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Antrag

Der Gemeinderat soll, allenfalls zusammen mit der Stadt Biel, prüfen, inwiefern einfache bauliche Massnahmen ergriffen werden können, um illegale Landbesetzungen (insbesondere von Fahrenden) künftig erschweren bzw. verhindern zu können. Darüber hinaus soll geprüft werden, inwiefern Z.B. ein richterliches Verbot für raschere Räumungsbefehle und strengere Bussen hilfreich wäre.

Begründung

Anfang Oktober 2018 kam es zuletzt auf dem Nidauer ExpoPark-Areal erneut zu einer illegalen Landbesetzung von ausländischen Fahrenden. Wie bereits in den Vorjahren, verschaffte die Gruppe sich relativ einfach Zugang zum Gelände, indem Holzbalken aus der Verankerung gelöst und die Zufahrtsschranke geöffnet wurden. Die Polizei war sofort auf Platz und hat die Zufahrten versperrt, hatte jedoch keinen Räumungsbefehl und somit konnten sich die Fahrenden - die (Zitat auf TeleBärn) „ein göttlich gegebenes Anrecht auf diesen Platz\" als Rechtfertigung angegeben hatten - auf dem Platz installieren.

Das ExpoPark-Areal scheint bei den Fahrenden aus zweierlei Gründen ein beliebtes Ziel zu sein: Einerseits müssen sie bei derartigen illegalen Landbesetzungen von den laschen Behörden absolut keine Sanktionen fürchten. Andererseits können sie sich kinderleicht Zutritt zum Areal verschaffen, da dieses kaum gesichert ist. Die Holzbalken lassen sich ohne grossen Aufwand aus der Verankerung lösen und die offizielle Zufahrt ist, wenn überhaupt, bestenfalls mit einem Velo-Schloss gesichert.

Seitdem das SVP-Postulat „Konzept Umgang mit Jenischen und Roma\" 2016 als erfüllt abgeschrieben wurde und der Gemeinderat Besserung versprach, ist offenbar nicht viel passiert. Die Behörden stehen immer noch ohne Konzept da, um illegale Landbesetzungen konsequent verhindern zu können. Anscheinend haben sie auch keinerlei andere Massnahmen getroffen. Im konkreten Fall von Anfang Oktober 2018 gab es keinen Räumungsbefehl und die Fahrenden konnten trotz illegaler Landbesetzung über eine Woche auf dem Gelände bleiben.

Dies, obwohl mit der jüngst im Grossrat angenommenen Motion 227-2015 („Mehr Handlungsspielraum für Gemeinden im Umgang mit Fahrenden\") die Gemeinden nun die Kompetenz haben, innerhalb von 24 Stunden eine Räumung anzuordnen!

Die strikte Anordnung von polizeilichen Räumungen (auch an Wochenenden!) wäre eine griffige Massnahme, um illegale Landbesetzungen künftig zu unterbinden. Ebenso wirksam wäre es, das ExpoPark-Areal mit einfachen baulichen Massnahmen (z.B. grosse Betonblöcke oder Steine, Höhenbegrenzung bei der Einfahrt) eine Zufahrt physisch zu verunmöglichen. Solche Massnahmen sind auch an anderen Standorten, wie im Bieler Bözingenfeld, in Studen und in Lyss ergriffen worden und haben ihre Wirksamkeit bewiesen. Darüber hinaus wären solche Massnahmen rasch und kostengünstig umsetzbar. Auch ein richterliches Verbot könnte als unterstützende Massnahme geprüft werden. Der Gemeinderat soll diese zwei Massnahmen für das ExpoPark-Areal, allenfalls zusammen mit der Stadt Biel prüfen.

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1. Formelles

Nach Artikel 50 der Stadtordnung kann jedes Mitglied des Stadtrats mit einem Postulat das Begehren stellen, dass der Gemeinderat ein bestimmtes Geschäft aus dem Zuständigkeitsbereich der Stimmberechtigten, des Stadtrats oder des Gemeinderats prüft und dem Stadtrat über das Ergebnis der Prüfung Bericht erstattet.

Das ExpoPark-Areal befindet sich auf dem Gemeindegebiet der Stadt Nidau, Grundeigentümerin ist aber die Stadt Biel, die in diesem Sinne wie ein Privater zu behandeln ist.

Zur Ergreifung von baulichen Massnahmen auf dem ExpoPark-Areal könnte die Stadt Nidau als Bauherrschaft auftreten, unter Berücksichtigung der erforderlichen Zustimmung der Grundeigentümerschaft. Gerichtliche Verbote nach Art. 258 – 260 Zivilprozessordnung (ZPO) kann der Grundeigentümer oder ein anderer dringlich Berechtigter beantragen. Die Legitimation des Gesuchstellers muss begründet werden.

Vor diesem Hintergrund liegt das Geschäft insofern im Zuständigkeitsbereich des Gemeinderats, als dass er in Zusammenarbeit mit der Stadt Biel eine entsprechende Prüfung einleiten könnte. Das Postulat kann in diesem Sinne als zulässig erklärt werden.

2. Ausgangslage: Situation Fahrende im Kanton Bern und Zuständigkeiten

Der Gemeinderat hat bereits in seiner Antwort vom März 2016 auf das Postulat von Stadtrat Leander Gabathuler „Konzept Umgang mit Jenischen und Roma“ (eingereicht am 17. September 2015) auf das Konzept des Kantons Bern „Stand-, Durchgangs- und Transitplätze für Fahrende im Kanton Bern“ verwiesen. Dieses Konzept regelt namentlich die Aufgabenteilung zwischen Kanton, Gemeinden und Fahrenden bei der Planung, Realisierung und dem Betrieb von Halteplätzen. Demnach bezeichnet der Kanton die Standorte bzw. die Standortregionen der Plätze für Fahrende im kantonalen Richtplan. In der Septembersession 2016 hat sich der Grosse Rat des Kantons Bern klar für den Rahmenkredit für die Finanzierung der Planung und Realisierung neuer Halteplätze für schweizerische Fahrende ausgesprochen. Gleichzeitig hat der Grosse Rat einen Kredit für einen Transitplatz für ausländische Fahrende in Meinisberg zurückgewiesen. Er gab dem Regierungsrat den Auftrag, mit dem Bund über eine Kostenübernahme zu verhandeln und wenn dies nicht zum Erfolg führe, einen geeigneten kostengünstigeren Standort zu evaluieren. Die Verhandlungen mit dem Bund waren nicht erfolgreich, aber im Gegenzug hat der Bund das Grundstück beim Rastplatz Wileroltigen angeboten. Dem Grossen Rat soll voraussichtlich in der Frühlingssession 2019 ein entsprechendes Kreditgeschäft unterbreitet werden.

Zudem wurde bekanntlich in Brügg ein provisorischer Transitplatz für ausländische Fahrende für die Jahre 2018 und 2019 eröffnet. Wie den Medien zu entnehmen war, plant der Kanton ein weiterer provisorischer Transitplatz für ausländische Fahrende für die Jahre 2019 und 2020 in Gampelen. Die Erfahrung mit dem provisorischen Transitplatz in Brügg ist bisher positiv ausgefallen. Da der Platz von Anfang April bis Ende September 2018 geöffnet war, kam es allerdings in den Übergangszeiten im Februar/März 2018 sowie im Oktober 2018 zu illegalen Landbesetzungen in der Region.

Generell lässt sich festhalten, dass es dem Kanton bis anhin noch nicht gelungen ist, einen definitiven Transitplatz für ausländische Fahrende zur Verfügung zu stellen. Die Suche nach Plätzen liegt aber klar in der Zuständigkeit des Kantons, der eine Lösung des Problems anstrebt.

3. Umgang mit illegal haltenden Fahrenden

Im März 2016 hat der Kanton Bern ein Merkblatt zum Vorgehen mit illegal haltenden Fahrenden im Kanton Bern veröffentlicht (BSIG Nr. 5/551.1/13.1 vom 16. März 2016). Darin werden die nachfolgend dargelegten Vorgehensweisen empfohlen.

a) Empfohlene Vorgehensweise des Kantons bei Bewilligung zum Verbleib

Festlegung der Frist (Empfehlung: 7 Tage)
Abgabe und Erklärung einer Nutzungsvereinbarung
Einzug einer Kaution von empfohlenen CHF 200.- pro Wohneinheit oder gemäss vorhandener reglementarischer Grundlage
Erklärung, dass die Kaution zurückerstattet wird, wenn der Platz und die unmittelbare Umgebung (Perimeter bestimmen) vor der Abreise sauber ist und auch die übrigen Abmachungen eingehalten wurden
Einigung über allfällige Infrastrukturen wie Abfallcontainer, Sanitäre Anlagen, Wasser, Strom, etc. (wird durch die Gemeinde organisiert)
Einziehen der Platzgebühren von empfohlenen CHF 20.- pro Wohneinheit und Tag. (Bspw. pro Tag: Wohnwagen Fr. 8.- / Strom und Wasser CHF 6.- / Kehrichtgebühr CHF 6.-) oder gemäss vorhandener reglementarischer Grundlage (Gemeindekasse oder Privatkasse)

b) Empfohlene Vorgehensweise des Kantons ohne Bewilligung zum Verbleib

Auf öffentlichem Grund: Frist von 24 Stunden für Abreise mit schriftlicher Verfügung der Gemeinde unter entsprechender Strafandrohung bei Nichtbeachtung bekannt geben.
Auf privatem Grund: Frist von 24 Stunden für Abreise mit schriftlicher Abmahnung bekannt geben.
Keine Kaution und Platzgebühren einziehen
Bei Nichteinhalten der Abreisefrist folgt eine Anzeige wegen \"Ungehorsam gegen amtliche Verfügung\" (StGB 292 – Übertretungstatbestand).
Eine Räumungsverfügung seitens Grundeigentümer respektive Pächter/Mieter an das Zivilgericht soll angestrebt bzw. die Ersatzvornahmen bei Nichtbeachten der behördlichen Verfügung angedroht und verfügt werden.
Wegweisung gemäss Artikel 29 Polizeigesetz kommt nicht zur Anwendung, weil damit nur die Personen, nicht aber die Wohnwagen, weggewiesen werden könnten und in der Regel keine unmittelbare Gefahr für die öffentliche Sicherheit und Ordnung besteht.
Die Erhebung der Personalien ist durch die Kantonspolizei möglich, Wohnwagen dürfen allerdings nur mit Haussuchungsbeschluss des Regierungsstatthalters oder der Staatsanwaltschaft betreten werden.

Für die Vorgehensweise ohne Bewilligung zum Verbleib verweist das Merkblatt explizit darauf, dass die Grundeigentümer auf präventive Schutzmassnahmen auf ihren Grundstücken hingewiesen werden können (z.B. Umzäunungen, Dämme, Gräben, Einfahrtshindernisse in der Höhe oder mittels Schranken usw.).

c) Würdigung der Empfehlungen des Kantons

Für die Vorgehensweise mit Bewilligung spricht, dass die Modalitäten klar geregelt und effizient abgewickelt werden können. Zudem können bei dieser Vorgehensweise Gebühren eingezogen werden. Als Argument dagegen wird geltend gemacht, dass davon ausgegangen werden muss, dass dies den Standort für Fahrende zusätzlich attraktiv machen dürfte.

Für die Vorgehensweise ohne Bewilligung spricht, dass dadurch der Standort für illegale Halte tendenziell unattraktiver wird und der Druck, offizielle Plätze zu errichten, aufrechterhalten wird. Nachteil ist es, dass der zivilrechtliche Weg langwierig, aufwändig und als relativ ineffizient einzuschätzen ist. In diesem Kontext scheint sich in der Praxis bei einer Vorgehensweise ohne Bewilligung die strafrechtliche Abhandlung besser bewährt zu haben. Dazu müssen strafbare Handlungen vorliegen (z.B. Sachbeschädigung oder Hausfriedensbruch), aufgrund deren der Grundeigentümer bei der Staatsanwaltschaft eine Strafanzeige einreichen kann. Sobald der Auftrag der Staatsanwaltschaft vorliegt, kann die Polizei die Räumung durchführen.

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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1614":1615,"_1631":797,"_1632":1633,"_1634":1635,"_1636":984,"_1315":558,"_1289":358,"_106":562,"_1637":565,"_1620":368,"_1638":1639,"_1640":768,"_1422":318,"_102":328,"_1617":470,"_19":338,"_104":568,"_109":348,"_1641":1094,"_1642":1228,"_1643":1264,"_1644":1228,"_1645":1646,"_1647":1228,"_1648":1649,"_1650":558,"_1651":736,"_1652":1228,"_1653":1635,"_1654":562,"_1621":437,"_1655":1656,"_1227":1228,"_1657":674,"_1240":1228,"_100":573,"_1658":1450,"_1659":1307,"_1660":1345,"_1661":1639,"_1662":1434,"_1622":378,"_1663":1426,"_1664":1228},"section_switcher",{"_1612":1613,"_1614":1615,"_1616":318,"_98":514,"_102":328,"_1617":470,"_1618":404,"_1289":358,"_109":348,"_1619":338,"_1620":368,"_1621":437,"_1622":378,"_1623":1624,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1721":1722,"_1723":1724,"_1666":1725,"_269":1726},"intro",{"_1668":1669,"_56":1670,"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674,"_1675":1676,"_1677":1678,"_1679":1680},"en",{"_1681":1716,"_1683":1717,"_1685":1718,"_1687":1719,"_1689":1720},{"_1681":1711,"_1683":1712,"_1685":1713,"_1687":1714,"_1689":1715},"fr",{"_1681":1706,"_1683":1707,"_1685":1708,"_1687":1709,"_1689":1710},"it",{"_1681":1701,"_1683":1702,"_1685":1703,"_1687":1704,"_1689":1705},"es",{"_1681":1696,"_1683":1697,"_1685":1698,"_1687":1699,"_1689":1700},"pt",{"_1681":1691,"_1683":1692,"_1685":1693,"_1687":1694,"_1689":1695},"rm",{"_1681":1682,"_1683":1684,"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1149,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1151,"_1797":1153,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807,"_55":623,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1811,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1815,"_1816":1817},"nav",{"_1614":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":672,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1623":1624,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630,"_1616":318,"_98":514,"_1618":404,"_1617":470,"_102":328,"_1621":437,"_1289":358,"_109":348,"_1619":338,"_1620":368,"_1622":378,"_1743":1728,"_1744":1745,"_1592":1593,"_1746":1747,"_1594":1595,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1732,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788},{"_1681":1716,"_1683":1717,"_1685":1718,"_1687":1719,"_1689":1720},{"_1727":1728,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1733":1734},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). 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