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Handlungsbedarf

1. Im Internet wachsen Computernetze weltweit zusammen; wir beziehen laufend Inhalte aus dem Ausland. Es entsteht nicht nur eine neue Branche. Vorab sind Internet, ja Computernetze generell zentrale wirtschaftliche Standortfaktoren geworden, vergleichbar den Strassen- und Schienennetzen; das Internet gehört heute zur Grundversorgung. Damit sind Risiken verbunden, wie die Verbreitung von strafbaren Inhalten (z. B. Gewalt, Kinderpornografie oder Rassendiskriminierung).

2. Es ist eine Rahmenordnung nötig, unter Berücksichtigung von Grundrechts- (Meinungs-, Wirtschaftsfreiheit usw.) sowie Föderalismusaspekten (z. B. bei der Strafverfolgung), um Missbräuche des Internet zu verhindern, ohne seine positiven Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten unnötig zu beschränken. Dabei darf weder die Rechtsstellung der klassischen Medien (Presse, Radio, Fernsehen) verschlechtert, noch das Internet privilegiert werden. Kriminalität muss strafrechtlich erfasst werden, auch wenn sie mit dem Internet begangen wird. Dabei muss das Recht selbstverständlich die technischen Eigenheiten des Internet berücksichtigen.

3. Der Gesetzgebungsbedarf ist unbestritten. Er ist dringend. Die Schweiz darf nicht zur negativ besetzten \"Internet-Insel\" werden. Die EU hat eine Richtlinie erlassen. Die EU-Länder müssen vor dem 17. Januar 2002 (bis in einem! Jahr) eine Regelung schaffen. Unser Internet ist eng mit dem der EU-Länder verknüpft. Unsere Wirtschaft braucht rasch Investitionssicherheit; weder unsere Unternehmen noch unsere Arbeitsplätze dürfen abwandern. Unser Land darf nicht zum Hort krimineller Aktivitäten werden. Die Bundespolizei muss handeln dürfen (nicht bloss die Kantone), aber differenziert statt mit lähmenden globalen Sperraufträgen.

Laufende Diskussionen

4. Die Bundespolizei will sich teils an die Content-Provider (Inhalteanbieter) und die Host-Provider (Diensteanbieter, die fremde Inhalte auf eigenen Servern zur Nutzung bereit halten), teils auch an die Access-Provider (Diensteanbieter, die den Nutzern lediglich den Zugang zum Netz ermöglichen) halten (www.bupo.admin.ch/2000-05-15-d-internet-isp.pdf). Das Bundesamt für Justiz hat dazu ein Gutachten erstellt (www.bj.admin.ch/themen/ri-ir/access/ga-acc-prov.pdf).

5. Namhafte Strafrechtsprofessoren kommen dagegen zum Schluss, dass die strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit mehr zu differenzieren sei, und zwar in dem Sinne, dass diese namentlich für Access-Provider in der Regel nicht bestehe und nicht bestehen dürfe (Gutachten Niggli, Riklin und Stratenwerth, www.vit.ch; nun in \"medialex\"). Das Erscheinen dieses Gutachtens gab Anlass zu Gesprächen mit den Gutachtern, weiteren Fachleuten (Prof. U. Sieber, München; und Ch. Schwarzenegger, Zürich) sowie der Branche. Die Professoren waren bereit, als Folgerung aus diesem Gutachten Vorschläge für eine Revision des Schweizerischen Strafgesetzbuches (StGB) auszuarbeiten. Die Motion nimmt sie auf, um eine rasche Gesetzgebung zu ermöglichen.

6. Gegenwärtig herrscht Rechtsunsicherheit. Die Gerichtspraxis kann sie kaum ausräumen; im Gegenteil: es ist mit kantonal unterschiedlichen Urteilen zu rechnen. Von der Branche ist wie im Ausland zu erwarten, dass sie bei der Ausarbeitung neuen Rechts, aber auch später bei der Umsetzung kooperieren muss. Bei der Neuordnung vorbehalten bleiben selbstverständlich die Schranken des allgemeinen Rechts (Immaterialgüterrecht, kantonales Polizeirecht usw.).

Schrittweises Vorgehen

7. Die zeitliche und sachliche Dringlichkeit bedingt ein schrittweises Vorgehen. Als erste Priorität drängt sich der Erlass von Strafrecht auf, möglichst beschränkt auf eine StGB-Änderung, eventuell eine oder zwei Zusatzbestimmungen. Eine Gesamtlösung ist zurzeit nicht zu leisten. Sie jetzt anzustreben könnte die Schweiz isolieren.

Gesetzgebungsvorschlag

8. Das Medienstrafrecht soll durch zwei Artikel über strafbare Handlungen in Telekommunikationsnetzen ergänzt werden. Sie bekräftigen den Grundsatz der strafrechtlichen Verantwortlichkeit an der Quelle des Übels: beim Anbieter. Dagegen sollen Presse- oder Radio-/TV-Redaktoren nicht schärfer erfasst werden als bisher. Telekommunikationsdiensteanbieter, die fremde Informationen auf ihre Grossrechner zur Nutzung bereit halten, sollen bei Kenntnis und Nichtverhinderung strafbar werden, nicht aber jene Telekommunikationsdiensteanbieter, die den Nutzern nur einen technischen Zugang zum Netz offerieren. Genauso wie andere Infrastrukturbetreiber, z. B. die Kantone oder die SBB, sind sie nicht strafbar für Straftaten, die andere mittels dieser Infrastruktur begehen (z. B. Drogenschmuggel).

9. Möglicher Gesetzestext

In das StGB sind neu einzufügen die Artikel 27ter, 27quater und 340ter, abzuändern sind der Titel des 6. Abschnittes, Zweiter Teil, Erstes Buch (Allgemeiner Teil) und Artikel 27:

6. Strafbare Handlungen in Telekommunikationsnetzen und Medien

Art. 27 Strafbare Handlungen in Medien

1 Wird eine strafbare Handlung durch Veröffentlichung in einem Medium begangen und erschöpft sie sich in dieser Veröffentlichung, so ist, unter Vorbehalt von Artikel 27ter StGB und der nachfolgenden Bestimmungen, der Autor allein strafbar.

Abs. 2-4 Unverändert.

Art. 27bis Quellenschutz

Unverändert

Art. 27ter Strafbare Handlungen in Telekommunikationsnetzen

1 Wird eine strafbare Handlung durch Übermittlung, Bereitstellen oder Bereithalten von Informationen, namentlich Inhalten, in einem Telekommunikationsnetz begangen, so ist - unter Vorbehalt der nachfolgenden Bestimmungen - der Anbieter dieser Informationen allein strafbar.

Nimmt der Anbieter eine redaktionelle Informationskontrolle im Sinne von Artikel 27 Absatz 2 wahr, so wird er strafbar nach Massgabe der Artikel 27 und 322bis.

2 Wird mit fremden Informationen, namentlich Inhalten, eine strafbare Handlung begangen, ist derjenige, der diese Informationen zur Nutzung in einem Telekommunikationsnetz bereit hält, nur strafbar, wenn er es wider besseres Wissen unterlässt, die Nutzung dieser Informationen zu verhindern, obwohl es ihm technisch möglich und zumutbar ist.

3 Wer lediglich den Zugang zu fremden Informationen, namentlich zu fremden Inhalten, in einem Telekommunikationsnetz vermittelt, ist nicht strafbar, sofern er:

a. die Informationsübermittlung nicht veranlasst;

b. den Adressaten der übermittelten Informationen nicht ausgewählt;

c. die übermittelten Informationen nicht ausgewählt oder verändert hat.

Eine automatische und kurzzeitige Speicherung fremder Informationen infolge automatisierter Übermittlung gilt als Zugangsvermittlung.

Art. 27quater Vorbehalt anderer Gesetze

Artikel 27ter regelt die strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit in Telekommunikationsnetzen abschliessend. Verpflichtungen zur Entfernung oder Sperrung der Nutzung von Informationen nach den allgemeinen Erlassen des Bundes und der Kantone bleiben unberührt, wenn die in Artikel 27ter genannten Personen von diesen Informationen rechtmässig Kenntnis erlangen und eine Sperrung technisch möglich und zumutbar ist.

Art. 340ter

Der Bundesgerichtsbarkeit unterstehen weiter strafbare Handlungen in Telekommunikationsnetzen (Art. 27ter und 27quater).

","affair_title",27705,"20003714_5","Eingereichter Text","

1. Der Bundesrat wird eingeladen, zum Schutz des Internet im Interesse von Bevölkerung und Wirtschaft in erster Priorität rasch eine rechtssichere, praktikable, international möglichst harmonisierte Regelung im Strafrecht, eventuell in einzelnen weiteren Bestimmungen zu beantragen.

2. Er soll nötigenfalls unerlässliche weitere Rechtsänderungen beantragen (spätere Priorität).

",27704,"20003714_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Der Bundesrat teilt die Auffassung des Motionärs, wonach das Internet eine wachsende wirtschaftliche Bedeutung hat, aber auch Gefahren birgt, so beispielsweise, wenn mit diesem Mittel strafbare Inhalte verbreitet werden. Es ist auch selbstverständlich, dass sich die über Internet abgewickelten Tätigkeiten innerhalb eines angemessen abgesteckten rechtlichen Rahmens bewegen müssen.

1. Wenn auch heute in der Schweiz noch kaum spezifisch auf das Internet zugeschnittene Rechtssätze bestehen, so bewegt sich das Internet doch keineswegs in einem gesetzlichen Niemandsland. Gerade das Strafrecht enthält sowohl in seinen allgemeinen Regeln als auch in den besonderen Bestimmungen für Medien Vorschriften, die auch auf die mittels Internet verübte Kriminalität angewendet werden können (vgl. Botschaft zum Medienstrafrecht, BBl 1996 IV 527, 549ff.). Was im Besonderen die Verantwortlichkeit der Internet-Provider anbelangt, so erlaubt das geltende Recht angemessene und differenzierte Lösungen, wie sich namentlich dem Gutachten des Bundesamtes für Justiz vom 24. Dezember 1999 entnehmen lässt (vgl. VPB 64.75). Dass die dort vertretene Auffassung je nach Interessenlage skeptisch beurteilt und auch von einem Teil der Lehre verworfen wird, ist bei einem Thema, zu dem sich noch keine höchstrichterliche Praxis bilden konnte, nicht ungewöhnlich. Gilt es, generell-abstrakte Normen auf einen neuen Sachverhalt anzuwenden, lassen sich oft mit guten Gründen unterschiedliche Auffassungen dazu vertreten. Darüber zu entscheiden, was schliesslich rechtens ist, obliegt dem Gericht. Nur wenn dem Gesetz keine vernünftige Lösung entnommen werden kann, ist der Gesetzgeber zur Klärung aufgerufen.

Ob dies hier der Fall sei, ist für den Bundesrat durchaus offen. Wie er schon in seiner Antwort auf die Motion von Felten (98.3467) vom 8. Oktober 1998 festhielt, ist er aber der Meinung, dass eine internationale Harmonisierung der Gesetzgebung zum Internet erwünscht, ja notwendig ist. Der sich an die E-Commerce-Richtlinie der EU (ABl C 178 vom 17. Juli 2000, S. 1-16) anlehnende Regelungsvorschlag des Motionärs für die strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit der Internet-Provider stellt dafür einen prinzipiell tauglichen Ansatz dar.

Dabei liegt dem Bundesrat allerdings an einer klar ausgerichteten Kriminalpolitik und einer entsprechend kohärenten Gesetzgebung. Der Bund hat sich in den letzten Jahren besonders bei der Gesetzgebung stark im Kampf gegen Rassendiskriminierung und Kinderpornografie engagiert; gerade diese Delikte werden zunehmend mit dem Mittel des Internet verübt. Daher hält es der Bundesrat für wichtig, dass im Internet nicht leichthin die Verantwortung für bestimmte Kategorien von Akteuren rundweg aufgehoben wird und damit potenziell rechtsfreie Räume geschaffen werden.

Der Bundesrat ist im Einklang mit dem geltenden Medienstrafrecht der Auffassung, die strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit für illegale Inhalte komme auch im Internet in erster Linie dem Autor zu. Ob es nun angemessen sei, den blossen Zugangsvermittler im Sinne des Vorschlags des Motionärs grundsätzlich von der Verantwortlichkeit zu befreien, erscheint ihm aber im Lichte seiner obigen Überlegungen jedenfalls einer näheren Prüfung wert. Der Bundesrat übersieht dabei nicht, dass die EU diese Lösung in Artikel 12ff. ihrer E-Commerce-Richtlinie vorsieht und dass sich deswegen für die Schweizer Provider möglicherweise vorübergehende Standortnachteile ergeben könnten. Angesichts der Zurückhaltung, welche die schweizerischen Strafverfolgungsbehörden bisher gegenüber den Internet-Providern bewiesen haben, und der Tatsache, dass noch kein reiner Zugangsvermittler wegen illegaler Inhalte verurteilt wurde, reicht das entsprechende Risiko nach Ansicht des Bundesrates nicht über das allgemeine Unternehmensrisiko der Provider hinaus. Insgesamt ist der Bundesrat bereit, eine Ergänzung des Strafgesetzbuches in der vom Motionär vorgezeichneten Richtung zu erarbeiten. Er möchte sich aber die Freiheit vorbehalten, die vorgeschlagene Regelung besonders im Lichte der erforderlichen Kohärenz der Gesetzgebung näher zu prüfen und sie nötigenfalls zu nuancieren. In diesem Sinne ist er bereit, diesen Punkt der Motion entgegenzunehmen. Allerdings lässt sich der Bundesrat im Sinne dieser Ausführungen durch die Begründung der Motion nicht binden.

2. Das Internet berührt keineswegs nur das Strafrecht, sondern hat mindestens ebenso wichtige zivil-, fernmelde- und immaterialgüterrechtliche Aspekte. Auch hier hält es der Bundesrat für sinnvoll, die innerstaatliche Gesetzgebung mit der internationalen Rechtsentwicklung abzustimmen. Diese ist derzeit noch stark in Bewegung. So wären im Moment neben der erwähnten EU-Richtlinie auch die vom Europarat voraussichtlich in diesem Jahr verabschiedete Konvention über die Kriminalität im Cyberspace zu berücksichtigen. Weitere Regelungsansätze dürften noch folgen. Der Bundesrat ist bereit, in Berücksichtigung dieser internationalen Rechtsentwicklung den Erlass spezifisch auf das Internet bezogener Normen aus allen betroffenen Rechtsgebieten zu prüfen.

Der Bundesrat ist bereit, dieses Thema ohne ungebührliche Verzögerung an die Hand zu nehmen und auch den zweiten Punkt der Motion entgegenzunehmen. Der Bundesrat lässt sich aber mit Rücksicht auf die noch sehr im Fluss befindliche rechtliche und technische Entwicklung des Internet durch die Begründung der Motion nicht binden.

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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1638":1639,"_1655":821,"_1656":1657,"_1658":1659,"_1660":1008,"_1339":581,"_1313":381,"_78":585,"_1661":588,"_1644":391,"_1662":1663,"_1664":792,"_1446":341,"_74":351,"_1641":493,"_19":361,"_76":591,"_81":371,"_1665":1118,"_1666":1252,"_1667":1288,"_1668":1252,"_1669":1670,"_1671":1252,"_1672":1673,"_1674":581,"_1675":760,"_1676":1252,"_1677":1659,"_1678":585,"_1645":460,"_1679":1680,"_1251":1252,"_1681":698,"_1264":1252,"_72":596,"_1682":1474,"_1683":1331,"_1684":1369,"_1685":1663,"_1686":1458,"_1646":401,"_1687":1450,"_1688":1252},"section_switcher",{"_1636":1637,"_1638":1639,"_1640":341,"_70":537,"_74":351,"_1641":493,"_1642":427,"_1313":381,"_81":371,"_1643":361,"_1644":391,"_1645":460,"_1646":401,"_1647":1648,"_1649":1650,"_1651":1652,"_1653":1654},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1690":1750,"_292":1751},"intro",{"_1692":1693,"_1694":1695,"_1696":1697,"_1698":1699,"_1700":1701,"_1702":1703,"_1704":1705},"en",{"_1706":1741,"_1708":1742,"_1710":1743,"_1712":1744,"_1714":1745},"de",{"_1706":1736,"_1708":1737,"_1710":1738,"_1712":1739,"_1714":1740},"fr",{"_1706":1731,"_1708":1732,"_1710":1733,"_1712":1734,"_1714":1735},"it",{"_1706":1726,"_1708":1727,"_1710":1728,"_1712":1729,"_1714":1730},"es",{"_1706":1721,"_1708":1722,"_1710":1723,"_1712":1724,"_1714":1725},"pt",{"_1706":1716,"_1708":1717,"_1710":1718,"_1712":1719,"_1714":1720},"rm",{"_1706":1707,"_1708":1709,"_1710":1711,"_1712":1713,"_1714":1715},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1814":1815,"_1816":1817,"_1818":1173,"_1819":1820,"_1821":1175,"_1822":1177,"_1823":1824,"_1825":1826,"_1827":1828,"_1829":1830,"_1831":1832,"_646":647,"_1833":1834,"_1835":1836,"_1837":1838,"_1839":1840,"_1841":1842},"nav",{"_1638":1760,"_1761":1762,"_1763":696,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1647":1648,"_1649":1650,"_1651":1652,"_1653":1654,"_1640":341,"_70":537,"_1642":427,"_1641":493,"_74":351,"_1645":460,"_1313":381,"_81":371,"_1643":361,"_1644":391,"_1646":401,"_1768":1753,"_1769":1770,"_1616":1617,"_1771":1772,"_1618":1619,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1757,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1811,"_1812":1813},{"_1706":1741,"_1708":1742,"_1710":1743,"_1712":1744,"_1714":1745},{"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1818":1844,"_1823":1845,"_1846":229,"_1847":206,"_1848":206,"_1849":229,"_1850":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]