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Überwiesen als Postulat - Transmis comme postulat

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Der Bundesrat wird eingeladen, bei der nächsten Revision des Urheberrechtsgesetzes eine Regelung des Produzenten-Urheberrechtes zu unterbreiten. Dabei soll die Vertragsfreiheit grundsätzlich Vorrang haben und durch Vorverfügungen nicht übermässig eingeschränkt werden.

Es ist eine Regelung anzustreben, die zur Anwendung gelangt, soweit zwischen dem Produzenten und dem Urheber nichts Besonderes vereinbart wurde. Fehlt eine Vereinbarung oder spezielle Regelung, sollen die Urheberrechte dem verantwortlichen Produzenten zustehen. Im neuen Produzenten-Urheberrecht sind nach Möglichkeit auch Branchenregelungen zuzulassen, die subsidiär zur Anwendung gelangen.

","affair_title",25573,"20003127_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Die Forderung nach einem Produzenten-Urheberrecht ist nicht neu. Sie ist schon im Rahmen der Totalrevision des Urheberrechtes gestellt worden, die mit der Verabschiedung des geltenden Urheberrechtsgesetzes (URG) von 1992 abgeschlossen worden ist. Sie beruht auf der Auffassung, dass das Urheberrecht im Zeitalter des abhängigen und kollektiven Werkschaffens nicht mehr auf den schöpferisch tätigen Menschen, sondern auf den Träger des finanziellen Risikos der Werkproduktion ausgerichtet sein sollte.

Tatsächlich ist die Werkschöpfung in Abhängigkeit von einem Unternehmer in immer mehr Bereichen der kreativen Tätigkeit zur Regel geworden. In vielen Fällen sind solche abhängigen Werkschöpfungen zudem das Ergebnis einer Teamarbeit, bei der es im Einzelfall auch schwierig sein kann, schöpferische von nicht schöpferischen Beiträgen zu unterscheiden.

Das abhängige und kollektive Werkschaffen ist insbesondere in der Filmindustrie, beim Radio und Fernsehen, in der Software- und Werbebranche sowie bei den neuen Multimediaproduktionen anzutreffen. Es betrifft also Bereiche, in denen entweder die Schaffung des Werkes an sich mit grossen Investitionen verbunden ist, wie beim Film, oder in denen eine kreative, urheberrechtlich relevante Tätigkeit einer unternehmerischen Zielsetzung untergeordnet ist, wie das namentlich in der Software- und der Werbebranche regelmässig der Fall ist.

Der Bundesrat hat diesen neuen Formen des abhängigen Werkschaffens schon in seiner Vorlage von 1984 Rechnung getragen. Er schlug das Bündeln der ausschliesslichen Verwendungsbefugnisse in der Hand des Produzenten vor. Dagegen sollten die Urheberpersönlichkeitsrechte sowie die kollektiv wahrzunehmenden Vergütungsansprüche für Massennutzungen beim Urheber bleiben. Diese auf einen Interessenausgleich ausgerichtete Regelung ging jedoch denjenigen Kreisen zu wenig weit, die ein eigentliches Produzenten-Urheberrecht gefordert hatten. Es kam zu einer Rückweisung der Vorlage an den Bundesrat mit der Anweisung, die Interessen der Produzenten besser zu berücksichtigen.

Gestützt auf den Rückweisungsbeschluss hat der Bundesrat dem Parlament 1989 eine zweite Vorlage unterbreitet. Sie enthielt eine den Vorschlägen der Wirtschaftsverbände nachempfundene Cessio Legis, wonach die Urheberrechte an einem Kollektivwerk gesamthaft auf den Produzenten übergehen, sofern nicht ausdrücklich etwas anderes vereinbart wurde. Diese für den wirtschaftlichen Risikoträger sehr vorteilhafte Regelung ist aber bei den Kulturschaffenden und den ihnen nahe stehenden Kreisen auf heftige Opposition gestossen. Die Reaktion auf ihren Vorwurf, man wolle aus dem Urheberrecht ein Produzentenrecht machen, ist nicht ausgeblieben. Beinahe wäre auch die zweite Vorlage zurückgewiesen worden, diesmal allerdings aus Rücksicht auf die Interessen der Urheber. Der Meinungsumschwung auf politischer Ebene hatte jedenfalls Folgen: Die Vorlage des Bundesrates wurde in den parlamentarischen Beratungen in wesentlichen Punkten zugunsten der Kulturschaffenden abgeändert. Das führte u. a. zu einer ersatzlosen Streichung der umstrittenen Produzentenbestimmung.

Gemäss der Motion soll nun der Bundesrat bei seinen Vorarbeiten für eine Teilrevision des URG auf die kontroverse Frage der Produzentenstellung zurückkommen, obwohl der Gesetzgeber anlässlich der Totalrevision ganz bewusst auf eine entsprechende Regelung verzichtet hat. Überdies wird mit der Motion die Einführung eines eigentlichen Produzenten-Urheberrechtes verlangt, also eine Forderung gestellt, die das Parlament bei der Verabschiedung des geltenden URG ausdrücklich abgelehnt hat, weil sie für die Kulturschaffenden nicht akzeptabel ist.

Die Teilrevision hat die Ratifikation von zwei neuen Abkommen der Weltorganisation für geistiges Eigentum zum Ziel. Durch die Ratifikation dieser so genannten Internet-Abkommen soll das Urheberrecht den Bedürfnissen der Informationsgesellschaft angepasst werden. Es ist nicht angezeigt, in diesem Zusammenhang auf Grundsatzfragen betreffend die Ausgestaltung und Ausrichtung des Urheberrechtsschutzes zurückzukommen, die anlässlich der Totalrevision ausführlich behandelt und vom Gesetzgeber klar beantwortet worden sind. Das würde den Rahmen der auf punktuelle Änderungen und Anpassungen beschränkten Teilrevision sprengen. Es könnte auch den falschen Eindruck erwecken, der Bundesrat benütze die Gelegenheit, um alte Anliegen zu unterstützen, die in der Totalrevision nicht durchgebracht werden konnten.

Zu der in der Begründung zur Motion angeführten Behauptung, dass ein Produzenten-Urheberrecht dem Wirtschaftsstandort Schweiz nützen würde, ist Folgendes zu bemerken. Im internationalen Vergleich sind es vor allem die Länder mit angelsächsischem Rechtssystem, also das Vereinigte Königreich und die USA, die ein produzentenfreundliches Urheberrecht kennen. Man spricht in diesem Zusammenhang auch vom so genannten Copyright-System. Im kontinentaleuropäischen Urheberrecht finden sich dagegen eher vertragsrechtliche Bestimmungen, die den Urheber als die in der Regel schwächere Vertragspartei vor einer Übervorteilung durch den Produzenten und andere Vertragspartner schützen. Die Harmonisierungsbestrebungen der EU auf dem Gebiet des Urheberrechtes haben eine gewisse Annäherung der beiden Schutzsysteme bewirkt. Für die Begünstigung der Stellung des Produzenten haben die entsprechenden Richtlinien Schranken aufgestellt. So sind bestimmte Vergütungsansprüche der Kulturschaffenden als unverzichtbar erklärt worden; sie können also nicht an den Produzenten abgetreten werden. Ein Produzenten-Urheberrecht, wonach sämtliche Rechte auf den Produzenten übergehen, wie es in der Motion postuliert wird, wäre somit nicht europakompatibel.

Im geltenden URG finden sich weder Bestimmungen, die dem Produzenten eine besondere Stellung einräumen, noch vertragsrechtliche Regeln zugunsten des Urhebers. Es gilt vielmehr das Prinzip der Vertragsfreiheit. Der Produzent hat demnach die Möglichkeit, sich die Urheberrechte auf vertraglichem Wege ganz oder teilweise abtreten zu lassen. Er wird dabei in keiner Weise durch das URG eingeschränkt. Der Produzent findet also in der Schweiz eine bessere Situation vor als in der EU, wo seinem Rechteerwerb gewisse Schranken auferlegt sind. Besser als in der Schweiz ist die Stellung des Produzenten in rechtlicher Hinsicht allenfalls in den USA. Dort stehen den Produzenten jedoch mächtige und einflussreiche Gewerkschaften der Kulturschaffenden gegenüber, die für einen Ausgleich des Kräfteverhältnisses sorgen. Die Schweiz präsentiert sich somit im internationalen Vergleich für den Produzenten geradezu als ein idealer Standort für den Abschluss von Verträgen mit Kulturschaffenden.

Für den Fall, dass zwischen dem Produzenten und den Kulturschaffenden keine Vereinbarung über die Zuordnung der Urheberrechte getroffen worden ist, kommt nach geltendem Recht die von Lehre und Rechtsprechung entwickelte Zweckübertragungstheorie zur Anwendung. Danach stehen dem Produzenten diejenigen Rechte zu, die er benötigt, um das Werk entsprechend dem Ziel des Vertrages zu verwenden. Welche Rechte dies sind, hängt im Einzelfall von der Vertragsauslegung ab. Der Urheber wird aber in der Regel zumindest seine persönlichkeitsrechtlichen Befugnisse sowie die Vergütungsansprüche für die Massennutzungen behalten, sofern nicht ausdrücklich etwas anderes vereinbart wurde.

Die Anwendung der Zweckübertragungstheorie entspricht im Ergebnis dem, was die USA im Rahmen der Arbeiten zu einem internationalen Abkommen zum Schutz von audiovisuellen Darbietungen anstreben. Sie verlangen nämlich die Aufnahme einer Bestimmung in dieses Abkommen, wonach zwar die ausschliesslichen Verwendungsbefugnisse, nicht aber die Persönlichkeitsrechte und die Vergütungsansprüche von Gesetzes wegen auf den Produzenten übergehen sollen. Auf internationaler Ebene besteht somit nicht die Absicht, aus dem Schutz der Kulturschaffenden ein Produzentenrecht zu machen. Es wird vielmehr eine differenzierte Lösung angestrebt, die mit derjenigen vergleichbar ist, die der Bundesrat in seiner Vorlage von 1984 vorgeschlagen hatte.

Die Aufnahme einer solchen Produzentenregelung ins URG würde an der Ausrichtung des Urheberrechtsschutzes eigentlich nichts ändern. Sie hätte aber den Vorteil, die Stellung des Produzenten klarer zu definieren als die auf den Einzelfall ausgerichtete Zweckübertragungstheorie. Das würde der Verbesserung der Rechtssicherheit dienen und damit auch der Zielsetzung der Motion entsprechen. Der Bundesrat ist bereit, die Einführung einer Bestimmung, die unter Berücksichtigung der vorerwähnten Leitplanken Klarheit über die Stellung des Produzenten schafft, im Rahmen der anlaufenden Arbeiten zur Teilrevision des URG zur Diskussion zu stellen. In Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass in vielen Bereichen des abhängigen Werkschaffens Musterverträge verwendet werden und für Produktionen von internationaler Tragweite eine vertragliche Abmachung über die Zuordnung der Rechte unumgänglich ist, besteht allerdings in diesem Punkt kein grosser Handlungsbedarf.

Der Bundesrat beantragt, die Motion in ein Postulat umzuwandeln.",25572,"20003127_1","Titel des Geschäftes",25575,"20003127_6","Begründung","

Zurzeit wird eine Revision des Urheberrechtsgesetzes vorbereitet, die primär durch die beabsichtigte Ratifizierung von zwei Abkommen ausgelöst wird, die im Rahmen der Weltorganisation für geistiges Eigentum ausgehandelt wurden. Die ohnehin anstehende Gesetzesrevision soll zum Anlass genommen werden, das Produzenten-Urheberrecht zu regeln. Dies liegt im Interesse unserer Wirtschaft. Ohne Regelung besteht die Gefahr, dass grössere Investitionen, die urheberrechtlich von Bedeutung sind, nicht mehr in der Schweiz getätigt werden, sondern in Ländern, die ein wirtschaftsfreundliches Produzenten-Urheberrecht kennen. Dies gilt insbesondere für den zukunftsträchtigen Bereich der neuen Medien (Internet, Multimedia usw.).

Grundsätzlich sollen - wie bisher - vertragliche Regelungen zwischen Produzent und Urheber möglich sein, die den allgemeinen gesetzlichen Bestimmungen vorgehen. Für den Fall, dass keine besonderen Vereinbarungen bestehen, ist eine Regelung erforderlich, wonach die Urheberrechte demjenigen gehören, der die Verantwortung, die Kosten und die Gefahr für die Schaffung eines Werkes trägt. Es geht im Vergleich zum bisherigen Recht gewissermassen um eine Umkehr der Beweislast. Die Urheberrechte gehören dem Produzenten, soweit nichts anderes vereinbart ist. Ist jemand nicht Produzent, so hat er zu beweisen, dass ihm die Urheberrechte zustehen. Mit einer solchen Regelung kann die Rechtssicherheit erheblich verbessert werden. Zudem wird damit auch die Attraktivität des Wirtschaftsstandortes Schweiz gestärkt.

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Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1667":1668,"_1684":852,"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":1039,"_1368":612,"_19":412,"_145":616,"_1690":619,"_1673":422,"_1691":1692,"_1693":823,"_1475":372,"_141":382,"_1670":524,"_147":392,"_143":622,"_149":402,"_1694":1149,"_1695":1283,"_1696":1318,"_1697":1283,"_1698":1699,"_1700":1283,"_1701":1702,"_1703":612,"_1704":791,"_1705":1283,"_1706":1688,"_1707":616,"_1674":491,"_1708":1709,"_1282":1283,"_1710":729,"_1295":1283,"_139":627,"_1711":1503,"_1712":1360,"_1713":1398,"_1714":1692,"_1715":1487,"_1675":432,"_1716":1479,"_1717":1283},"section_switcher",{"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668,"_1669":372,"_21":568,"_141":382,"_1670":524,"_1671":458,"_19":412,"_149":402,"_1672":392,"_1673":422,"_1674":491,"_1675":432,"_1676":1677,"_1678":1679,"_1680":1681,"_1682":1683},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1719":1778,"_323":1779},"intro",{"_1721":1722,"_108":1723,"_1724":1725,"_1726":1727,"_1728":1729,"_1730":1731,"_1732":1733},"en",{"_1734":1769,"_1736":1770,"_1738":1771,"_1740":1772,"_1742":1773},{"_1734":1764,"_1736":1765,"_1738":1766,"_1740":1767,"_1742":1768},"fr",{"_1734":1759,"_1736":1760,"_1738":1761,"_1740":1762,"_1742":1763},"it",{"_1734":1754,"_1736":1755,"_1738":1756,"_1740":1757,"_1742":1758},"es",{"_1734":1749,"_1736":1750,"_1738":1751,"_1740":1752,"_1742":1753},"pt",{"_1734":1744,"_1736":1745,"_1738":1746,"_1740":1747,"_1742":1748},"rm",{"_1734":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1742":1743},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1842":1843,"_1844":1845,"_1846":1204,"_1847":1848,"_1849":1206,"_1850":1208,"_1851":1852,"_1853":1854,"_1855":1856,"_1857":1858,"_1859":1860,"_677":678,"_1861":1862,"_1863":1864,"_1865":1866,"_1867":1868,"_1869":1870},"nav",{"_1667":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":727,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1676":1677,"_1678":1679,"_1680":1681,"_1682":1683,"_1669":372,"_21":568,"_1671":458,"_1670":524,"_141":382,"_1674":491,"_19":412,"_149":402,"_1672":392,"_1673":422,"_1675":432,"_1796":1781,"_1797":1798,"_1645":1646,"_1799":1800,"_1647":1648,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1808,"_1809":1810,"_1811":1812,"_1813":1814,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1818,"_1819":1820,"_1821":1822,"_1823":1824,"_1825":1826,"_1827":1828,"_1829":1830,"_1831":1832,"_1833":1834,"_1835":1785,"_1836":1837,"_1838":1839,"_1840":1841},{"_1734":1769,"_1736":1770,"_1738":1771,"_1740":1772,"_1742":1773},{"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1846":1872,"_1851":1873,"_1874":43,"_1875":266,"_1876":266,"_1877":43,"_1878":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]