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Nach jahrzehntelangen Verhandlungen ist das Chemiewaffenübereinkommen (Chemical Weapons Convention, CWC oder CWÜ) am 29. April 1997 in Kraft getreten. Dieses Übereinkommen regelt die Vernichtung von Chemiewaffen. Mit Hilfe einer internationalen Kontrolle über den Handel mit gewissen chemischen Produkten und über die Unternehmen, die diese Produkte verwenden, soll verhindert werden, dass chemische Waffen weiterhin in so grossen Mengen hergestellt werden, dass sie für Kriegszwecke eingesetzt werden können. Das CWÜ enhält ausserdem Kontrollbestimmungen zur Einhaltung des Übereinkommens und soll so als Modell für künftige Abkommen über die Abrüstung von Massenvernichtungswaffen dienen.

Obwohl das CWÜ bis heute von 139 Staaten ratifiziert wurde, gehört dessen Durchsetzung, vor allem bezüglich der Vernichtung bereits bestehender Chemiewaffen, in den meisten Ländern nicht zu den wichtigsten politischen Zielen. Das CWÜ droht ausgehöhlt zu werden.

Russland, welches das grösste Chemiewaffenarsenal besitzt, wird ohne internationale Unterstützung nicht in der Lage sein, innerhalb der vorgesehenen Fristen seine Chemiewaffenlager zu vernichten. Die Gründe dafür sind:

- die Grösse der Lager (40 000 Tonnen Kampfstoffe);

- die hohen Vernichtungskosten (5 bis 10 Milliarden US-Dollar); Russland, das mitten in einem wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Wandel ist, kann eine solche Summe nicht aufbringen;

- die bisher kaum vorhandene Unterstützung durch andere Länder;

- das mangelnde Interesse Russlands an der Vernichtung der chemischen Waffen;

- die fehlende Koordination zwischen den auf diesem Gebiet unternommenen Anstrengungen.

Sollte das Vorhaben scheitern, die Chemiewaffen Russlands zu vernichten, würde dem CWÜ jegliche Glaubwürdigkeit genommen. Indirekt wäre das auch ein schwerer Schlag für alle anderen internationalen Abkommen über die Abrüstung von Massenvernichtungswaffen. Die intensiven diplomatischen Anstrengungen und finanziellen und personellen Aufwendungen, die in der Schweiz während der letzten zehn Jahre geleistet wurden, würden dadurch zunichte gemacht.

Werden die Chemiewaffen nicht bald vernichtet, laufen wir Gefahr, dass sie weiter entwickelt und damit Waffen geschaffen werden, die eine Bedrohung für die internationale Sicherheit und Stabilität darstellen könnten.

Die grösste Gefahr besteht gegenwärtig darin, dass Chemiewaffenlager von Katastrophen getroffen werden. Je länger diese chemischen Waffen noch gelagert werden, desto grösser wird auch das Risiko schwerer Unfälle, die den Tod zahlreicher Menschen sowie eine grossräumige Verseuchung der Umwelt zur Folge haben. Je länger mit der Vernichtung der Chemiewaffen zugewartet wird, umso schwieriger und kostspieliger wird diese Vernichtung sein. Es kann zudem nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass Personen chemische Waffen zu terroristischen Handlungen, Erpressungen oder zur Ausweitung eines regionalen Konfliktes benutzen könnten. Deshalb sollte mit der Vernichtung der Chemiewaffen nicht gewartet werden. Nur durch die Vernichtung können Katastrophen wirksam verhindert werden. Zudem ist es billiger, die Waffen zu vernichten, als nach Katastrophen die Schäden zu beheben.

Die Vernichtung chemischer Waffen ist jedoch nicht nur eine Kostenfrage; auch politische und soziale Aspekte spielen eine Rolle. Die Schweiz könnte mit der Anregung zu einer gerechten Kostenverteilung wichtige Anstösse geben und so entscheidende Prozesse in Gang bringen. Aus diesem Grund sollte die Vernichtung chemischer Waffen im Rahmen der Bemühungen einer langfristigen internationalen Abrüstung zu den wichtigsten Zielsetzungen der Schweiz gehören.

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Ich beauftrage den Bundesrat, den beiden Räten eine Botschaft zu unterbreiten, in der eine allgemeine Politik und konkrete Massnahmen der Schweiz zur Förderung der weltweiten Vernichtung chemischer Waffen dargelegt sind. Dabei sollen die verschiedenen aussen- und sicherheitspolitischen Instrumente der Schweiz aufeinander abgestimmt und einander ergänzend eingesetzt werden. Die Botschaft sollte mit einem Finanzrahmen ergänzt werden, der grosso modo dem Anteil entsprechen soll, den die Schweiz - verglichen mit den Beiträgen der anderen Länder - an die internationale Zusammenarbeit leistet (2 Prozent).

Für die Festlegung der allgemeinen Politik sind die Erfahrungen zu berücksichtigen, die bereits bei anderen internationalen Hilfsprogrammen zur Vernichtung chemischer Waffen gesammelt wurden.

Die Massnahmen der Schweiz sollen zur Förderung der endgültigen Vernichtung chemischer Waffen beitragen, wobei alle Optionen in Betracht zu ziehen sind: So sollen vertrauensbildende Massnahmen gefördert und Initiativen, die das Engagement der internationalen Gemeinschaft bei konkreten Projekten zur Vernichtung chemischer Waffen verstärken, unterstützt werden.

Sowohl Unternehmen, NGO als auch Fachleute von Bund und Verwaltung können auf ihre Art und Weise einen Beitrag leisten: mit bilateralen Verträgen, durch die Beteiligung an multilateralen Gemeinschaftsprogrammen und mit Projekten zur Verhütung von Katastrophen und zur verstärkten technischen Zusammenarbeit in Gebieten, in denen chemische Waffen gelagert werden. Zudem sollte ein unabhängiges Organ diese Massnahmen überwachen.

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Der Bundesrat hat in seinem Bericht vom 30. August 2000 über die Rüstungskontroll- und Abrüstungspolitik der Schweiz 2000 (in Erfüllung des Postulates Haering Binder vom 17. Dezember 1998) seine Gesamtpolitik zu den chemischen Waffen dargelegt. Er misst der vorbehaltlosen und wirksamen Umsetzung des Chemiewaffenübereinkommens (CWÜ) und somit auch der weltweiten Chemiewaffenabrüstung eine grosse Bedeutung bei. Die Schweiz arbeitet eng mit der Organisation für das Verbot chemischer Waffen (OPCW) zusammen, um das Ziel einer chemiewaffenfreien Welt zu erreichen.

Die Vertragsstaaten des CWÜ sind zur vollständigen Abrüstung bis ins Jahr 2007 verpflichtet. Die Schweiz hat stets betont, dass die Verantwortung für die Chemiewaffenvernichtung bei den Staaten liegt, welche die Waffen hergestellt haben. Diese haben die Kosten für die Vernichtung sowie für die Überprüfung dieser Vernichtung durch die OPCW zu tragen.

In drei der vier Staaten, die der Organisation angehören und noch über Chemiewaffen verfügen, schreitet die Vernichtung planmässig voran. Diese drei Staaten haben auf internationaler Ebene keinen Unterstützungsbedarf angemeldet.

In der Russischen Föderation hingegen hat erst die Vernichtung von Munitionsbestandteilen, aber nicht der chemischen Kampfstoffe begonnen. Die Vernichtungsanlagen sind erst im Bau. Die chemischen Kampfstoffe werden heute an sieben Standorten gelagert. Inspektoren der OPCW haben diese Lager registriert und kontrollieren sie regelmässig. Die Sicherheit der Chemiewaffenlager ist mit amerikanischer und EU-Hilfe verstärkt worden.

Russland stützt sich bei der Chemiewaffenvernichtung auf die finanzielle und technische Hilfe vor allem der USA und Deutschlands. Diese sind am Bau je einer Vernichtungsanlage massgeblich beteiligt. Eine solche Anlage (mit Infrastruktur) erfordert Investitionen in der Grössenordnung von einer Milliarde Franken. Mit der finanziellen Hilfe und der Lieferung von Anlagebestandteilen ist es aber nicht getan. Bei der Realisierung der Projekte sind mannigfaltige Probleme zu bewältigen: Die Zusammenarbeit mit den russischen Behörden gestaltet sich sehr schwierig, weil zahlreiche Stellen auf verschiedenen Ebenen Zuständigkeit beanspruchen und manchmal Termine verstreichen lassen. In finanzieller Hinsicht mangelt es oft an Transparenz und Liquidität. Diese Probleme führten schliesslich dazu, dass die Vereinigten Staaten im August 1999 weitere Mittel für den Bau der Vernichtungsanlage sistierten. Auch andere westliche Staaten bekundeten Mühe, budgetierte Mittel zu verpflichten, weil russische Gegenleistungen ausblieben. Die von Deutschland finanzierte Anlage geht voraussichtlich mit grosser Verzögerung und jedenfalls nicht vor 2002 in Betrieb.

Das russische Parlament (Duma) hat schon mehrfach seine Unzufriedenheit mit den schleppenden Fortschritten bei der Chemiewaffenvernichtung ausgedrückt und sogar eine Untersuchung angeregt. Die Schweiz hatte bereits im Hinblick auf die Ratifizierung des CWÜ zur Information und Sensibilisierung der russischen Parlamentarier beigetragen. Sie finanziert auch ein laufendes Programm der Nichtregierungsorganisation Grünes Kreuz mit dem Ziel, in Russland selbst mehr Transparenz und einen nationalen Konsens über das Vorgehen bei der Chemiewaffenvernichtung herzustellen.

Von einer direkten Beteiligung am Bau einer Chemiewaffenvernichtungsanlage hat die Schweiz bisher Abstand genommen - nicht zuletzt aufgrund der geschilderten Erfahrungen anderer Länder, aber auch aufgrund unserer Einschätzung, dass ein substanzielles Engagement als ernstzunehmender Partner einen bis zu zweistelligen Millionenbetrag erfordern würde. Russland beziffert den gesamten Bedarf an ausländischer Unterstützung auf 6 Milliarden Dollar; 2 Prozent davon (wie von der Motion angeregt) sind immerhin 120 Millionen Dollar. Dies übersteigt bei weitem die Möglichkeiten der Ostzusammenarbeit. Im laufenden Jahr wendet etwa die Deza insgesamt rund 9 Millionen Franken für Projekte in der Russischen Föderation auf, wobei die humanitäre Hilfe im Nordkaukasus, die KMU-Förderung, die nachhaltige Ressourcennutzung sowie die Förderung von Menschenrechten und Demokratie im Vordergrund stehen. Das Staatssekretariat für Wirtschaft engagiert sich mit jährlich rund 8 Millionen Franken für die Rehabilitation und den Ausbau der Basisinfrastruktur. Die Chemiewaffenvernichtung passt auch geografisch nicht zu den bisherigen Schwerpunkten der Zusammenarbeit mit Russland. Ohne starke Präsenz vor Ort ist aber eine effiziente Verwendung der eingesetzten Steuergelder kaum zu bewerkstelligen.

Der finanzielle und personelle Spielraum des Bundes sowie die oben beschriebenen Umstände lassen gegenwärtig ein schweizerisches Engagement für die Chemiewaffenabrüstung im geforderten Masse nicht zu. Der Bundesrat ist aber entschlossen, die bisherigen Anstrengungen für die weltweite Umsetzung des Chemiewaffenübereinkommens fortzusetzen. Dazu gehören namentlich der korrekte Vollzug in der Schweiz, die Aus- und Weiterbildung von Inspektoren der OPCW und die Bereitstellung von schweizerischem Schutz-, Analyse- und Dekontaminationsmaterial für den Fall, dass ein Mitgliedstaat mit Chemiewaffen angegriffen würde. 150 Spezialisten aus Entwicklungs- und Transitionsländern sind bisher von der Schweiz und der OPCW gemeinsam in der Handhabung dieses Materials geschult worden. Das AC-Laboratorium Spiez setzt einen beträchtlichen Teil seiner personellen Ressourcen im C-Bereich für die internationale Zusammenarbeit zugunsten der chemischen Abrüstung und Nonproliferation ein. Mit Russland pflegt es eine Forschungspartnerschaft unter Aufsicht des internationalen Wissenschafts- und Technologiezentrums in Moskau. Dieses beschäftigt russische Wissenschaftler, die früher in der Entwicklung von Massenvernichtungswaffen tätig waren, und vermindert so das Risiko der Proliferation.

Der einzige politische Rahmen, welcher es der Staatengemeinschaft ermöglicht, auf die Vernichtung der chemischen Waffen in Russland einzuwirken, ist die OPCW. Die Schweiz als Staat ohne Chemiewaffen hat ihre Rolle in dieser Organisation bisher voll ausgespielt. Mit Hilfe anderer Staaten hat sie für das Problem Russlands, die chemischen Waffen innerhalb der vom CWÜ verlangten Fristen zu vernichten, eine Lösung erwirkt, wonach das russische Vernichtungsprogramm nicht nur eine Angelegenheit des Technischen Sekretariates der OPCW bleibt, sondern auch explizit ein Thema der politischen Organe der OPCW und somit der Staatengemeinschaft geworden ist, die dadurch über eine regelmässige Kontroll- und Einflussmöglichkeit verfügt. Dies illustriert die Haltung des Bundesrates, der die chemische Abrüstung nicht als rein technische Angelegenheit, sondern als ein eminent politisches Anliegen betrachtet.

Die Chemiewaffenabrüstung bleibt aus zwei Gründen eine Priorität der schweizerischen Abrüstungspolitik: Sie entspricht dem erklärten Einsatz der Schweiz zugunsten der weltweiten, verifizierbaren Abrüstung aller Massenvernichtungswaffen, und sie ist Teil ihres tief verankerten humanitären Anliegens. Der Bundesrat gedenkt deshalb, dem Parlament regelmässig über seine Massnahmen zur Förderung der chemischen Abrüstung und über die Fortschritte bei der Vernichtung der chemischen Waffen zu berichten.

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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1637":1638,"_1654":820,"_1655":1656,"_1657":1658,"_1659":1007,"_1338":580,"_1312":380,"_78":584,"_1660":587,"_1643":390,"_1661":1662,"_1663":791,"_1445":340,"_74":350,"_1640":492,"_19":360,"_76":590,"_81":370,"_1664":1117,"_1665":1251,"_1666":1287,"_1667":1251,"_1668":1669,"_1670":1251,"_1671":1672,"_1673":580,"_1674":759,"_1675":1251,"_1676":1658,"_1677":584,"_1644":459,"_1678":1679,"_1250":1251,"_1680":697,"_1263":1251,"_72":595,"_1681":1473,"_1682":1330,"_1683":1368,"_1684":1662,"_1685":1457,"_1645":400,"_1686":1449,"_1687":1251},"section_switcher",{"_1635":1636,"_1637":1638,"_1639":340,"_70":536,"_74":350,"_1640":492,"_1641":426,"_1312":380,"_81":370,"_1642":360,"_1643":390,"_1644":459,"_1645":400,"_1646":1647,"_1648":1649,"_1650":1651,"_1652":1653},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748,"_1689":1749,"_291":1750},"intro",{"_1691":1692,"_1693":1694,"_1695":1696,"_1697":1698,"_1699":1700,"_1701":1702,"_1703":1704},"en",{"_1705":1740,"_1707":1741,"_1709":1742,"_1711":1743,"_1713":1744},"de",{"_1705":1735,"_1707":1736,"_1709":1737,"_1711":1738,"_1713":1739},"fr",{"_1705":1730,"_1707":1731,"_1709":1732,"_1711":1733,"_1713":1734},"it",{"_1705":1725,"_1707":1726,"_1709":1727,"_1711":1728,"_1713":1729},"es",{"_1705":1720,"_1707":1721,"_1709":1722,"_1711":1723,"_1713":1724},"pt",{"_1705":1715,"_1707":1716,"_1709":1717,"_1711":1718,"_1713":1719},"rm",{"_1705":1706,"_1707":1708,"_1709":1710,"_1711":1712,"_1713":1714},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. 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Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1813":1814,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1172,"_1818":1819,"_1820":1174,"_1821":1176,"_1822":1823,"_1824":1825,"_1826":1827,"_1828":1829,"_1830":1831,"_645":646,"_1832":1833,"_1834":1835,"_1836":1837,"_1838":1839,"_1840":1841},"nav",{"_1637":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":695,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1646":1647,"_1648":1649,"_1650":1651,"_1652":1653,"_1639":340,"_70":536,"_1641":426,"_1640":492,"_74":350,"_1644":459,"_1312":380,"_81":370,"_1642":360,"_1643":390,"_1645":400,"_1767":1752,"_1768":1769,"_1615":1616,"_1770":1771,"_1617":1618,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1756,"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1812},{"_1705":1740,"_1707":1741,"_1709":1742,"_1711":1743,"_1713":1744},{"_1751":1752,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1817":1843,"_1822":1844,"_1845":228,"_1846":205,"_1847":205,"_1848":228,"_1849":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]