrnehmen. Es sind auf das Gesetz und den Volkswillen abgestützte Verhältnisse herzustellen. Kurzfristig muss der Bundesrat deshalb klare Ordnungsvorschriften erlassen.

Da viele ARK-Entscheide dem Willen des Gesetzgebers und des Volkes zuwiderlaufen und sich die einzelnen Richter auch weiterhin auf ihre Unabhängigkeit berufen können, ist mittelfristig die ARK neu zu konzipieren, und es ist eine einfachere, effizientere, gesetzestreue Form des Rekurswesens - nötigenfalls auf der Basis eines asylspezifischen Beschwerdeverfahrens - einzuführen.

","affair_title",25582,"20003129_5","Eingereichter Text","

1. In Anbetracht der fragwürdigen und realitätsfremden Praxis der Schweizerischen Asylrekurskommission (ARK) wird der Bundesrat beauftragt, gegenüber der ARK als Sofortmassnahme Ordnungsvorschriften zu erlassen.

2. Sodann ist das Beschwerdewesen im Asylrecht neu zu konzipieren, und es ist eine einfachere, gesetzestreue Form des Rekurswesens einzuführen - nötigenfalls auf der Basis eines asylspezifischen Beschwerdeverfahrens.

",25581,"20003129_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Wie der Bundesrat schon wiederholt darauf hingewiesen hat (vgl. 00.5040, Fragestunde vom 20. März 2000, Frage Heberlein Trix, Asylbewerber; 99.1167 Einfache Anfrage Garbani Valérie vom 7. Dezember 1999, Beschwerderecht. Verfahrenskostenvorschuss; 99.3509 Interpellation Baader Caspar vom 7. Oktober 1999, Organisation der Schweizerischen Asylrekurskommission; 99.3128 Interpellation Fehr Hans vom 19. März 1999, Unverantwortliche Entscheide der Asylrekurskommission), ist die ARK eine letztinstanzliche richterliche Behörde, die bei ihren Entscheiden unabhängig und nur dem Gesetz unterworfen ist. Aus Gründen der Gewaltenteilung kann er deshalb zur Kritik an der Rechtsprechung der ARK nicht Stellung nehmen. Er hat aufgrund der heutigen Rechtslage auch keine Möglichkeit, gegenüber der ARK \"Ordnungsvorschriften\" zu erlassen, um auf ihre Rechtsprechung Einfluss zu nehmen oder diese nachträglich zu ändern.

Schon 1992 hat der Nationalrat bei der Prüfung des Geschäftsberichtes festgestellt: \"Die seit 1987 angewandte Praxis, Entscheide des BFF und des BD/EJPD nicht nur auf Verletzung fundamentaler Verfahrensgrundsätze, sondern auch auf Verletzung klaren materiellen Rechtes hin zu überprüfen, wird nach diesem Bericht nicht mehr weitergeführt, da es Aufgabe der neugeschaffenen unabhängigen Asylrekurskommission sein wird, dies zu tun. Die Geschäftsprüfungskommissionen werden inskünftig nur noch die Oberaufsicht über die unabhängige Asylrekurskommission ausüben und sich dabei die gleiche Zurückhaltung wie gegenüber Entscheiden des Bundesgerichtes auferlegen.\" Diese Zurückhaltung gilt auch für den Bundesrat, welcher eine ausschliesslich administrative Aufsicht über die Kommission ausübt; er kann deshalb auf die erwähnten Urteile nicht näher eingehen.

Die ARK hält im Übrigen fest, dass entgegen den Behauptungen in der Motion \"drohende Arbeitslosigkeit\" allein in der Praxis nie zur Annahme der Unzumutbarkeit des Wegweisungsvollzuges geführt hat oder je führen wird.

Was die verlangte Neukonzeption des Beschwerdewesens im Asylrecht betrifft, ist darauf hinzuweisen, dass in der Volksabstimmung vom 12. März 2000 der Bundesbeschluss über die Reform der Justiz gutgeheissen worden ist. Gemäss Artikel 191a Absatz 2 der Bundesverfassung ist neu vorgesehen, dass für die Beurteilung sämtlicher öffentlich-rechtlicher Streitigkeiten aus dem Zuständigkeitsbereich der Bundesverwaltung richterliche Behörden geschaffen werden. Wie die Vorsteherin des Eidgenössischen Justiz- und Polizeidepartementes am 13. Dezember 1999 zur Interpellation Fehr Hans vom 19. März 1999 (99.3128, Unverantwortliche Entscheide der Asylrekurskommission) vor dem Nationalrat ausgeführt hat, wird in diesem Zusammenhang zu prüfen sein, ob ein Bundesverwaltungsgericht zu schaffen und die ARK in dieses zu integrieren sei. Dabei stellen sich viele offene Fragen, weshalb der Bundesrat beantragt, in diesem Punkt die Motion in ein Postulat umzuwandeln.

Nach Angaben der ARK ist es richtig, dass die Kommission bisweilen die Behandlung von Beschwerden von Personen aus bestimmten Ländern vorübergehend zurückstellt (aber gleichzeitig andere Beschwerden behandelt), namentlich um vorgängig im Interesse einer zwingend erforderlichen koordinierten Rechtsprechung offene Rechtsfragen abzuklären, um mit dem Bundesamt für Flüchtlinge im Hinblick auf ein koordiniertes Vorgehen verfahrensrechtliche Fragen abzusprechen oder um die unsichere Entwicklung in bestimmten Ländern zu beobachten. Dieses Vorgehen habe in keinem Fall zum Ziel, Verfahren \"auf die lange Bank\" zu schieben oder gar die Wegweisungspolitik des Bundesrates zu unterlaufen. Vielmehr dienten solche Massnahmen einzig und allein einer möglichst effizienten Abwicklung der auf Beschwerdeebene hängigen Verfahren.

Die Richter und Richterinnen sind sich bewusst, dass sie als vom Bundesrat gewählte Mitglieder der ARK eine besondere Verantwortung tragen, wenn sie sich öffentlich zu Asylfragen äussern. Vorliegend geht aus dem Manuskript des angesprochenen Kammerpräsidenten hervor, dass er seine kritischen Anmerkungen zu einzelnen Artikeln des neuen Asylgesetzes entgegen der Darstellung im zitierten Zeitungsartikel sachlich und inhaltlich begründet vorgetragen hat. Er hat mit seinen Ausführungen vom ihm zustehenden Recht auf freie Meinungsäusserung keinen exzessiven Gebrauch gemacht und jedenfalls weder am Bundesamt für Flüchtlinge noch am Gesetzgeber oder am Bundesrat pauschale Kritik geübt.

Der Bundesrat beantragt Teilung der Motion. Absatz 1 der Motion abzulehnen. 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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1628":1629,"_1645":811,"_1646":1647,"_1648":1649,"_1650":998,"_1329":571,"_1303":371,"_78":575,"_1651":578,"_1634":381,"_1652":1653,"_1654":782,"_1436":331,"_74":341,"_1631":483,"_19":351,"_76":581,"_81":361,"_1655":1108,"_1656":1242,"_1657":1278,"_1658":1242,"_1659":1660,"_1661":1242,"_1662":1663,"_1664":571,"_1665":750,"_1666":1242,"_1667":1649,"_1668":575,"_1635":450,"_1669":1670,"_1241":1242,"_1671":688,"_1254":1242,"_72":586,"_1672":1464,"_1673":1321,"_1674":1359,"_1675":1653,"_1676":1448,"_1636":391,"_1677":1440,"_1678":1242},"section_switcher",{"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629,"_1630":331,"_70":527,"_74":341,"_1631":483,"_1632":417,"_1303":371,"_81":361,"_1633":351,"_1634":381,"_1635":450,"_1636":391,"_1637":1638,"_1639":1640,"_1641":1642,"_1643":1644},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1680":1740,"_282":1741},"intro",{"_1682":1683,"_1684":1685,"_1686":1687,"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691,"_1692":1693,"_1694":1695},"en",{"_1696":1731,"_1698":1732,"_1700":1733,"_1702":1734,"_1704":1735},"de",{"_1696":1726,"_1698":1727,"_1700":1728,"_1702":1729,"_1704":1730},"fr",{"_1696":1721,"_1698":1722,"_1700":1723,"_1702":1724,"_1704":1725},"it",{"_1696":1716,"_1698":1717,"_1700":1718,"_1702":1719,"_1704":1720},"es",{"_1696":1711,"_1698":1712,"_1700":1713,"_1702":1714,"_1704":1715},"pt",{"_1696":1706,"_1698":1707,"_1700":1708,"_1702":1709,"_1704":1710},"rm",{"_1696":1697,"_1698":1699,"_1700":1701,"_1702":1703,"_1704":1705},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. 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Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807,"_1808":1163,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1165,"_1812":1167,"_1813":1814,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1818,"_1819":1820,"_1821":1822,"_636":637,"_1823":1824,"_1825":1826,"_1827":1828,"_1829":1830,"_1831":1832},"nav",{"_1628":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":686,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1637":1638,"_1639":1640,"_1641":1642,"_1643":1644,"_1630":331,"_70":527,"_1632":417,"_1631":483,"_74":341,"_1635":450,"_1303":371,"_81":361,"_1633":351,"_1634":381,"_1636":391,"_1758":1743,"_1759":1760,"_1606":1607,"_1761":1762,"_1608":1609,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1747,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803},{"_1696":1731,"_1698":1732,"_1700":1733,"_1702":1734,"_1704":1735},{"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1808":1834,"_1813":1835,"_1836":213,"_1837":200,"_1838":200,"_1839":213,"_1840":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]