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Kryptowährungen mit ihrer Blockchain-Technologie sind aus verschiedenen Gründen besonders geeignet zur Verschleierung der Identität von Haltern von Vemögenswerten. Deshalb sind sie ideal für die Tarnung krimineller Aktivitäten, wie Geldwäscherei, Transaktionen bei Ransomware-Lösegeldzahlungen, Krypto-Diebstählen, illegalen Darknet-Geschäften wie Waffen- und Drogendeals aber auch Steuerbetrug. Der Bundesrat behauptet, die Kryptowährungen würden technologieneutral gleichbehandelt wie Geld, dass in Landeswährungen gehalten wird. Das ist zumindest was die Besteuerung angeht nicht der Fall, da es mannigfache Wege gibt legal durch vertragliche Konstrukte zum Beispiel Emmissionsabgaben zu vermeiden. Oder in einschlägigen Foren mokieren sich Teilnehmende, dass sie ja niemand ihre Krypto-Vermögenswerte finden könne und sie es deshalb ja nicht als Vermögen angeben müssten. Kürzlich ist den Zürcher Behörden ein Schalg gegen die Krypto-Geldwäschreie gelungen, die einen Bitcoin-Mixer aufgedeckt hatten. In diesem Zusammenhang stellen sich verschiedene Fragen:

1. Der Bundesrat hat eine erweiterte Regulierung von Kryptowährung in die Vernehmlassung gegeben, die keine Meldepflicht der \"Finanzmarktteilnehmer\" von Vermögen beinhaltet. Wenn man doch weiss, dass Kryptowährungen idealtypisch für Identitäts-Camouflage sind, wieso nicht?

2. Wie stellen die Steuerbehörden sicher, dass die Kryptovermögen korrekt deklariert werden?

3. Wieviel Verrrechnungssteuer wurde in den letzten5 Jahren jährlich via Krytovermögen eingenommen? Und wieviel wurde davon zurückgefordert.

4. Welche Massnahmen ergreift vder Bundesrat damit die ganze Besteuerung von Kryptogeldern tatsächlich technologieneutral erfolgt?

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Zu Frage 1: Mit dem Vernehmlassungsentwurf des Bundesrates vom 22. Oktober 2025 zur Änderung des Finanzinstitutsgesetzes soll u. a. der Schutz der Kundinnen und Kunden sowie der Anlegerinnen und Anleger in Bezug auf die von Kryptowährungen ausgehenden Risiken verbessert werden. So ist insbesondere vorgesehen, ein breiteres Feld an Tätigkeiten im Zusammenhang mit Kryptowährungen der Bewilligung und Aufsicht durch die FINMA zu unterstellen sowie den Dienstleistern zusätzliche Pflichten aufzuerlegen, inklusive Pflichten zur Vermeidung von Interessenkonflikten. Ebenso sieht der Vorentwurf eine Präzisierung der Sorgfaltspflichten bei der Bekämpfung der Geldwäscherei vor. Dieser Ansatz, der den internationalen Standards entspricht, bietet den Anlegerinnen und Anlegern mehr Sicherheit und Transparenz. Zudem wird das Risiko eines Betrugs oder anderer missbräuchlicher Verhaltensweisen durch eine bessere Regulierung der Dienstleister gemindert. Diese Regulierung verfolgt somit finanzmarktrechtliche Ziele. Eine steuerrechtliche Meldepflicht der Finanzinstitute für Kryptovermögenswerte wäre in dieser Vorlage sachfremd und gibt es im Inland auch nicht für andere Vermögenswerte. Stattdessen findet auch bei Kryptovermögenswerten das gemischte Veranlagungsverfahren Anwendung (siehe Frage 2).

Zu Frage 2: Die Steuerbehörden sind sich der wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung von Kryptowährungen bewusst. So hat die Eidgenössische Steuerverwaltung (ESTV) ein Arbeitspapier über die steuerlichen Folgen von Kryptowährungen publiziert und betreibt ein entsprechendes Kompetenzzentrum. Zudem findet ein enger Austausch mit Fachspezialisten von kantonalen Steuerverwaltungen statt und dieses Thema wird von einem Fachgremium im Rahmen der Schweizerischen Steuerkonferenz aufgearbeitet.

Bei der Einkommens- und der Vermögenssteuer findet das gemischte Veranlagungsverfahren Anwendung, wobei die Kantone für die Veranlagung zuständig sind. Die steuerpflichtige Person ist verpflichtet, eine vollständige Steuererklärung einzureichen (inkl. Kryptovermögenswerte und Einkommen daraus). Die Veranlagungsbehörden weisen in Leitfäden zum Ausfüllen der Steuererklärung auf diese Deklarationspflichten hin und wenden die üblichen Methoden an für die Gewähr auf Vollständigkeit der Veranlagung (Vermögensstandsvergleich, Kontrollen usw.). Bei Anzeichen auf eine unvollständige Steuererklärung kann die veranlagende Steuerbehörde ein Nachsteuerverfahren sowie gegebenenfalls ein Steuerstrafverfahren einleiten.

Die Verrechnungssteuer (VSt) ist für inländische Steuerpflichtige eine Sicherungssteuer und wird auf gesetzlich abschliessend definierten Erträgen beweglichen Kapitalvermögens von inländischen Leistungserbringern erhoben. Sie kann also auch bei Kryptovermögenswerten nur dann greifen, wenn damit Erträge im Inland erzielt werden, was beispielsweise bei der Ausleihe (Lending) von Kryptowerten gegen Entgelt bei inländischen Dienstleistern der Fall sein kann. Ansonsten greift der Sicherungszweck der Verrechnungssteuer nicht.

Eine Ausnahme bilden Anlagetoken mit vertraglicher Grundlage. Sie lassen sich nicht unter die gesetzliche Definition steuerbarer Erträge subsumieren. Im Sinne einer Safe-Harbour-Regelung behält sich die ESTV jedoch vor, die VSt zu erheben, falls bestimmte Schwellenwerte überschritten werden, um Missbräuche zu vermeiden. Die ESTV führt regelmässig Kontrollen bei VSt-pflichtigen Unternehmen durch; dazu gehören auch diejenigen aus der Kryptobranche. Bei unterlassener oder unvollständiger Deklaration wird die VSt nachträglich erhoben sowie gegebenenfalls ein Strafverfahren eingeleitet.

Darüber hinaus hat sich die Schweiz politisch dazu verpflichtet, den global verbindlichen Standard für den automatischen Informationsaustausch (AIA) über Kryptowerte der Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD) umzusetzen. Dieser AIA ergänzt den bestehenden AIA über Finanzkonten. Damit sollen Lücken im Steuertransparenzdispositiv geschlossen und eine Gleichbehandlung des Kryptosektors mit dem traditionellen Finanzsektor sichergestellt werden. Die Rechtsgrundlagen für diesen AIA sind in der Schweiz am 1. Januar 2026 in Kraft getreten. Damit die Schweiz gestützt darauf Daten über Kryptovermögen der Steuerpflichtigen austauschen kann, muss der AIA mit Partnerstaaten bilateral aktiviert werden. Die Einführung dieses AIA mit Partnerstaaten ist Gegenstand einer Vorlage, die derzeit im Parlament beraten wird.

Zu Frage 3: Aufgrund der Anonymität der Erhebung der VSt kann der Bundesrat keine Aussagen zu Einnahmen und allfälligen Rückerstattungen der VSt im Kryptobereich machen. Es ist jedoch davon auszugehen, dass ein grosser Anteil der Kryptovermögenwerte von inländischen Steuerpflichten nicht von der Verrechnungssteuer betroffen sind, da sie bei Dienstleistern im Ausland oder direkt auf der Blockchain geführt werden und/oder keine Erträge erzielen (siehe Frage 2).

Zu Frage 4: Einkommens- und Vermögenssteuern sind grundsätzlich technologieneutral. Unterschiede bei der Besteuerung können bei Anlagetoken mit vertraglicher Grundlage im Verhältnis zu einer vergleichbaren kollektiven Kapitalanlage bestehen. Um hier insbesondere einer Umgehung der VSt entgegenzuwirken, sieht die Verwaltungspraxis jedoch die oben beschriebene Safe-Harbour-Regelung vor. Damit wird eine vergleichbare Besteuerung dieser beiden Instrumente erreicht. Der Bundesrat sieht derzeit daher keinen darüberhinausgehenden Handlungsbedarf.

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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1592":1593,"_1609":775,"_1610":1611,"_1612":1613,"_1614":962,"_1293":535,"_1267":335,"_78":539,"_1615":542,"_1598":345,"_1616":1617,"_1618":746,"_1400":295,"_74":305,"_1595":447,"_19":315,"_76":545,"_81":325,"_1619":1072,"_1620":1206,"_1621":1242,"_1622":1206,"_1623":1624,"_1625":1206,"_1626":1627,"_1628":535,"_1629":714,"_1630":1206,"_1631":1613,"_1632":539,"_1599":414,"_1633":1634,"_1205":1206,"_1635":652,"_1218":1206,"_72":550,"_1636":1428,"_1637":1285,"_1638":1323,"_1639":1617,"_1640":1412,"_1600":355,"_1641":1404,"_1642":1206},"section_switcher",{"_1590":1591,"_1592":1593,"_1594":295,"_70":491,"_74":305,"_1595":447,"_1596":381,"_1267":335,"_81":325,"_1597":315,"_1598":345,"_1599":414,"_1600":355,"_1601":1602,"_1603":1604,"_1605":1606,"_1607":1608},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1700":1701,"_1702":1703,"_1644":1704,"_246":1705},"intro",{"_1646":1647,"_1648":1649,"_1650":1651,"_1652":1653,"_1654":1655,"_1656":1657,"_1658":1659},"en",{"_1660":1695,"_1662":1696,"_1664":1697,"_1666":1698,"_1668":1699},"de",{"_1660":1690,"_1662":1691,"_1664":1692,"_1666":1693,"_1668":1694},"fr",{"_1660":1685,"_1662":1686,"_1664":1687,"_1666":1688,"_1668":1689},"it",{"_1660":1680,"_1662":1681,"_1664":1682,"_1666":1683,"_1668":1684},"es",{"_1660":1675,"_1662":1676,"_1664":1677,"_1666":1678,"_1668":1679},"pt",{"_1660":1670,"_1662":1671,"_1664":1672,"_1666":1673,"_1668":1674},"rm",{"_1660":1661,"_1662":1663,"_1664":1665,"_1666":1667,"_1668":1669},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1127,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1129,"_1776":1131,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_600":601,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1796},"nav",{"_1592":1714,"_1715":1716,"_1717":650,"_1718":1719,"_1720":1721,"_1601":1602,"_1603":1604,"_1605":1606,"_1607":1608,"_1594":295,"_70":491,"_1596":381,"_1595":447,"_74":305,"_1599":414,"_1267":335,"_81":325,"_1597":315,"_1598":345,"_1600":355,"_1722":1707,"_1723":1724,"_1570":1571,"_1725":1726,"_1572":1573,"_1727":1728,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1733":1734,"_1735":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1749":1750,"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":1760,"_1761":1711,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767},{"_1660":1695,"_1662":1696,"_1664":1697,"_1666":1698,"_1668":1699},{"_1706":1707,"_1708":1709,"_1710":1711,"_1712":1713},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1772":1798,"_1777":1799,"_1800":183,"_1801":177,"_1802":177,"_1803":183,"_1804":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]