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Das IGE ist unter anderem dafür zuständig, dass die Gesetzgebung zur Verwendung der Marke «Schweiz» im Produktvertrieb eingehalten wird. Die jüngsten Entwicklungen in der Praxis des IGE geben zahlreichen Akteuren allerdings Anlass zur Sorge.

Tatsächlich hatte das IGE zunächst die Verwendung des Schweizerkreuzes auf den Schuhen der Marke ON beanstandet. Denn deren Produkte trugen das Kreuz, obwohl sie in Südasien hergestellt werden. In einem zweiten Schritt erklärte sich das IGE schliesslich bereit, seine Praxis zu lockern, und schuf damit de facto eine massgeschneiderte Ausnahme vom Markenschutzgesetz, die 2017 in Kraft trat^[1].

Die Marke «Schweiz» bringt einen erheblich höheren Umsatz mit sich. Der um 7,7 Milliarden Franken höhere Umsatz wertet die Tätigkeit unserer Unternehmen und die Qualität unserer Arbeitsplätze auf^[2]. Angesichts des Drucks zur Verlagerung ins Ausland ist die Marke «Schweiz» ein unverzichtbares Instrument zur Aufwertung unserer Industriearbeitsplätze und ein wichtiger Schutz für die Beschäftigten. Dass das IGE auf diese Weise Anreize für die Verlagerung von Arbeitsplätzen schafft, ist nicht nur gefährlich, sondern widerspricht auch dem Auftrag des Instituts. Die neue Praxis erscheint angesichts des Wortlauts des Markenschutzgesetzes^[3] zumindest strittig.

Zahlreiche Branchen des Landes profitieren von der weltweiten Anerkennung des Labels «Schweiz» und müssen im Gegenzug strenge Auflagen erfüllen, um diese Anerkennung zu wahren.

Dies gilt insbesondere für Unternehmen der Uhren- und Maschinenbaubranche, die vor allem im Jurabogen angesiedelt sind. Diese Unternehmen mussten bereits nach der bisherigen Praxis des IGE noch strengere Auflagen erfüllen als die Hersteller anderer Industriegüter. Mit der neuen Praxis wird sich die Kluft zwischen den Branchen noch erheblich vergrössern. Die Erleichterungen, die ON gewährt wurden, werden sich somit direkt auf die Qualität des Labels «Schweiz» auswirken, das für die Industrie von unschätzbarem Wert ist.

^[1] https://dievolkswirtschaft.ch/de/2021/03/swissness-industrie-und-dienstleister-profitieren/

^[2] https://dievolkswirtschaft.ch/de/2021/03/swissness-industrie-und-dienstleister-profitieren/

^[3] https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/1993/274_274_274/de

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Im Zusammenhang mit der «ON»-Affäre bezüglich der Verwendung des Schweizerkreuzes auf Produkten, die nicht in der Schweiz hergestellt wurden, wurde die Praxis des Eidgenössischen Instituts für Geistiges Eigentum (IGE) kürzlich entsprechend den Wünschen des Unternehmens «ON» gelockert.

Ich bitte den Bundesrat um die Beantwortung folgender Fragen:

Gestützt auf welche objektive Feststellung hat das IGE die Praxis gelockert?
Wie wird der Schritt «Engineering» in diesem Prozess gemäss der Doktrin des IGE genau definiert? Welche quantitativen Kriterien werden genau herangezogen, um dieses Kriterium zu beurteilen? Wenn eine Mineralwasserflasche lediglich in der Schweiz «designed» wurde (mit dem Vermerk «Swiss Engineering»), das Wasser jedoch aus einem anderen Land stammt, darf dann auf dieser Flasche ein Schweizerkreuz abgebildet werden?
In seiner Mitteilung vom 23. März gibt das IGE bekannt, seine Auslegung des Rechtsrahmens zu ändern, um staatspolitische Ziele zu erreichen, wobei die entsprechenden Beschlüsse «per sofort» und ohne weitere politische Kontrolle in Kraft träten. Ist es die Aufgabe des IGE, derartige politische Ziele festzulegen?
In seiner Mitteilung erklärt das IGE, dass es die Kosten für die Herstellung in der Schweiz sowie die Frankenstärke berücksichtige, und betont, dass die multinationalen Unternehmen mit Sitz in der Schweiz unterstützt werden müssen. Es besteht ein Zielkonflikt zwischen dem Schutz von Arbeitsplätzen in der Industrie und der Unterstützung von multinationalen Unternehmen mit Sitz in der Schweiz. Kann dieser Konflikt angesichts dieser schwerwiegenden Probleme wirklich durch einen Ermessensentscheid des IGE zugunsten der solcher Unternehmen gelöst werden?
Wie beurteilt der Bundesrat die neue Praxis des IGE?
Entspricht diese «Präzisierung» zweifelsfrei dem geltenden Recht?
Beabsichtigt der Bundesrat, Gesetzesänderungen vorzunehmen, um auch die Arbeitsplätze in der Industrie zu schützen, die durch die neue Praxis des IGE unter Druck geraten sind?
Welche Auswirkungen hat die neue Praxis des IGE auf die landwirtschaftliche Produktion bzw. auf den Maschinenbau?
Und was ist mit den Uhrenherstellern, die noch strengere Normen erfüllen als die früheren Normen des IGE für Industrieprodukte, und das in einem Umfeld, in dem der hohe Stellenwert des Labels «Schweiz» geschwächt ist?

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1. Das Markenschutzgesetz (MSchG; SR 232.11) sieht in Artikel 47 Absatz 3^ter vor, dass Unternehmen bei im Ausland hergestellten Produkten auf spezifische Tätigkeiten wie «SWISS ENGINEERING» oder «SWISS DESIGN» hinweisen dürfen, sofern diese Tätigkeit vollumfänglich in der Schweiz stattfindet. Für den Wirtschaftsstandort Schweiz und die Sicherung des Wohlstands ist die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette von Bedeutung – von Forschung und Innovation über die Produktion bis hin zum Vertrieb. Die Schweiz wird sowohl als Produktions- als auch als Innovationsstandort hochgeschätzt. Letzteres widerspiegelt sich etwa in der Spitzenposition der Schweiz im Global Innovation Index. Mit der vom IGE angepassten Praxis soll auch der Innovationsstandort gestärkt werden.

2. Gemäss Artikel 47 Absatz 3^ter MSchG darf auf eine spezifische Tätigkeit, die mit dem Produkt im Zusammenhang steht, nur unter der Voraussetzung hingewiesen werden, dass diese Tätigkeit vollumfänglich in der Schweiz stattgefunden hat. Bei Mineralwasser ist Wasser das massgebliche Produkt und nicht die Flasche, in der das Wasser abgefüllt wird. Wasser wird nicht «designt». Zudem darf im Falle von «SWISS ENGINEERING» oder «SWISS DESIGN» das Schweizerkreuz ohnehin nie «freistehend» verwendet werden.

3./4. Das IGE ist gemäss Artikel 2 Absatz 1 Buchstabe b des Gesetzes über Statut und Aufgaben des IGE (IGEG; SR 172.010.31) für den Vollzug des Markenschutzgesetzes zuständig. Im Rahmen dieser Vollzugsaufgaben ist es Aufgabe des IGE, bei seinen Entscheiden eine kohärente Praxis zu entwickeln. Beim Entscheid des IGE ging es um die Auslegung von Artikel 47 Absatz 3^ter MSchG und nicht um die Festlegung politischer Ziele. Die Praxispräzisierung kommt allen Unternehmen zugute, die in der Schweiz solche Tätigkeiten vornehmen oder künftig vornehmen wollen. Mit der Praxisänderung erhalten die in der Schweiz forschenden und entwickelnden Unternehmen die Möglichkeit, auf diesen Umstand etwas prominenter hinzuweisen. Umgekehrt sollen ausländische Unternehmen, die aufgrund des attraktiven Standorts Schweiz ihre Forschung und Entwicklung (F&E) hier ansiedeln und so Arbeitsplätze schaffen, auf diesen Umstand hinweisen dürfen. Dadurch kann die Standortattraktivität der Schweiz gestärkt werden.

5. Die Schweiz belegt seit Jahren den ersten Platz im Global Innovation Index und gilt damit als weltweit führender Innovationsstandort. F&E sind zentrale Pfeiler der Schweizer Wirtschaft und leisten einen bedeutenden Beitrag zur Wertschöpfung. Laut Bundesamt für Statistik wurden 2023 in der Schweiz nahezu 26 Milliarden Franken in F&E investiert (vgl. Bundesamt für Statistik, Forschung und Entwicklung [F+E] Synthese Schweiz vom 26.06.2025). Die F&E-Intensität lag mit 3,2 % des Bruttoinlandsprodukts deutlich über dem OECD-Durchschnitt (2,7 %). Den Grossteil der F&E-Ausgaben – rund 7 von 10 investierten Franken – trug dabei die Privatwirtschaft. Mit der Praxisänderung kann der Innovationsstandort Schweiz weiter gestärkt werden (vgl. auch Ziffern 1 und 4).

6. Weder das MSchG noch die Markenschutzverordnung sagen etwas dazu, ob in Fällen von Artikel 47 Abs. 3^ter MSchG zusätzlich das Schweizerkreuz verwendet werden darf. Die abschliessende Beurteilung der Zulässigkeit der Praxisänderung liegt bei den Gerichten.

7. Das EJPD hat das IGE beauftragt, die Swissness-Bestimmungen im Rahmen einer Evaluation zu untersuchen. Darin soll auch geprüft werden, welche Auswirkung die Praxisänderung auf die Unternehmen hat. Gestützt auf die Ergebnisse dieser Evaluation wird der Bundesrat dem Parlament bei Bedarf konkrete Vorschläge unterbreiten. Vor diesem Hintergrund wäre es verfrüht, eine Revision des MSchG in Betracht zu ziehen, bevor die Ergebnisse der Evaluation feststehen.

8. Da es sich bei der Praxisänderung des IGE nicht um eine Gesetzesänderung und damit keine Änderung der Regulierung handelt, wurden im Vorfeld keine Analysen (sog. Regulierungsfolgeabschätzungen) zu den Auswirkungen auf die landwirtschaftliche Produktion bzw. auf den Maschinenbau durchgeführt.

9. Die strengeren Regeln in der Uhrenindustrie beruhen auf der Verordnung über die Benützung des Schweizer Namens für Uhren (SR 232.119). Diese Regeln wurden von der Branche selbst und von 87% der Mitglieder des Uhrenverbandes gewünscht (vgl. Revision der Verordnung über die Benützung des Schweizer Namens für Uhren – Erläuterungen, S. 6; www.ige.ch > recht-und-politik > immaterialgueterrecht-national > herkunftsangaben > herkunftsangabe-schweiz > branchenverordnungen > swiss-made-verordnung-fuer-uhren). Die spezifischen Regeln der Uhrenverordnung gehen der Praxisänderung des IGE betreffend Artikel 47 Abs. 3^ter MSchG vor. Sie garantieren, dass der hohe Stellenwert des Labels für die Uhrenindustrie unverändert bleibt.

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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1633":1634,"_1650":816,"_1651":1652,"_1653":1654,"_1655":1003,"_1334":576,"_1308":376,"_78":580,"_1656":583,"_1639":386,"_1657":1658,"_1659":787,"_1441":336,"_74":346,"_1636":488,"_19":356,"_76":586,"_81":366,"_1660":1113,"_1661":1247,"_1662":1283,"_1663":1247,"_1664":1665,"_1666":1247,"_1667":1668,"_1669":576,"_1670":755,"_1671":1247,"_1672":1654,"_1673":580,"_1640":455,"_1674":1675,"_1246":1247,"_1676":693,"_1259":1247,"_72":591,"_1677":1469,"_1678":1326,"_1679":1364,"_1680":1658,"_1681":1453,"_1641":396,"_1682":1445,"_1683":1247},"section_switcher",{"_1631":1632,"_1633":1634,"_1635":336,"_70":532,"_74":346,"_1636":488,"_1637":422,"_1308":376,"_81":366,"_1638":356,"_1639":386,"_1640":455,"_1641":396,"_1642":1643,"_1644":1645,"_1646":1647,"_1648":1649},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1685":1745,"_287":1746},"intro",{"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690,"_1691":1692,"_1693":1694,"_1695":1696,"_1697":1698,"_1699":1700},"en",{"_1701":1736,"_1703":1737,"_1705":1738,"_1707":1739,"_1709":1740},"de",{"_1701":1731,"_1703":1732,"_1705":1733,"_1707":1734,"_1709":1735},"fr",{"_1701":1726,"_1703":1727,"_1705":1728,"_1707":1729,"_1709":1730},"it",{"_1701":1721,"_1703":1722,"_1705":1723,"_1707":1724,"_1709":1725},"es",{"_1701":1716,"_1703":1717,"_1705":1718,"_1707":1719,"_1709":1720},"pt",{"_1701":1711,"_1703":1712,"_1705":1713,"_1707":1714,"_1709":1715},"rm",{"_1701":1702,"_1703":1704,"_1705":1706,"_1707":1708,"_1709":1710},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1809":1810,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1168,"_1814":1815,"_1816":1170,"_1817":1172,"_1818":1819,"_1820":1821,"_1822":1823,"_1824":1825,"_1826":1827,"_641":642,"_1828":1829,"_1830":1831,"_1832":1833,"_1834":1835,"_1836":1837},"nav",{"_1633":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":691,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1642":1643,"_1644":1645,"_1646":1647,"_1648":1649,"_1635":336,"_70":532,"_1637":422,"_1636":488,"_74":346,"_1640":455,"_1308":376,"_81":366,"_1638":356,"_1639":386,"_1641":396,"_1763":1748,"_1764":1765,"_1611":1612,"_1766":1767,"_1613":1614,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1752,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1808},{"_1701":1736,"_1703":1737,"_1705":1738,"_1707":1739,"_1709":1740},{"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1813":1839,"_1818":1840,"_1841":222,"_1842":203,"_1843":203,"_1844":222,"_1845":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]