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In der Umweltschutzgesetzgebung gilt das Verursacherprinzip (Art. 2 des Umweltschutzgesetzes; USG), so auch bei der Entsorgung der Siedlungsabfälle (Art. 31bf. USG). Einzig Artikel 32a Absatz 2 USG eröffnet ein Abweichen soweit erforderlich, wenn \"kostendeckende und verursachergerechte Abgaben die umweltverträgliche Entsorgung der Siedlungsabfälle gefährden\". Dies führt fast zwangsläufig zur Erhebung der Kehrichtsackgebühr bzw. der gewichtsabhängigen Gebühr. Obschon sich bisher nicht alle Gemeinden an diese Regelung halten, sind diese Gebühren nach Ansicht z. B. des Kantons Bern unerlässlich und ist ein Abweichen kaum möglich.

Der Effekt der Trennung des Kehrichts dank der verursachergerechten Finanzierung ist unbestritten. Erwiesen ist nicht, dass dadurch die totale Menge des Kehrichts abgenommen hat. Die Kehrichtsackgebühr bzw. die gewichtsabhängige Gebühr hat aber drei gewichtige Nachteile:

- Der Kehricht wird irgendwo illegal entsorgt.

- Der Kehricht wird im öffentlichen Raum halblegal entsorgt (z. B. Hauskehricht in öffentlichen Abfalleimern mit hohen Folgekosten).

- Der Kehricht wird illegal verbrannt.

Zwei Beispiele mögen dies beweisen:

- In der Stadt Bern wurde die Kehrichtsackgebühr 1991 eingeführt. Damals wurden 718 Tonnen Strassenkehricht eingesammelt. Im Jahre 1999 waren es 3872 Tonnen, also 430 Prozent mehr! Andere Gemeinden machen offenbar analoge Beobachtungen, auch mit illegalen Deponien, z. B. in Wäldern.

- In der Zeitschrift \"Umweltschutz\" Nr. 3/99 macht Christoph Studer von der Sektion Umweltgefährdende Stoffe des Buwal auf den Dioxinausstoss bei der illegalen Verbrennung von Abfällen im Cheminée aufmerksam. Die zentrale Aussage lautet: \"Die widerrechtliche Abfallverbrennung im heimischen Kamin hat sich in der Schweiz zur wichtigsten Dioxinquelle entwickelt.\" Das Buwal rechnet gesamtschweizerisch mit 30 000 bis 60 0000 Tonnen Abfall jährlich, die illegal verbrannt werden, offenbar nur, um die leidigen Gebühren zu umgehen. Obschon dies lediglich 1 bis 2 Prozent der brennbaren Abfälle ausmacht, produzieren die Privathaushalte mit ihren widerrechtlichen Entsorgungsmethoden inzwischen mehr als doppelt so viele Dioxine und Furane wie sämtliche Sondermüll- und Kehrichtverbrennungsanlagen zusammen! Diese Anlagen wurden in den letzten Jahren insgesamt mit mehreren Hundert Millionen Franken teuren Rauchgasreinigungsanlagen ausgestattet. Im Abgasstrom der Cheminéefeuerung stellt man rund tausend Mal höhere Dioxinkonzentrationen fest. Dioxin ist bekannt als Seveso-Gift. Die Dioxine lagern sich auf dem Boden ab, gelangen in die Nahrungskette und werden letztlich hauptsächlich im Körperfett gespeichert.

Die Abfallbeseitigung in der Schweiz hat mittlerweile einen sehr hohen Stand erreicht. Das Verhalten der Menschen entspricht aber nicht immer den Erwartungen der Expertinnen und Experten. In der Kehrichtentsorgung muss heute - abgesehen von der angestrebten sinnvollen Kehrichttrennung - die Kehrichtsackgebühr bzw. die gewichtsabhängige Entsorgungsgebühr als kontraproduktive Massnahme angesehen werden. Es gilt daher, diesen Mangel mit einer sinnvollen Gesetzesänderung zu beheben.

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Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, die Umweltschutzgesetzgebung in dem Sinne zu ändern, dass bei der Erhebung der Kehrichtgebühren die Wahl zwischen der Kehrichtsackgebühr bzw. der gewichtsabhängigen Entsorgungsgebühr einerseits und weiteren Möglichkeiten andererseits geschaffen wird.

",25521,"20003113_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Artikel 32a des USG verlangt, dass die Verursacher die Entsorgung der Siedlungsabfälle über Gebühren oder andere Abgaben zahlen. Bei der Ausgestaltung der Gebühren sind dabei insbesondere die Art und die Menge der zur Entsorgung übergebenen Abfälle zu berücksichtigen. Entsprechend diesen gesetzlichen Vorgaben zahlen heute rund 70 Prozent der Bevölkerung der Schweiz die Abfallentsorgung ganz oder teilweise über verursachergerechte Gebühren. Als verursachergerechte Gebühren kommen Volumengebühren (z. B. so genannte Sackgebühren) oder Gewichtsgebühren zum Einsatz. Verursachergerechte Gebühren bilden einen wirksamen Anreiz für die Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten, die zur Verwertung geeigneten Abfallfraktionen (Altpapier, Glas usw.) separat zu sammeln und in die Verwertung zu geben. Gleichzeitig veranlassen solche Gebühren Konsumentinnen und Konsumenten, schon beim Einkaufen auf abfallarme Verpackungen oder langlebige Güter zu achten. Eine entsprechende Wahl beim Kauf wirkt sich über die Warensortimente der Grossverteiler bis auf die Gestaltung der Produkte aus.

Die gesetzlichen Grundlagen des USG geben den Kantonen einen breiten Handlungsspielraum für die Umsetzung. So kann durch eine sinnvolle Kombination mit Grundgebühren die eigentliche Sackgebühr auf einem tiefen und allgemein akzeptierten Niveau gehalten werden. Ein breites Angebot von Separatsammlungen erhöht die Akzeptanz der Sackgebühr. Das Buwal bereitet zurzeit zusammen mit den Kantonen eine Wegleitung für die zweckmässige Gestaltung verursachergerechter Gebühren im Abfallbereich vor. Im Übrigen enthält Artikel 32a USG auch eine Ausnahmeregelung, welche ein Abweichen vom Verursacherprinzip gestattet, wenn dessen Anwendung die umweltverträgliche Entsorgung der Siedlungsabfälle gefährden würde. In der Praxis wird es hier jedoch in der Regel um zeitlich und lokal begrenzte Ausnahmen gehen.

Der breite Einsatz verursachergerechter Gebühren bei der Abfallentsorgung hat mit dazu beigetragen, dass heute die Schweiz bei der separaten Sammlung und Verwertung von Papier, Altglas, kompostierbaren Abfällen, PET-Flaschen usw. im internationalen Vergleich Spitzenresultate erzielt. Erfahrungsgemäss nimmt die Menge des gemischten Kehrichts nach dem Einführen verursachergerechter Gebühren um rund 10 Prozent ab, während die Menge der separat gesammelten, verwertbaren Abfälle entsprechend ansteigt. Die verursachergerechten Gebühren sind somit durchaus wirksam, wenn es darum geht, die verwertbaren Fraktionen der Abfälle besser zu erfassen. Dank solcher Gebühren haben sich aber auch bei verschiedenen Produkten Nachfüllbeutel oder sehr leichte Verpackungen durchgesetzt. Die verursachergerechten Gebühren haben damit - wenn auch in begrenztem Ausmass - auch zur Reduktion der totalen Menge von Kehricht und verwertbaren Stoffen beigetragen.

Die Verunreinigung von Strassen und Plätzen durch herumliegende Abfälle wird in den letzten Jahren immer mehr zum Problem. Allerdings ist nicht in erster Linie die Sackgebühr für dieses nicht vorschriftsgemässe Verhalten verantwortlich. Auch Regionen ohne verursachergerechte Abfallgebühren klagen über die zunehmende Verunreinigung von Strassen und Plätzen durch Abfälle. Die Ursache für dieses \"littering\" sind vielschichtig, so zählen etwa veränderte Lebensgewohnheiten, fliegende Verpflegung auf der Strasse oder eine Geringschätzung des öffentlichen Raums zu den wichtigen Ursachen.

Das wilde Verbrennen von Abfällen belastet die Umwelt stark. Auch dafür kann aber nicht in erster Linie die Sackgebühr verantwortlich gemacht werden. Das Verbrennen von Abfällen im Garten oder im Cheminée sowie auf Baustellen gehörte bereits vor Einführung der Sackgebühren zu den weit verbreiteten Umweltproblemen.

Das Verursacherprinzip für Kosten von Umweltschutzmassnahmen ist heute in Artikel 74 der Bundesverfassung und Artikel 2 USG verankert. Es ist grundsätzlich schwierig, die Abfallentsorgung verursachergerecht zu finanzieren, ohne dabei auf Sackgebühren oder Gewichtsgebühren zurückzugreifen. Theoretisch denkbar wäre es, für jedes in Verkehr gebrachte Produkt von vornherein so genannte vorgezogene Entsorgungsgebühren einzufordern. Das Festlegen unterschiedlicher Entsorgungsgebühren für die rund 100 000 verschiedenen Artikel, die heute ein einzelnes Warenhaus führt, ist jedoch schwierig. Dies gilt schon für Güter des täglichen Gebrauches, aber noch viel mehr für Investitionsgüter, bei denen die zukünftigen Entsorgungskosten für das Festlegen der Entsorgungsgebühren massgebend wären. Ein Finanzierungssystem, welches auf generellen vorgezogenen Entsorgungsgebühren basiert, kann deshalb schon aus Gründen der Praktikabilität nicht befürwortet werden. Zudem ergäben sich bei einem solchen System keine Anreize für den Konsumenten mehr, Separatsammlungen zu benutzen.

Angesichts der unbestrittenen Vorteile von verursachergerechten Abfallgebühren hält der Bundesrat es für angezeigt, die teilweise vorhandenen, negativen Auswirkungen dieses Finanzierungssystems durch geeignete Massnahmen zu reduzieren. An erster Stelle gilt es, die Gebührenreglemente flexibel und den lokalen Umständen angepasst auszugestalten. Um das \"littering\" zu bekämpfen, ist es wohl unumgänglich, im öffentlichen Raum die Entsorgungsmöglichkeiten (Abfallkörbe) dem in städtischen Zentren oft beträchtlichen Bedarf anzupassen. Dabei können die Kosten der Entsorgung dieser Abfälle sowie des Strassenwischguts durchaus auf anderem Wege als über verursachergerechte Gebühren finanziert werden.

Um das Verbrennen von Abfällen in Hausfeuerungen und Gärten zu bekämpfen, ist die regelmässige Information der Bevölkerung über die unerwünschten Auswirkungen notwendig. Zudem kann das Verbrennen von Abfällen bei der Kontrolle von Feuerungen festgestellt und geahndet werden.

Andere verursachergerechte Finanzierungssysteme sind zurzeit nicht in Sicht. Ein Abweichen vom Verursacherprinzip beim Finanzieren der Entsorgung der Siedlungsabfälle würde dem in der Verfassung verankerten Verursacherprinzip widersprechen. Der Bundesrat lehnt es ab, von diesem Finanzierungsprinzip abzuweichen, nachdem eine entsprechende Ergänzung und Konkretisierung im USG 1997 von der grossen Mehrheit des Parlamentes begrüsst wurden.

Der Bundesrat beantragt, die Motion abzulehnen.",25520,"20003113_1","Titel des 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members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1608":1609,"_1625":792,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629,"_1630":979,"_1309":552,"_19":352,"_83":556,"_1631":559,"_1614":362,"_1632":1633,"_1634":763,"_1416":312,"_79":322,"_1611":464,"_85":332,"_81":562,"_87":342,"_1635":1089,"_1636":1223,"_1637":1259,"_1638":1223,"_1639":1640,"_1641":1223,"_1642":1643,"_1644":552,"_1645":731,"_1646":1223,"_1647":1629,"_1648":556,"_1615":431,"_1649":1650,"_1222":1223,"_1651":669,"_1235":1223,"_77":567,"_1652":1444,"_1653":1301,"_1654":1339,"_1655":1633,"_1656":1428,"_1616":372,"_1657":1420,"_1658":1223},"section_switcher",{"_1606":1607,"_1608":1609,"_1610":312,"_21":508,"_79":322,"_1611":464,"_1612":398,"_19":352,"_87":342,"_1613":332,"_1614":362,"_1615":431,"_1616":372,"_1617":1618,"_1619":1620,"_1621":1622,"_1623":1624},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1716":1717,"_1718":1719,"_1660":1720,"_263":1721},"intro",{"_1662":1663,"_1664":1665,"_1666":1667,"_1668":1669,"_1670":1671,"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675},"en",{"_1676":1711,"_1678":1712,"_1680":1713,"_1682":1714,"_1684":1715},"de",{"_1676":1706,"_1678":1707,"_1680":1708,"_1682":1709,"_1684":1710},"fr",{"_1676":1701,"_1678":1702,"_1680":1703,"_1682":1704,"_1684":1705},"it",{"_1676":1696,"_1678":1697,"_1680":1698,"_1682":1699,"_1684":1700},"es",{"_1676":1691,"_1678":1692,"_1680":1693,"_1682":1694,"_1684":1695},"pt",{"_1676":1686,"_1678":1687,"_1680":1688,"_1682":1689,"_1684":1690},"rm",{"_1676":1677,"_1678":1679,"_1680":1681,"_1682":1683,"_1684":1685},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1144,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1146,"_1792":1148,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_617":618,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1812},"nav",{"_1608":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1733":667,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1617":1618,"_1619":1620,"_1621":1622,"_1623":1624,"_1610":312,"_21":508,"_1612":398,"_1611":464,"_79":322,"_1615":431,"_19":352,"_87":342,"_1613":332,"_1614":362,"_1616":372,"_1738":1723,"_1739":1740,"_1586":1587,"_1741":1742,"_1588":1589,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1727,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783},{"_1676":1711,"_1678":1712,"_1680":1713,"_1682":1714,"_1684":1715},{"_1722":1723,"_1724":1725,"_1726":1727,"_1728":1729},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1788":1814,"_1793":1815,"_1816":222,"_1817":203,"_1818":203,"_1819":222,"_1820":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]