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Etude de faisabilité concernant la gratuité de l'accès aux bus sierrois

Postulat interpartis – Conseil Général mai 2024

Lors de l'examen des comptes 2023 de la Ville, plusieurs élue (e)(s) ont remarqué que les bus sierrois enregistrent des recettes (bus et abonnements) à hauteur d'environ CHF 265'000.- et ce alors que leurs coûts générés se monte à environ CHF 2'000'000.- (moyennes des comptes sur les années 2022 et 2023).

La disproportion apparaît immédiatement comme évidente, et à l'heure de développer une mobilité plus douce, et plus respectueuse de l'humain et de l'environnement, les soussigné (e)(s) présente le présent postulat afin que le Conseil communal étudie :

Les coûts qui seraient à charges de la Ville si les bus sierrois étaient gratuits, aussi bien en termes de déficit de recettes, que d'éventuels charges supplémentaires.
La possibilité matérielle de prévoir une telle gratuité à l'aube du renouvellement de la concession

Il convient de rappeler que d'autres communes ont déjà eu l'occasion de prévoir un tel mécanisme, parfois à certains horaires, parfois pour certains catégories d'usagers, et que les statistiques aussi bien d'utilisation que de satisfaction se sont révélées encourageantes.

Les progrès pour la Ville seraient nombreux ; l'encouragement à la mobilité collective, plutôt qu'individuelle motorisée permet de soulager le centre-ville de la pollution et de l'encombrement et favorise d'autant l'attractivité touristique et économique. Plus encore, une telle mesure ancre également les transports publics dans la pratique mobilière aussi bien des plus jeunes que des aîné (e)(s). Enfin, à travers ce postulat, il s'agit également de montrer que Sierre sait rester novatrice et innovante. C'est dans cette optique et vers l'avenir que la Ville peut et doit se tourner.

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Le postulat interpartis, dont le texte suit, a été déposé par Mesdames Maryse Bétrisey Zufferey, Natacha Bonvin, Daria Moulin, Fanny Bürcher, Nadine Ducrey Sanchez et Lysiane Premand-Tissières ainsi que par Messieurs Fabien Robyr, Eric Vouardoux et Julien Beney, tous conseillers-ères généraux.

Ce postulat intitulé « Etude de faisabilité concernant la gratuité de l'accès aux bus sierrois » a été accepté par le Conseil général lors du plénum du 12 juin 2024. Il appartient donc au Conseil municipal d'y donner suite par le dépôt du présent rapport dans un délai de six mois en application de l'article 38 du règlement du Conseil général de 2024.

2 REPONSE

2.1 Cadre général

2.1.1 Contexte législatif

Au niveau de la législation fédérale supérieure, la gratuité des transports publics est problématique car elle est en contradiction avec l'article 81a, al. 2 de la constitution fédérale (RS 101), qui stipule que « Les prix payés par les usagers des transports publics couvrent une part appropriée des coûts ».

La mise en œuvre d'un système de transports publics est de plus extrêmement règlementée et soumise aux exigences d'un florilège de bases légales fédérales. L'Office fédéral des transports, à qui est notamment confié la surveillance des entreprises de transports publics, se base sur la liste (non exhaustive) suivante :

OTPE — Ordonnance sur les transports prioritaires dans des situations exceptionnelles — RS 531.40
LCR — Loi fédérale sur la circulation routière — RS 741.01
OCR — Ordonnance sur les règles de la circulation routière — RS 741.11
OACP — Ordonnance réglant l'admission des conducteurs au transport de personnes et de marchandises par route — RS 741.521
OEIT — Ordonnance sur les enquêtes de sécurité en cas d'incident dans le domaine des transports — RS 742.161
LEnTR — Loi fédérale sur les entreprises de transport par route — RS 744.10
OTVM — Ordonnance sur la licence d'entreprise de transport de voyageurs et de marchandises par route — RS 744.103
LTV — Loi sur le transport de voyageurs — RS 745.1
OTV — Ordonnance sur le transport de voyageurs — RS 745.11
LOST — Loi fédérale sur les organes de sécurité des entreprises de transports publics — RS 745.2
OOST — Ordonnance sur les organes de sécurité des entreprises de transports publics — RS 745.21
LDT — Loi fédérale sur le travail dans les entreprises de transports publics — RS 822.21
OLDT — Ordonnance relative à la loi sur la durée du travail — RS 822.211
OLT 3 — Ordonnance 3 relative à la loi sur le travail — RS 822.113
OLT 5 — Ordonnance 5 relative à la loi sur le travail — RS 822.115

Des exigences strictes y sont fixées que ce soit au niveau du matériel roulant, de la sécurité, des horaires de travail des conducteurs, du droit d'exploiter des lignes de bus tout comme sur l'établissement des titres de transports. À ces éléments s'ajoutent également les conventions fédérales permettant la reconnaissance des abonnements généraux ou demi-tarif par exemple ou l'intégration des horaires dans les plateformes CFF en ligne.

Finalement la Loi cantonale sur les transports publics et la mobilité douce quotidienne (LTPMDQuot) retranscrit les exigences et l'organisation applicable en la matière en Valais.

Chaque niveau de ces couches règlementaires part du principe que le transport de voyageurs constitue en quelque sorte un contrat entre le client et l'entreprise de transport. Ce contrat s'accompagne de nombreuses obligations de la part du prestataire de service et en contrepartie l'usager paie une participation aux coûts qui se matérialise par un titre de transport.

L'introduction d'une gratuité dans les transports publics se heurte donc en premier lieu à un écueil juridique majeur car ce principe se poserait en contradiction avec le socle législatif gérant ce domaine et cela déjà au niveau constitutionnel.

À ce titre l'Office fédéral des transports (OFT), sollicité à ce sujet, rappelle que suite à l'avis de droit qu'il avait sollicité « … le professeur Dr. F. Uhlmann et l'avocate J. Bukovac ont constaté en 2022 que, du point de vue du droit constitutionnel, la gratuité des transports publics pose problème lorsque, en contradiction avec l'art. 81a, al. 2, de la Constitution fédérale (Cst. ; RS 101), un groupe de population important est entièrement déchargé des coûts des transports publics sans contribuer au financement sous une autre forme (p. ex. dans les régions touristiques) ou lorsque le privilège accordé à ce groupe de population peut se fonder sur une autre norme du droit constitutionnel qui prime sur le principe de l'art. 81a, al. 2, Cst. ».

Il apparaît donc très rapidement que la question de la gratuité ne peut être abordée sans évoquer la question du traitement légal de l'imputation des coûts ainsi que la manière dont ils seraient couverts au profit des seuls usagers des transports publics.

À titre informatif on peut relever que, sur la base des chiffres globaux de l'ensemble des transports publics (tous modes + voyageurs et marchandises) au niveau suisse, le service d'information pour les transports publics (LITRA) annonce que le financement des transports publics se fonde pour 2/3 sur les contributions directes des bénéficiaires. (source « Les transports en chiffres », édition 2024 ; août 24).

2.1.2 Position de la faîtière des transports

Organisation faîtière des entreprises de transport public, l'Union des transports publics (UTP) compte environ 130 membres ordinaires (entreprises de transport) et 180 membres « amis » du monde de l'industrie et de l'économie. Ses buts annoncés sont :

Défense des intérêts de ses membres vis-à-vis de la politique, des autorités et des tiers
Coordination des entreprises de transport dans le cadre de tâches d'intérêt national
Plate-forme pour l'échange d'expériences entre entreprises de transport
Promotion de transports publics orientés vers le client

Bien que cette organisation représente en priorité les entreprises de transport, elle permet également de coordonner les réponses aux attentes de la clientèle en posant par exemple les bases qui ont grandement contribué au développement des systèmes d'horaires cadencés interconnectés, d'abonnement généraux ou de développement de l'Alliance Swisspass par exemple. Dès lors il est intéressant de prendre connaissance de la position de l'UTP sur la question de la gratuité des transports publics publiée sur son site (https://www.voev.ch/ état décembre 24).

Des projets communaux, cantonaux et nationaux demandant la gratuité des transports publics voient régulièrement le jour en Suisse depuis les années 1970. Aucun n'a eu la moindre chance jusqu'à présent sur le plan politique, que ce soit devant les Parlements ou lors de votations populaires. La branche des transports publics rejette pour sa part le principe de transports publics gratuits, ceci pour les raisons suivantes :

Il n'existe pas de transports publics réellement gratuits. Toute chose a son prix et les coûts demeurent. Ils augmenteraient même si la gratuité attirait bel et bien davantage de voyageurs. La charge financière pour les pouvoirs publics, et donc pour le contribuable, croîtrait par conséquent. Aujourd'hui, en Suisse, la clientèle, les pouvoirs publics et les sociétés de transports publics assument les coûts des TP de manière solidaire. En cas de mise en place de TP gratuits, ce sont uniquement les pouvoirs publics qui devraient assumer l'entier de ces coûts. Cela signifie que tous les habitants du pays, qu'ils vivent dans des zones urbaines bien desservies ou dans des régions périphériques, subiraient une charge financière supplémentaire, ceci sans tenir compte de leur degré d'utilisation des TP.

Nonobstant l’orientation clairement opposée à une introduction d’une gratuité des transports publics de cette prise de position, elle a le mérite de soulever la question de l’iniquité que constituerait la prise en charge des coûts par une partie de la population indépendamment du recours au service proposé. Si la question du « guidage » des passagers sur les créneaux moins fréquentés ne relève certes pas de la même pertinence au niveau urbain que pour une planification nationale, les constats concernant le report des usagers des transports motorisés individuels sur les transports publics semblent pour le moins mitigés.

2.1.3 Contextualisation régionale

Bien que les commanditaires des réseaux urbains de bus demeurent indépendants dans leur choix de gestion, la politique menée au niveau de l’agglomération pour promouvoir et développer les transports publics, justifie que l’Agglo Valais central soit également consultée. Cette consultation revêt une importance encore plus grande depuis la mise en place d’Isireso en décembre 2024. Ce premier pas vise notamment à offrir une identité commune et coordonnée des transports publics dans l’agglomération.

Dans les faits Isireso-Sierre trouvera une première application concrète avec la conclusion d’une entente tarifaire qui regroupe désormais les transports publics des communes de Chippis, Chalais et de la Ville de Sierre. Un tarif unique sera désormais appliqué par les quatre compagnies desservant ce secteur. Cette entente n’est possible que via un système de compensation financière permettant aux compagnies d’effacer les effets financiers de la liberté de choix, laissée aux usagers, d’emprunter le bus de leur choix.

Dans ce cadre, l’Agglo Valais central a été interpellée sur la question soulevé par le postulat et s’est positionnée de la manière suivante :

« D’un point de vue technique, l’Agglo Valais central reste sceptique sur la question de la gratuité des transports publics. En effet, il est tout d’abord important de rappeler qu’il n’existe pas de transports publics réellement gratuits. Toute chose a son prix et les coûts fixes (véhicules, chauffeurs, etc.) demeureront. Nous pouvons même imaginer que ceux-ci augmenteraient si la gratuité attirait bel et bien davantage de voyageurs. La charge financière pour les pouvoirs publics, et donc pour le contribuable, croîtrait par conséquent. Les études sur le sujet ont également démontré que le facteur décisif du succès des transports publics ne dépend pas en priorité du tarif, mais de l’offre à disposition. Il est donc préférable de garder un prix de billet attractif et d’utiliser les recettes engendrées pour augmenter petit à petit l’offre plutôt que d’instaurer une gratuité. Finalement, avec l’entrée en vigueur d’Isireso Sierre, cette gratuité devrait également se mettre en place sur les autres lignes desservant la zone sierroise (SMC, CarPostal et LLB). Ces lignes étant financées par le trafic régional, la Ville de Sierre devrait compenser les pertes de recettes engendrées par cette gratuité. »

La Section transports publics du Service cantonal de la mobilité a également été sollicitée et invitée à se prononcer sur une éventuelle introduction de la gratuité sur les bus sierrois. La prise de position de ce service spécialisé, rejoint les éléments précédemment cités. Y sont relevés notamment la contradiction avec la base constitutionnelle et surtout l’extrême prudence avec laquelle il faut attendre un report modal significatif du trafic motorisé vers les transports publics en fonction des observations faites sur des essais à l’étranger. Le service considère une telle mesure « comme très coûteuse avec une faible efficacité » tout en relevant que ces « coûts importants devraient être supportés par les pouvoirs publics et donc également le contribuable ».

Il convient de plus de rappeler que, pour le trafic régional de voyageurs (TRV) et conformément au droit fédéral, l’Etat octroie des subventions à des entreprises de transport pour les coûts non couverts planifiés (LTPMDQuot, art 11, ch 1). Par contre pour ce qui concerne le trafic d’agglomération et le trafic urbain, auxquels se rattache l’exploitation des bus sierrois, les communes concernées prennent en charge les coûts non couverts planifiés des entreprises de transport et l’Etat peut participer au financement communal (LTPMDQuot, art 21, ch 1-2). En l’occurrence le niveau de subvention serait au minimum revu à la baisse comme cela sera développé au point 2.2.4 ci-après.

Le choix d’une gratuité sur le réseau urbain aurait donc des conséquences tant sur les compensations liées aux accord conventionnels visant à faciliter l’usage courant des clients que sur les subventions cantonales.

2.2 Conséquences de la gratuité

2.2.1 Situation financière

Les éléments publiés de la rubrique comptable « 623 - Trafic d’agglomération » sont rappelés dans le tableau suivant :

	Budget 2025	Budget 2024	Comptes 2023
	Charges	Revenus	Charges	Revenus	Charges	Revenus
623	TRAFIC D'AGGLOMERATION
6230.3102.00	Billets, horaires, divers	28'000.00		9'000.00		9'225.28
6230.3130.00	Frais administratifs et de contrôle	55'000.00		15'000.00		15'508.80
6230.3130.01	Transports publics, Bus sierrois	2'313'000.00		2'169'000.00		1'945'117.25
6230.3143.00	Places d'arrêts et abris	2'000.00		2'000.00		200.00
6230.3910.00	Salaires	94'000.00		93'000.00		98'397.10
6230.4240.00	Abonnements, tickets		300'000.00		275'000.00		286'837.85
6230.4470.00	Publicité Bus sierrois		30'000.00		26'000.00		25'009.10
6230.4631.00	Subventions transports publics		610'000.00		610'000.00		511'200.00
6230.4632.00	Participation communes desservies		70'000.00		70'000.00		68'663.30
6230.4910.00	Participation des écoles		96'000.00		56'000.00		54'282.20
623	TOTAL	2'492'000.00	1'106'000.00	2'288'000.00	1'037'000.00	2'068'448.43	945'992.45

L’insuffisance de financement de cette rubrique s’élevait, pour les derniers comptes validés, à CHF 1’122’455.98. Pour les budgets 24 et 25 ce montant serait en moyenne d’un peu plus de CHF 1’130’000.–. On peut donc raisonnablement tabler sur un manque actuel de couverture des charges de l’ordre de 1.1 million de francs pour estimer les impacts que pourrait avoir l’introduction de la gratuité dans les bus sierrois.

2.2.2 Impact sur l’entente tarifaire

Comme déjà mentionné, depuis le 15 décembre 2024, une entente tarifaire entre les quatre compagnies circulant dans la région entre la Ville de Sierre, Chippis et Chalais est effective. Cette entente permet aux usagers de circuler sur l’ensemble des bus desservant le secteur couvert par les bus sierrois avec un titre de transport unique reconnu par toutes les compagnies.

Dans ce contexte, une gratuité limitée aux seuls bus sierrois n’est plus envisageable car elle devrait être appliquée dans le cadre de cet accord conventionnel à l’ensemble des autres compagnies. Il conviendrait dès lors de compenser les pertes de recettes subies tant par les trois autres compagnies parties prenantes à cet accord (CarPostal, SMC, LLB) mais également vérifier avec les communes de Chippis et Chalais dans quelle mesure leur participation financière au système de rééquilibrage suivrait les principes fixés par Sierre.

La Ville de Sierre serait dès lors dans l’obligation de couvrir les pertes de recettes des compagnies de transport régional de voyageurs. Bien que difficile à fixer de manière anticipée (dépendantes d’enquêtes de fréquentation), les projections réalisées sur la base des tarifs du service direct (correspond au tarif fixé au niveau fédéral pour les concessionnaires bénéficiant de subventions fédérales) laissent entrevoir que les recettes globales de ces trois compagnies sur le périmètre Isireso-Sierre devait avoisiner CHF 50’000.– sur la base 2021. Comme les fréquentations sont déjà en augmentation depuis le COVID et que cette entente a pour objectif de faciliter l’usage des transports publics, cette augmentation devrait se poursuivre et il a été admis, qu’à terme, ce montant pourrait doubler. Il s’agirait dès lors pour la Ville de Sierre de devoir entièrement compenser cette perte de recettes sans garantie d’une participation des communes voisines.

2.2.3 Impact sur les participations des communes desservies

La ligne n°1 des Bus Sierrois est exploitée sur le territoire de la commune de Chalais et dessert des infrastructures de cette commune (arrêts Téléphérique et Bozon). Cette extension de ligne avait été rendue possible moyennent une participation financière de la commune de Chalais, calculée sur une proportion des charges d’exploitation de la ligne 1 diminuées des recettes engendrées. En l’absence de recette, il serait difficile de calculer cette participation mais il semble raisonnable que dans le meilleur des cas elle serait bloquée et ne tiendrait pas compte d’éventuelle augmentation de l’offre sur cette ligne.

Enfin et comme énoncé au point 2.2.2, avec l’entente tarifaire entrée en vigueur, la Ville de Sierre serait dans l’obligation de couvrir les pertes de recettes des compagnies TRV. L’actuelle convention prévoit une répartition de ces pertes en fonction notamment de la desserte des trois communes concernées. Même si leur participation est marginale par rapport à celle de Sierre, il semble pour le moins illusoire de penser que les communes de Chalais et Chippis accepteront de voir cette part augmenter et les quelque CHF 100’000.– de pertes occasionnées par un doublement théorique des usagers, seraient portés entièrement à charge de la Ville de Sierre.

2.2.4 Impact sur les subventions cantonales

La majorité des recettes enregistrées découle des subventions allouées par le Canton (rubrique 6230.4631.00 - Subventions transports publics). Elles représentent le 30 % des coûts non couverts reconnus.

Dans sa prise de position la section transports publics du Canton annonce que « en cas de gratuité, des recettes virtuelles devraient donc être calculées à l’aide d’un prix moyen du billet virtuel par voyageur ». Concrètement cela engendrerait une diminution des coûts non-couverts planifiés et par conséquent de la subvention cantonale. Cette diminution (estimée de l’ordre de 15 % des subventions actuelles) pourrait faire perdre des recettes de CHF 80’000.- à CHF 100’000.- à terme.

2.2.5 Conséquences financières

S’agissant d’extrapolations exploratoires, seuls des ordres de grandeurs ont été retenus pour procéder à une estimation des impacts financiers de l’introduction d’une gratuité des bus sierrois.

En admettant, à terme, des charges globales situées entre environ 2.4 à 2.5 millions pour les cadences actuelles, les recettes potentielles seraient amputées des montants portés aux rubriques 6230.4240.00 - Abonnements, tickets et 6230.4910.00 - Participation des écoles. Le compte de recettes 6230.4631.00 - Subventions transports publics serait diminué.

Les comptes 6230.4632.00 - Participation communes desservies et 6230.4470.00 - Publicité Bus sierrois devraient au mieux demeurer stables si pas contestés par les communes voisines.

Les recettes enregistrées dans les comptes pourraient ainsi être réduites au minimum de 50 % de leur montant actuel (base budget 2025) ce qui porterait à peu de chose près le déficit de ce groupe de comptes à un montant équivalent à 1.8 à 1.9 million de francs au lieu des 1.4 million prévus au budget 2025. Cette estimation sommaire est plutôt optimiste car elle présuppose que le Canton maintienne le principe de subvention des coûts non-couverts et que les communes voisines ne demandent pas de révision de leurs participations.

3 Conclusions

Le postulat se fondait sur trois axes principaux pour motiver une demande de gratuité des bus sierrois :

Les charges supplémentaires que la Municipalité devrait couvrir, représentaient une portion congrue des charges déjà assumées (10 % à 15 %).
Une telle mesure concourrait à la promotion des transports publics entrainant de facto un report modal des usagers des transports individuels motorisés vers les transports publics.
Les retours d’expérience étaient annoncés comme très positifs.

Il a ainsi été demandé d’étudier la possibilité matérielle d’une telle introduction ainsi que les conséquences au niveau des coûts à charge de la Ville.

Par les développements précédents, il appert que la faisabilité même d’une telle introduction se heurte à une question de respect du droit. Ce constat que de nombreuses villes ont déjà fait, laisse à penser qu’en l’absence d’une révision globale du système législatif entourant les transports publics, la modification du fondement liant la participation de l’usager aux coûts du service semble voué à l’échec. Sans vouloir forcer le trait, il en irait de même si l’on voulait aller à l’encontre du principe de pollueur-payeur qui fonde nos systèmes de taxation des déchets ou d’épuration des eaux et qui veut que ceux qui sont à la source d’une atteinte environnementale doivent en assumer les coûts de remédiation.

Financièrement, il semble également que l’opération serait bien plus impactante qu’esquissé initialement. Potentiellement, ce système priverait la commune d’au moins un demi-million de francs de recettes soit deux fois plus que ce qui avait été annoncé dans le postulat.

A cette diminution des recettes devrait également être opposée une augmentation de charges liées à l’introduction progressive des principes de développement arrêtés par le Conseil municipal en accord avec les principes définis par l’Agglo Valais central pour l’horizon 2030/2035. Afin de renforcer l’attractivité des lignes urbaines, une cadence uniforme au quart d’heure est ainsi souhaitée ce qui nécessitera une mise en service de véhicules supplémentaires. Des améliorations de l’offre notamment par l’augmentation des dessertes du samedi pour les rendre comparables à celles des jours ouvrés ou encore l’introduction de services dominicaux sont envisagés et auront également des impacts sur les charges à couvrir. Des développements des principes d’entente tarifaire, notamment avec les CFF, sont également évoqués comme cela est déjà le cas pour Sion depuis décembre 2023. Et cela devra également passer par des dépenses compensatoires supplémentaires. Ces éléments n’étant toutefois pas suffisamment aboutis, il n’est pas apparu indiqué de procéder à des approches chiffrées des augmentations de charges y relatives.

Devant tant d’incertitudes touchant tant les aspects de légalité que ceux des impacts financiers, le Conseil municipal ne peut que surseoir au principe d’introduction d’une gratuité à l’occasion du renouvellement de la concession fédérale d’exploitation qui lui est accordée par l’Office fédéral des transports.

Sierre, le 19 décembre 2024

Pierre Berthod, Président — Benoît Emery, Secrétaire municipal

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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1605":1606,"_1622":788,"_1623":1624,"_1625":1626,"_1627":975,"_1306":549,"_1280":349,"_101":553,"_1628":556,"_1611":359,"_1629":1630,"_1631":759,"_1413":309,"_97":319,"_1608":461,"_19":329,"_99":559,"_104":339,"_1632":1085,"_1633":1219,"_1634":1255,"_1635":1219,"_1636":1637,"_1638":1219,"_1639":1640,"_1641":549,"_1642":727,"_1643":1219,"_1644":1626,"_1645":553,"_1612":428,"_1646":1647,"_1218":1219,"_1648":665,"_1231":1219,"_95":564,"_1649":1441,"_1650":1298,"_1651":1336,"_1652":1630,"_1653":1425,"_1613":369,"_1654":1417,"_1655":1219},"section_switcher",{"_1603":1604,"_1605":1606,"_1607":309,"_93":505,"_97":319,"_1608":461,"_1609":395,"_1280":349,"_104":339,"_1610":329,"_1611":359,"_1612":428,"_1613":369,"_1614":1615,"_1616":1617,"_1618":1619,"_1620":1621},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1712":1713,"_1714":1715,"_1657":1716,"_260":1717},"intro",{"_1659":1660,"_1661":1662,"_53":1663,"_1664":1665,"_1666":1667,"_1668":1669,"_1670":1671},"en",{"_1672":1707,"_1674":1708,"_1676":1709,"_1678":1710,"_1680":1711},"de",{"_1672":1702,"_1674":1703,"_1676":1704,"_1678":1705,"_1680":1706},{"_1672":1697,"_1674":1698,"_1676":1699,"_1678":1700,"_1680":1701},"it",{"_1672":1692,"_1674":1693,"_1676":1694,"_1678":1695,"_1680":1696},"es",{"_1672":1687,"_1674":1688,"_1676":1689,"_1678":1690,"_1680":1691},"pt",{"_1672":1682,"_1674":1683,"_1676":1684,"_1678":1685,"_1680":1686},"rm",{"_1672":1673,"_1674":1675,"_1676":1677,"_1678":1679,"_1680":1681},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1140,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1142,"_1788":1144,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1798,"_52":614,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1808},"nav",{"_1605":1726,"_1727":1728,"_1729":663,"_1730":1731,"_1732":1733,"_1614":1615,"_1616":1617,"_1618":1619,"_1620":1621,"_1607":309,"_93":505,"_1609":395,"_1608":461,"_97":319,"_1612":428,"_1280":349,"_104":339,"_1610":329,"_1611":359,"_1613":369,"_1734":1719,"_1735":1736,"_1583":1584,"_1737":1738,"_1585":1586,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1723,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779},{"_1672":1707,"_1674":1708,"_1676":1709,"_1678":1710,"_1680":1711},{"_1718":1719,"_1720":1721,"_1722":1723,"_1724":1725},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1784":1810,"_1789":1811,"_1812":211,"_1813":198,"_1814":198,"_1815":211,"_1816":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]