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Alle makroökonomischen Frühindikatoren wie Konsumentenstimmung, Auftragseingänge, Investitionsvorhaben sowie die nach unten korrigierten BIP-Prognosewerte aller Prognose-Institute weisen darauf hin, dass das Wirtschaftswachstum stark abfällt bzw. dass die Schweiz sogar in eine Rezession geraten könnte.

Wir bitten den Bundesrat, folgende Fragen zu beantworten:

1. Wie beurteilt er die Wirtschaftslage und die Entwicklung der Beschäftigungslage für das Jahr 2002?

2. Mit wie vielen Arbeitslosen rechnet er heute für das Jahr 2002 (die Annahmen in der AVG-Botschaft und im Budget 2002 differieren)?

3. Die Zwölfmonate-Teuerungsrate ist auf 0,7 Prozent gesunken und nähert sich der Nullteuerung. Damit sind die für die Investitionstätigkeit relevanten Realzinse (Zinse abzüglich Teuerung) schlagartig angestiegen. Teilt der Bundesrat die Auffassung, es bestünde deshalb ein beträchtlicher Spielraum für eine expansivere Geldpolitik und weitere Zinssenkungen?

4. Ist er bereit, im Hinblick auf eine Stützung der Konsumnachfrage dem Bundespersonal zumindest den vollen Teuerungsausgleich zu gewähren und damit auch andere Branchen zu ermuntern, zur Kaufkrafterhaltung in die gleiche Richtung zu ziehen?

5. Ist er bereit, frühzeitig verwaltungsintern ein Arbeitsmarkt-Verbesserungsprogramm vorzubereiten, das bei dringendem Bedarf rasch umgesetzt werden kann und vor allem die arbeitsmarktlichen Strukturschwächen korrigiert?

6. Ist er bereit, sofort die Schwarzarbeit stärker zu bekämpfen und die Rekrutierung von unqualifizierten Personen (Kurzarbeiter) zu kontrollieren, die als erste Opfer einer Rezession zu werden drohen?

7. Ist der Bundesrat bereit, mehr für die Umschulung und Weiterbildung von Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmern zu unternehmen, um in der nächsten Rezession die durch den Strukturwandel verursachte strukturelle Arbeitslosigkeit zu vermindern?

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1. Die Konjunktur hat sich merklich abgekühlt. Im 3. Quartal 2001 stagnierte die Entwicklung des Bruttoinlandproduktes. Dies ist hauptsächlich bedingt durch eine rückläufige Exportnachfrage und die sich damit verbindende Abschwächung der Konjunktur in der Industrie sowie in Branchen, die Dienstleistungen für den Export erbringen. Hingegen erwies sich die Inlandnachfrage erneut als konjunkturresistent. Insbesondere beim Konsum der privaten Haushalte hielt das kräftige Wachstum bis jüngst an.

Auch auf dem Arbeitsmarkt erweist sich die Lage als weniger günstig. Im 3. Quartal nahm zwar die Beschäftigung weiter zu. Verschiedene der Beschäftigung vorauslaufende Indikatoren setzten indessen ihre rückläufige Entwicklung fort. Die Anzahl der registrierten Stellensuchenden und Arbeitslosen stieg spürbar an. Auf die kommenden Monate ausgerichtete Arbeitsmarktindikatoren sowie weitere Entlassungen bei der Swissair lassen einen weiteren Anstieg der Arbeitslosigkeit erwarten.

Gemäss den Prognosen der meisten Wirtschaftsforschungsinstitute und auch der Expertengruppe des Bundes für Konjunkturprognosen wird das Wachstum im kommenden Jahr vorerst schwach bleiben, sich allerdings im Verlaufe der zweiten Jahreshälfte erholen und schliesslich wieder ungefähr zum Potenzialwachstum zurückkehren.

2. Gemäss Budget bzw. Finanzplan des Ausgleichsfonds der Arbeitslosenversicherung 2000-2004 in der Botschaft zu einem revidierten Arbeitslosenversicherungsgesetz (S. 2307) rechnete das Staatssekretariat für Wirtschaft (Seco) am Ende des Jahres 2000 für die Rechnungsjahre 2001 und 2002 noch mit einer Arbeitslosenzahl von 65 000 Personen im Jahresdurchschnitt. Bis Ende des Jahres 2001 ist indes mit einer Zunahme der Arbeitslosen auf etwa 87 000 zu rechnen. Unter Berücksichtigung dieser Zunahme würde dies eine Arbeitslosenzahl von rund 67 500 Personen im Jahresdurchschnitt 2001 bedeuten.

Das Budget der Arbeitslosenversicherung vom 12. November 2001 basiert neu auf der Annahme einer Arbeitslosenzahl von durchschnittlich 80 000 Personen in den Jahren 2002 und 2003. Diese Prognose wurde im November 2001 vom Seco erstellt.

3. Der Bundesrat erachtet es als wichtig, dass die Schweizerische Nationalbank (SNB) in der Führung ihrer Geldpolitik unabhängig ist.

Der Bundesrat hat zur Kenntnis genommen, dass die SNB ihren geldpolitischen Kurs im Verlaufe dieses Jahres gelockert hat. Nach drei aufeinander folgenden Erhöhungen im Jahre 2000 senkte sie dieses Frühjahr das Zielband für den Drei-Monate-Libor. Im Herbst nahm sie drei weitere Reduktionen von jeweils 50 Basispunkten vor. Die Reduktion vom 18. September erfolgte im Gleichschritt mit verschiedenen anderen Zentralbanken, jene vom 24. September im Alleingang. Letztere Reduktion begründete sie erneut mit dem festen Kurs des Frankens, insbesondere zum Euro. Mit Blick auf die weitere Verschlechterung der Weltkonjunktur sowie dem Fehlen von Anzeichen einer Gefährdung der Preisstabilität auf mittlere Frist senkte sie das Zielband am 7. Dezember nochmals. Insgesamt ist damit das Zielband von 3 bis 4 Prozent von Anfang Jahr auf 1,25 bis 2,25 Prozent Ende 2001 vermindert worden.

Die Jahresteuerungsraten, gemessen am Landesindex der Konsumentenpreise, haben in den vergangenen Monaten nachgegeben. Dieser Rückgang ist hauptsächlich die Folge gesunkener Preise bei Erdölprodukten; im November spielte auch ein Basiseffekt bei den Mieten eine Rolle. Es ist darauf hinzuweisen, dass sich die Nationalbank bei der Führung ihrer Geldpolitik weniger an der aktuellen Teuerung als vielmehr an den Inflationsprognosen für die drei kommenden Jahre orientiert. In diesem Zusammenhang sei erwähnt, dass für die Abschätzung des Realzinses die erwartete Inflation und nicht die Teuerung vergangener Perioden relevant ist.

4. Der Bundesrat ist grundsätzlich bereit, den Teuerungsausgleich zu gewähren. Artikel 16 Absatz 1 des Bundespersonalgesetzes hält dazu fest: \"Der Arbeitgeber richtet den Angestellten auf den Lohn oder einzelnen Lohnanteilen sowie auf weitere Leistungen einen angemessenen Teuerungsausgleich aus. Er berücksichtigt dabei seine wirtschaftliche und finanzielle Lage sowie die Verhältnisse auf dem Arbeitsmarkt.\"

Für 2002 hat der Bundesrat den zwischen den Personalverbänden und dem Vorsteher des EFD ausgehandelten Lohnerhöhungen zugestimmt. Danach erhält das Bundespersonal im Umfang von 2,3 Prozent der Lohnsumme mehr Lohn. Die Erhöhung besteht namentlich aus einem Teuerungsausgleich von 1 Prozent, einer einmaligen Lohnzulage von 1 Prozent sowie der Aufhebung der Kürzung des so genannten Ortszuschlages.

5. Das 1995 revidierte Arbeitslosenversicherungsgesetz sieht eine Vielzahl von Instrumenten zur Bekämpfung der strukturellen Arbeitslosigkeit vor (Umschulungs-, Beschäftigungs-, Weiterbildungsprogramme für Personen, die unmittelbar von Arbeitslosigkeit bedroht sind). Zudem ist die öffentliche Arbeitsvermittlung verstärkt in die umfassende Strategie der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik einbezogen worden. Diese Instrumente haben sich bewährt, weshalb sich der Bundesrat gegenwärtig nicht veranlasst sieht, weitere Massnahmen zu ergreifen.

6. Der Bundesrat wird Anfang Januar 2002 den Entwurf des Bundesgesetzes gegen die Schwarzarbeit zuhanden des Parlamentes verabschieden. Im wesentlichen enthält der Gesetzentwurf drei Massnahmen: erstens eine Verstärkung der Kontrollkompetenzen der paritätischen und tripartiten Kommissionen, zweitens eine begrenzte Vernetzung der Administrativdaten und die Pflicht zur Mitteilung der Resultate der Arbeitgeberkontrollen, drittens eine Verschärfung der Sanktionen. Zudem werden vom Bundesrat weitere Massnahmen wie administrative Erleichterungen für Dienstleistungen im Haushalt und Vorkehrungen gegen die Scheinselbständigkeit anvisiert.

Gemäss Verordnung über die Begrenzung der Zahl der Ausländer (BVO; SR 823.21) legt der Bundesrat periodisch Höchstzahlen fest für Jahresaufenthalter (die erstmals zur Erwerbstätigkeit einreisen oder erstmals eine Erwerbstätigkeit aufnehmen), Saisonniers und Kurzaufenthalter. Letztere werden mit Bewilligungen nach den Artikeln 20 und 21 BVO geregelt und sind längstens für 18 Monate gültig.

Von den Höchstzahlen ausgenommen sind die nach Artikel 13d BVO geregelten Ausländer, welche für insgesamt längstens vier Monate innerhalb eines Kalenderjahres in der Schweiz erwerbstätig werden. Für die Ausstellung dieser Bewilligungen sind die Kantone zuständig, wobei für Angehörige aus Nicht-EU/Efta-Ländern die Zustimmung des Bundes vorausgesetzt wird. Auch für die Bewilligungen nach Artikel 13d BVO gelten die Grundsätze von Artikel 7 BVO (Vorrang der inländischen Arbeitnehmer), Artikel 8 BVO (Prioritäten für die Rekrutierung) und Artikel 9 BVO (orts- und berufsübliche Lohn- und Arbeitsbedingungen; Arbeitsvertrag).

Nach Einführung der Personenfreizügigkeit hat der Bundesrat grundsätzlich keine Möglichkeit mehr, Arbeitsbewilligungen für EU/Efta-Bürger von deren Qualifikation abhängig zu machen.

Mit dem Ziel einer ausgewogenen Arbeitsmarktstruktur, einer nachhaltigen Wirtschaftsentwicklung und einer stabilen Beschäftigung wird die Arbeitskräftezulassung aus den Nicht-EU/Efta-Staaten auf gut und hoch qualifizierte Personen sowie Spezialisten eng begrenzt. Dies wird gerade nach Inkrafttreten der Personenfreizügigkeit ein wichtiger Teil der schweizerischen Zulassungspolitik für ausländische Arbeitskräfte sein.

Wie der Bundesrat bereits in seiner Antwort vom 21. November 2001 zur Interpellation Chiffelle 01.3564 in einem ähnlichen Zusammenhang festgehalten hat, erachtet er die bereits bestehenden Kontrollmechanismen seitens der Kantone und des Bundes bei der Erteilung von Bewilligungen nach Artikel 13 BVO und auch bei den ohnehin kontingentierten Bewilligungen nach den Artikeln 20 und 21 BVO als ausreichend, zumal die \"flankierenden Massnahmen\" auch für Arbeitskräfte aus Drittstaaten gelten werden. Damit sollte auch eine Rekrutierung von unqualifizierten Personen, welche womöglich erste Opfer einer Rezession zu werden drohen, verhindert werden können.

Der Bundesrat verweist im Übrigen auch auf seine Stellungnahmen zu den Motionen Fattebert 00.3506 und Suter 01.3200 sowie zur Einfachen Anfrage Rennwald 01.1057.

7. Die Frage der Umschulung und Weiterbildung von registrierten Stellensuchenden ist - wie in der Antwort zu Frage 5 erwähnt - im Rahmen des Arbeitslosenversicherungsgesetzes geregelt. Betreffend die längere Frist ist auf das sich in der parlamentarischen Diskussion befindende neue Berufsbildungsgesetz hinzuweisen. Mit diesem Gesetz soll die Grundlage geschaffen werden, die Grundausbildung noch näher an die aktuellen und gewandelten Bedürfnisse heranzuführen. Unter dem Titel \"Berufsorientierte Weiterbildung\" will der Bund insbesondere Angebote unterstützen, die Personen bei Strukturveränderungen in der Berufswelt den Verbleib im Erwerbsleben ermöglichen.

Antwort des Bundesrates.",29089,"20011127_1","Titel des 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members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1591":1592,"_1608":774,"_1609":1610,"_1611":1612,"_1613":961,"_1292":534,"_1266":333,"_19":538,"_1614":541,"_1597":343,"_1615":1616,"_1617":745,"_1399":293,"_124":303,"_1594":445,"_129":313,"_126":544,"_131":323,"_1618":1071,"_1619":1205,"_1620":1241,"_1621":1205,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1205,"_1625":1626,"_1627":534,"_1628":713,"_1629":1205,"_1630":1612,"_1631":538,"_1598":412,"_1632":1633,"_1204":1205,"_1634":651,"_1217":1205,"_122":549,"_1635":1427,"_1636":1284,"_1637":1322,"_1638":1616,"_1639":1411,"_1599":353,"_1640":1403,"_1641":1205},"section_switcher",{"_1589":1590,"_1591":1592,"_1593":293,"_120":489,"_124":303,"_1594":445,"_1595":379,"_1266":333,"_131":323,"_1596":313,"_1597":343,"_1598":412,"_1599":353,"_1600":1601,"_1602":1603,"_1604":1605,"_1606":1607},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1699":1700,"_1701":1702,"_1643":1703,"_244":1704},"intro",{"_1645":1646,"_1647":1648,"_1649":1650,"_1651":1652,"_1653":1654,"_1655":1656,"_1657":1658},"en",{"_1659":1694,"_1661":1695,"_1663":1696,"_1665":1697,"_1667":1698},"de",{"_1659":1689,"_1661":1690,"_1663":1691,"_1665":1692,"_1667":1693},"fr",{"_1659":1684,"_1661":1685,"_1663":1686,"_1665":1687,"_1667":1688},"it",{"_1659":1679,"_1661":1680,"_1663":1681,"_1665":1682,"_1667":1683},"es",{"_1659":1674,"_1661":1675,"_1663":1676,"_1665":1677,"_1667":1678},"pt",{"_1659":1669,"_1661":1670,"_1663":1671,"_1665":1672,"_1667":1673},"rm",{"_1659":1660,"_1661":1662,"_1663":1664,"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1767":1768,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1126,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1128,"_1775":1130,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_599":600,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795},"nav",{"_1591":1713,"_1714":1715,"_1716":649,"_1717":1718,"_1719":1720,"_1600":1601,"_1602":1603,"_1604":1605,"_1606":1607,"_1593":293,"_120":489,"_1595":379,"_1594":445,"_124":303,"_1598":412,"_1266":333,"_131":323,"_1596":313,"_1597":343,"_1599":353,"_1721":1706,"_1722":1723,"_1569":1570,"_1724":1725,"_1571":1572,"_1726":1727,"_1728":1729,"_1730":1731,"_1732":1733,"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1710,"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766},{"_1659":1694,"_1661":1695,"_1663":1696,"_1665":1697,"_1667":1698},{"_1705":1706,"_1707":1708,"_1709":1710,"_1711":1712},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1771":1797,"_1776":1798,"_1799":181,"_1800":174,"_1801":174,"_1802":181,"_1803":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]