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Der Nationalfonds unterstützt jährlich mit rund 300 Millionen Franken die Forschung zu wichtigen und gesellschaftspolitisch unerlässlichen Themen. Am Grundsatz der Forschung und an ihrer Dringlichkeit ist keineswegs zu zweifeln.

Allerdings wirft das Management des Nationalfonds einige Fragen auf. So entscheiden im Stiftungsrat rund 70 Stiftungsrätinnen und Stiftungsräte über die Verteilung von Forschungsgeldern, davon eine Anzahl Professoren, die selber auch Gesuche einreichen und somit an sich selber Forschungsgelder verteilen. Dass hier besonders wirksame Kontrollsysteme erstellt werden müssen, ist eigentlich logisch, denn es darf nicht zu Ungereimtheiten kommen. Ein Vertrauensverlust in den Nationalfonds wäre verheerend und könnte leicht zu Forschungsdefiziten führen!

Nun wurde ich mehrmals auf die Thematik der beiden Biochemiker Anker und Stroun aufmerksam, die in der Krebsforschung tätig sind. Die beiden Forscher bemängeln - und weisen dies auch nach -, dass ihre Forschungseingabe aufgrund manipulierter Expertengutachten abgelehnt wurde. Für diese Vorwürfe liegt ein Rekurs vor.

Der Vorwurf der Berner Psychologin Th. Streuli, wonach es den Entscheidgremien des Nationalfonds an Unabhängigkeit mangle, beschäftigt ausserdem seit mehreren Jahren die Gerichte.

Die Zeitschrift \"Facts\", 51/1998, zitiert zudem den Basler Rechtsprofessor Marc Pieth, der auf mehrere abgewiesene Gesuchsteller verweist, die sich mit Rechtsmitteln zur Wehr setzen. Die Beschwerdeführerinnen und Beschwerdeführer bringen alle dieselbe Kritik vor, nämlich die fehlende Unabhängigkeit des Entscheidgremiums.

","affair_title",25177,"20003015_5","Eingereichter Text","

Ohne die bisherigen Verdienste des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung in Forschungsfragen zu schmälern, aber aufgrund verschiedener Vorkommnisse, die auch in der Presse aufgegriffen wurden, möchte ich vom Bundesrat Antwort auf folgende Fragen:

1. Vergabe von Forschungsaufträgen

Aus Informationen kann geschlossen werden, dass ein grosser Teil der zu verteilenden Forschungsaufträge jährlich an emeritierte Professoren geht. Warum werden nicht mehr jüngere Forscherinnen und Forscher - vor allem auch Frauen - berücksichtigt, wenn doch die Nachwuchsförderung als eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben des Fonds definiert wird? Gibt es eine obere Alterslimite für Gesuchstellerinnen und Gesuchsteller?

2. Schutz der eigenen Forschungsarbeiten/Urheberrechte

Wie können Personen, die Urheberinnen oder Urheber von Forschungsresultaten sind, sicherstellen, dass die Ergebnisse nicht gegen ihren Willen für Nachfolgeforschungen durch andere Personen weiterverwendet werden? Wie wird die Richtigkeit überprüft?

3. Aufsichtspflicht des Nationalfonds

Welche Rolle spielen die beigezogenen Expertinnen und Experten, und nach welchen Kriterien werden sie ausgewählt? Wie wird die Unabhängigkeit dieses Gremiums sichergestellt? Werden ausländische Expertinnen und Experten beigezogen?

4. Expertinnen und Experten

Welche Rolle spielen die beigezogenen Expertinnen und Experten, und nach welchen Kriterien werden sie ausgewählt? Wie wird die Unabhängigkeit dieses Gremiums sichergestellt?

5. Rekurse

Gibt es zwischen dem Nationalfonds und den Personen der Rekursinstanz Verflechtungen (finanzieller oder personeller Art)? Wie viele Rekurse werden jährlich eingereicht? In wie vielen Fällen bewirkte der Gang vor die Rekursinstanz eine Meinungsänderung beim Forschungsrat des Nationalfonds?

",25176,"20003015_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Der Schweizerische Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (SNF) ist neben der Kommission für Technologie und Innovation (KTI) das für die Forschung in der Schweiz wichtigste Förderorgan. Aufgaben und Pflichten der Organe des Nationalfonds sind in den vom Bundesrat genehmigten SNF-Statuten geregelt.

Was die Gesuchsprüfung betrifft, so werden alle beim Nationalfonds eingereichten Forschungsgesuche unter der Verantwortung des Nationalen Forschungsrates bearbeitet. In der Antwort auf die Ziffern 3 und 4 wird näher auf die Gesuchsprüfung eingetreten. Die Beurteilung von Forschungsprojekten und die Zusprache von Forschungsmitteln unterliegen klar definierten Verfahrensregeln. Die Einhaltung dieser Regeln wird einerseits durch die SNF-interne Geschäftsprüfungskommission, andererseits durch die vom Bund eingesetzte Eidgenössische Rekurskommission überwacht.

Auch der Bundesrat misst der tatsächlichen Wirksamkeit der bei der Vergabe von öffentlichen Forschungsgeldern eingesetzten Kontrollmechanismen höchste Bedeutung bei.

1. Vergabe von Forschungsaufträgen

Bei den Personen, die an Forschungsgesuchen des SNF beteiligt sind, ist zwischen den Hauptgesuchstellenden und den in bewilligten SNF-Projekten tatsächlich finanzierten wissenschaftlichen und technischen Mitarbeitern und Mitarbeiterinnen zu unterscheiden.

a. Hauptgesuchstellende: Hauptgesuchstellende von Forschungsprojekten, deren eigenes Salär grundsätzlich nicht vom SNF finanziert wird, müssen über hinreichende Forschungs- und Führungsverantwortung verfügen, um in der Lage zu sein, in eigener Verantwortung ein bewilligtes Forschungsprojekt durchzuführen und die darin involvierten wissenschaftlichen und technischen Mitarbeiter und Mitarbeiterinnen zu führen und anzuleiten.

Wissenschafter und Wissenschafterinnen stehen meistens in einem Alter von über 40 Jahren auf dem Höhepunkt ihrer Karriere. Deshalb dominiert bei den Hauptgesuchstellenden die Alterskategorie von 40 bis 60 Jahren. Über dem Zeitraum von 1995 bis heute haben die Beitragsempfänger und -empfängerinnen von Forschungsprojekten (erfolgreiche Hauptgesuchstellende) ein Durchschnittsalter von knapp unter 50 Jahren aufgewiesen. Im gleichen Zeitraum waren rund 15 Prozent unter 40-jährig, und nur knapp 4 Prozent aller Beitragsempfänger und -empfängerinnen waren über 65-jährig. Die emeritierten Professoren und Professorinnen, die in der Interpellation angesprochen werden, sind in diesen 4 Prozent eingeschlossen. Emeritierte Professoren und Professorinnen sind beim SNF zudem nur dann formell gesuchsberechtigt, wenn sie an ihrer Heimuniversität weiterhin über die erforderlichen Infrastrukturen zur eventuellen Projektdurchführung verfügen.

Der Anteil der Frauen am Total der Beitragsempfänger und -empfängerinnen (erfolgreiche Hauptgesuchstellende) beträgt in den vom SNF bewilligten Forschungsprojekten im Durchschnitt über 12 Prozent (Abt. I-III, bezogen auf die Periode 1996-1999), dies bei einem Frauenanteil von 6,8 Prozent (Referenzjahr 1998) an der hier in erster Linie angesprochenen Personengruppe an unseren Universitäten (Ordinarien, Extraordinarien, Assistenzprofessuren, maîtres d'assistants usw.).

b. Wissenschaftliche und technische Mitarbeiter und Mitarbeiterinnen von SNF-Forschungsprojekten: Über 70 Prozent der zugesprochenen Forschungsbeiträge werden für Saläre verwendet. Dabei sind über 75 Prozent der finanzierten wissenschaftlichen und technischen Mitarbeiter und Mitarbeiterinnen jünger als 35 Jahre. Für das Jahr 1998 lautet die detaillierte Altersverteilung folgendermassen: bis und mit 30 Jahre: 50 Prozent; 31 bis 35 Jahre: 25 Prozent; 36 bis 40 Jahre: 11 Prozent; ab 41 Jahre: 14 Prozent.

Der Frauenanteil beträgt bei den im Rahmen von SNF-Projekten finanzierten wissenschaftlichen und technischen Mitarbeitern und Mitarbeiterinnen (laufende Projekte) zurzeit insgesamt 36 Prozent.

Der Bundesrat und der SNF wollen dieses Bild in der Beitragsperiode 2000 bis 2003 mit einer Reihe von Massnahmen weiter verbessern.

- Der SNF achtet darauf, dass Wissenschafter und Wissenschafterinnen möglichst frühzeitig in die verantwortungsvolle Position der Hauptgesuchstellenden hineinwachsen können. So ist im Auftrag des Bundes ein neues Programm der SNF-Förderprofessuren mit einer oberen Alterslimite von 40 Jahren eingeführt worden.

- In der zwischen der Gruppe für Wissenschaft und Forschung (als Vertreterin des Bundes) und dem SNF abgeschlossenen Leistungsvereinbarung für die Jahre 2000 bis 2003 ist die Vorgabe enthalten, dass der Anteil der Frauen am Total der Beitragsempfänger und -empfängerinnen (erfolgreiche Hauptgesuchsteller in den Abteilungen I-III) bis 2003 auf 20 Prozent erhöht wird und im oben erwähnten Programm der SNF-Förderungsprofessuren 30 Prozent betragen muss.

Erwähnenswert ist in diesem Zusammenhang, dass diese Leistungsvereinbarung auch vorgibt, den Anteil von Frauen im Nationalen Forschungsrat von derzeit 14,1 Prozent (1999) bis zum Jahr 2003 auf 20 Prozent zu erhöhen.

2. Schutz der eigenen Forschungsarbeiten/Urheberrechte

Die Ergebnisse der mit öffentlichen Mitteln finanzierten Forschung sind grundsätzlich öffentlich (Art. 28 des Forschungsgesetzes FG). Die Nutzung von in eigenen Forschungsprojekten erbrachten Resultaten durch die internationale Forschungsgemeinde ist ein explizites Ziel der Forschenden selbst und erfolgt im Rahmen der Grundlagenforschung in der Regel über die Publikation. Die Kennzahlen über Publikationsrate, Zitationswerte usw. bilden auch bei den SNF-Gesuchsprüfungen wichtige Kriterien für die Beurteilung sowohl der Forschungsqualität von Gesuchen als auch der wissenschaftlichen Reputation von Gesuchstellern und Gesuchstellerinnen.

Im Rahmen der kürzlich erfolgten Teilrevision des FG ist zudem mit dem neuen Artikel 28a die Frage des geistigen Eigentums aus immaterialgüterrechtlicher Sicht noch weiter gehend präzisiert worden.

Die in der Interpellation angesprochene Verwendung von Forschungsresultaten Dritter ohne Referenznachweis (wissenschaftliches Plagiat) stellt einen strafrechtlichen Tatbestand dar. Eine Förderorganisation wie der SNF kann jedoch keine Massnahmen zur generellen Verhinderung von wissenschaftlichen Plagiaten ergreifen. Der SNF kann nur alle Gesuchsteller und Gesuchstellerinnen auf die Einhaltung entsprechender, durch die internationale Forschungsgemeinschaft selbst etablierte Standards (Verhaltenscodex bzw. \"Regeln des wissenschaftlichen Wohlverhaltens\") verpflichten und auf eine Autoregulation abstellen.

Wenn im Rahmen der Gesuchsprüfung nach einer erfolgreichen Beurteilung der wissenschaftlichen Qualität der begründete Verdacht besteht, dass ein Autor oder eine Autorin unrechtmässig fremde Forschungsideen verwendet, werden SNF-intern in einem zusätzlichen Schritt spezifische Abklärungen initiiert. Die Ergebnisse der Sonderabklärungen werden im Nationalen Forschungsrat offen gelegt und zusammen mit der wissenschaftlichen Beurteilung für die Genehmigung und Finanzierung diskutiert und bewertet.

In dem in der Begründung zur Interpellation erwähnten Fall der Berner Psychologin Th. Streuli, die mehrere Fachkollegen gerichtlich des wissenschaftlichen Plagiates sowie des Verstosses gegen das Urheberrecht betreffend Forschungsideen beschuldigt, hat der SNF auf weitere interne Abklärungen verzichtet, weil die von diesen Fachkollegen beim SNF eingereichten Forschungsgesuche aus wissenschaftlichen Qualitätsgründen abgelehnt wurden.

3./4. Aufsichtspflicht des Nationalfonds; Experten und Expertinnen

Der Nationale Forschungsrat, der heute achtzig Mitglieder umfasst und sich seinerseits in Abteilungen (Abt. I-IV) aufgliedert, entscheidet aufgrund der Anträge der Abteilungen selber über die Zusprache oder Ablehnung der eingereichten Forschungsgesuche bis zu einer jährlichen Beitragshöhe von 300 000 Franken (Abt. I und III) bzw. von 600 000 Franken (Abt. II). Für höhere Beiträge stellt er dem Stiftungsrat einen entsprechenden Antrag dem obersten Organ des SNF.

Zur wissenschaftlichen Beurteilung der Gesuche zieht der Nationale Forschungsrat in- und ausländische Experten und Expertinnen bei, wobei der Anteil der ausländischen Experten und Expertinnen heute bei über 70 Prozent liegt. Diese externen Expertisen gehören zu den zentralen Entscheidungsgrundlagen der Fachexpertisierung (\"peer review\"). Mit ihnen begründen und objektivieren die für die einzelnen Gesuche zuständigen Forschungsräte im Nationalen Forschungsrat die jeweiligen Anträge betreffend Zusprache oder Ablehnung.

Im Wissen um die hohe Bedeutung des gesamten Expertisierungsverfahrens unterzieht der SNF die massgeblichen Regeln immer wieder einer selbstkritischen Beurteilung. Diese Regeln lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen:

- Jedes neue Gesuch wird von mehreren (mindestens zwei) externen Experten oder Expertinnen begutachtet.

- Die Bestimmung der zugezogenen Experten oder Expertinnen erfolgt auf der Grundlage ihres wissenschaftlichen Fachwissens von Fall zu Fall und nach den Erfordernissen des jeweiligen Gesuches.

- Die Expertisierung erfolgt auf dem Korrespondenzweg. Die zugezogenen Experten bilden - entgegen den Annahmen der Interpellation - kein Gremium und haben betreffend den Expertisierungsauftrag keine Kenntnis voneinander. Zudem sind sie gehalten, gegenüber dem Nationalen Forschungsrat allfällige Interessenkonflikte mit dem infrage stehenden Gesuchsteller oder der infrage stehenden Gesuchstellerin offen zu legen.

- Der Forschungsrat entscheidet im Rahmen seines pflichtgemässen Ermessens, wie die Gesuchsteller über die Ergebnisse der externen Expertisierung informiert werden. In der Regel werden anonymisierte, für die Entscheidung relevante Expertisenauszüge der Verfügung direkt beigelegt. Manipulationsvorwürfe sind in diesem Zusammenhang unbegründet und wurden im Übrigen noch in keinem Falle nachgewiesen.

Bei der Einholung externer Gutachten wird auch ein ausgewogenes Verhältnis von in- und ausländischen Gutachtern und Gutachterinnen angestrebt. Gerade der erwähnte hohe Anteil zugezogener ausländischer Experten und Expertinnen zeugt von den klaren Bemühungen des SNF, mögliche Interessenkonflikte zwischen Gesuchsstellern und Gesuchstellerinnen und Gutachtern und Gutachterinnen in der Schweiz weitgehend schon im Voraus zu vermeiden.

Heikler sind Gesuche, an welchen Mitglieder des Nationalen Forschungsrates beteiligt sind. Da Forschungsräte und Forschungsrätinnen für diese Funktion über ihren Fachbereich in hohem Grade informiert sein müssen, sollen sie gemäss SNF-Statuten ihre wissenschaftliche Tätigkeit fortsetzen. Entsprechend muss ihnen auch die Möglichkeit zur Gesuchseingabe beim SNF offen stehen. Für die Vermeidung von möglichen Interessenkonflikten gibt es beim SNF für solche Fälle nicht nur klare Ausstandsregeln (gemäss Art. 10 des Bundesgesetzes über das Verwaltungsverfahren VwVG), sondern es besteht zusätzlich auch eine Obergrenze für die an die Mitglieder des Nationalen Forschungsrates gehenden Fördergelder. Der entsprechende jährliche Gesamtbetrag wird vom Stiftungsrat des SNF festgelegt. Für das laufende Jahr ist dieser Gesamtbetrag vom Stiftungsrat auf 11,5 Millionen Franken oder rund 3 Prozent des SNF-Budgets (Projektförderungsbeiträge) festgelegt worden. Eine besondere Regelung besteht sodann für die im Rahmen von Nationalen Forschungsprogrammen sowie von Schwerpunktprogrammen konstituierten Expertengruppen. Deren Mitglieder können zusammen maximal 5 Prozent der Mittel des jeweiligen Programmes für eigene Gesuche beanspruchen.

5. Rekurse

Über Rekurse gegen Entscheide des SNF entscheidet gemäss Artikel 13 Absatz 2 FG die Eidgenössische Rekurskommission für Forschungsförderung (CRER), welche eine vom SNF vollständig unabhängige Instanz ist. Ihre Mitglieder werden durch den Bundesrat gewählt. Neben dem Präsidenten und der Präsidentin sowie dem Vizepräsidenten und der Vizepräsidentin, die über richterliche Erfahrung verfügen müssen, besteht sie aus 13 Sachverständigen, d. h. Wissenschafter und Wissenschafterinnen aus unterschiedlichsten Fachgebieten. Selbstverständlich ist nicht ausgeschlossen, dass diese Sachverständigen selbst auch Gesuchstellende beim SNF sein können. Es bestehen aber keine Verflechtungen zwischen den Mitgliedern der CRER und den SNF-Organen, und es ist ausgeschlossen, dass eine Person gleichzeitig Mitglied der CRER und eines SNF-Organs sein kann. Im Übrigen unterstehen die Mitglieder den Ausstandsregeln von Artikel 10 VwVG.

Im Jahre 1999 wurden insgesamt 16 Rekurse eingereicht. Davon sind zurzeit zehn noch hängig, auf einen Rekurs trat die Rekurskommission nicht ein, ein Rekurs wurde abgewiesen, drei Rekurse wurden von den Beschwerdeführern zurückgezogen, und in einem Falle hat der SNF seinen ursprünglichen Entscheid im Rahmen eines Wiedererwägungsverfahrens geändert. Diesen 16 Rekursen stehen über 3000 rekursfähige Entscheide des SNF gegenüber (davon rund 1900 behandelte Forschungsgesuche der Abt. I-III).

Das Jahr 1999 stellt überdies ein Spitzenjahr in Bezug auf die Anzahl Rekurse dar. In den Jahren 1995-1998 gingen insgesamt nur 28 Rekurse ein. Davon wurden drei von den Beschwerdeführern zurückgezogen, auf einen wurde nicht eingetreten, 21 Rekurse wurden abgewiesen, einer wurde wegen Widerrufes der Verfügung abgeschrieben, und zwei wurden gutgeheissen.

Was den im Begründungstext der Interpellation erwähnten Rekurs der Biochemiker Anker und Stroun, betrifft, so ist dieser zurzeit noch hängig.

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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1629":1630,"_1646":812,"_1647":1648,"_1649":1650,"_1651":999,"_1330":572,"_1304":372,"_78":576,"_1652":579,"_1635":382,"_1653":1654,"_1655":783,"_1437":332,"_74":342,"_1632":484,"_19":352,"_76":582,"_81":362,"_1656":1109,"_1657":1243,"_1658":1279,"_1659":1243,"_1660":1661,"_1662":1243,"_1663":1664,"_1665":572,"_1666":751,"_1667":1243,"_1668":1650,"_1669":576,"_1636":451,"_1670":1671,"_1242":1243,"_1672":689,"_1255":1243,"_72":587,"_1673":1465,"_1674":1322,"_1675":1360,"_1676":1654,"_1677":1449,"_1637":392,"_1678":1441,"_1679":1243},"section_switcher",{"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630,"_1631":332,"_70":528,"_74":342,"_1632":484,"_1633":418,"_1304":372,"_81":362,"_1634":352,"_1635":382,"_1636":451,"_1637":392,"_1638":1639,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643,"_1644":1645},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1737":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1681":1741,"_283":1742},"intro",{"_1683":1684,"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690,"_1691":1692,"_1693":1694,"_1695":1696},"en",{"_1697":1732,"_1699":1733,"_1701":1734,"_1703":1735,"_1705":1736},"de",{"_1697":1727,"_1699":1728,"_1701":1729,"_1703":1730,"_1705":1731},"fr",{"_1697":1722,"_1699":1723,"_1701":1724,"_1703":1725,"_1705":1726},"it",{"_1697":1717,"_1699":1718,"_1701":1719,"_1703":1720,"_1705":1721},"es",{"_1697":1712,"_1699":1713,"_1701":1714,"_1703":1715,"_1705":1716},"pt",{"_1697":1707,"_1699":1708,"_1701":1709,"_1703":1710,"_1705":1711},"rm",{"_1697":1698,"_1699":1700,"_1701":1702,"_1703":1704,"_1705":1706},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. 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Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1805":1806,"_1807":1808,"_1809":1164,"_1810":1811,"_1812":1166,"_1813":1168,"_1814":1815,"_1816":1817,"_1818":1819,"_1820":1821,"_1822":1823,"_637":638,"_1824":1825,"_1826":1827,"_1828":1829,"_1830":1831,"_1832":1833},"nav",{"_1629":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":687,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1638":1639,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643,"_1644":1645,"_1631":332,"_70":528,"_1633":418,"_1632":484,"_74":342,"_1636":451,"_1304":372,"_81":362,"_1634":352,"_1635":382,"_1637":392,"_1759":1744,"_1760":1761,"_1607":1608,"_1762":1763,"_1609":1610,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1748,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804},{"_1697":1732,"_1699":1733,"_1701":1734,"_1703":1735,"_1705":1736},{"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1809":1835,"_1814":1836,"_1837":211,"_1838":197,"_1839":197,"_1840":211,"_1841":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]