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Die Schweizer Wirtschaft leidet zurzeit vor allem in Spitzensektoren wie dem der Informatik unter starkem Mangel an qualifizierten Arbeitskräften und dies in einem solchen Mass, dass der Bund Anwerbungskampagnen im Ausland bewilligt hat. Gleichzeitig verhindert der Status der ausländischen ETH-Ingenieure deren wirkliche Integration schon während ihres Studiums und zwingt diese Spezialisten nach der Verleihung des Diploms zur Ausreise.

Besonders paradox ist die Situation der Doktoranden. Diese halten sich drei bis vier Jahre an einer ETH auf und werden dabei gewöhnlich als Assistenten entlöhnt. Sie verfügen somit über ein Einkommen, das ihnen die Gründung einer eigenen Familie erlauben würde; zudem stehen sie in einem Alter, in dem man diesen Gedanken gewöhnlich ins Auge fasst. Trotzdem besitzen sie normalerweise nicht einmal eine Aufenthaltsbewilligung des Typs B, die den Familiennachzug ermöglichen würde; die einzige Ausnahme bilden die Stipendiaten des Bundes.

Doktoranden werden als Studenten betrachtet und besitzen deshalb eine Aufenthaltsbewilligung des Typs L, welche den Familiennachzug nicht zulässt. Sie sind im Rahmen eines Arbeitsvertrages über mehrere Jahre hinweg angestellt, werden aber in den vom Bundesrat festgelegten Jahreskontingenten nach Artikel 12 der Verordnung über die Begrenzung der Zahl der Ausländer aufgrund der in Artikel 13 Absatz 1 enthaltenen Ausnahmeregelung nicht mitgezählt. Es handelt sich hierbei um einen fiktiven Studentenstatus, der zu dem Zweck geschaffen wurde, die jährlich vom Bundesrat festgelegten Höchstzahlen für Aufenthaltsbewilligungen nicht zu überschreiten.

Die Aufenthaltsbewilligung des Typs L erlischt automatisch mit dem Ende der Ausbildung, bei Doktoranden also mit der Promotion. Anschliessend wird die betreffende Person zur Ausreise aufgefordert, wenn sie nicht von einem inländischen Unternehmen angestellt wird und eine Aufenthaltsbewilligung des Typs B ausgestellt bekommt.

Ein junger ausländischer Forscher, der Inhaber eines ETH-Doktortitels ist, hat sich im Allgemeinen vier bis zehn Jahre in der Schweiz aufgehalten. Dennoch hat er keinen Anspruch auf eine Niederlassungsbewilligung, da eine solche zwar normalerweise nach fünf- bis zehnjährigem Aufenthalt erteilt wird, aber die Jahre der Aufenthaltsbewilligung des Typs L nicht mitgezählt werden.

Die Ausbildung eines jungen Forschers kostet den Bund zwischen 0,5 und 1 Million Franken, je nachdem, ob der Kandidat sein ganzes Studium absolviert oder lediglich promoviert hat. Offensichtlich wendet die Schweiz für die Ausbildung ausländischer Ingenieure und Forscher sehr viel Geld auf, unterstellt sie paradoxerweise aber einem Status, der weder vorsieht, diese Fachkräfte zu integrieren, noch, sie im Land zu behalten. Fast ein Drittel der Diplomingenieure der ETHL und mehr als die Hälfte der Doktoranden beispielsweise sind Ausländer. Es handelt sich also nicht um ein Randproblem. Die Schweiz verzichtet auf einen Teil der hoch qualifizierten Führungskräfte, die sie im Land selbst ausgebildet hat.

In den Vereinigten Staaten und in vielen anderen Ländern wird eine ganz andere Politik betrieben. Es wird alles getan, um ausländische Forscher zur Einreise zu motivieren, zu integrieren und zum Verbleib anzuregen. Wenn der Mangel an Spezialisten zum Hemmschuh für die Entwicklung der Spitzentechnologien wird, steht unsere Politik im Widerspruch zu den Interessen des Landes. Die vorliegende Motion soll diese Anomalie korrigieren. Sie verursacht weder zusätzliche Kosten noch administrativen Mehraufwand noch eine bedeutende Zunahme der bereits ansässigen Ausländer. Sie ermöglicht es, dass die in die ETH investierten Bundesgelder Früchte tragen, und fördert langfristig auch die Entwicklung von Spitzentechnologien, welche hoch qualifizierte Arbeitskräfte verlangen.

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Mit dieser Motion verlange ich, dass die Verordnung über die Begrenzung der Zahl der Ausländer dahingehend geändert wird, dass ausländische Forscherinnen und Forscher, die sich in Ausbildung an den ETH oder anderen Hochschulen befinden, oder die über ein Doktorat dieser Institutionen verfügen, den in der Verordnung vorgesehenen Begrenzungen nicht unterstehen. Zwei Gründe sind für die Änderung ausschlaggebend: Erstens soll während der Vorbereitung des Doktorats der Familiennachzug ermöglicht werden, damit eine bessere Integration des Ausländers in unser Land gewährleistet ist. Zu diesem Zweck sollen ETH-Doktoranden gleichzeitig eine Aufenthaltsbewilligung des Typs B zugebilligt bekommen. Zweitens sollen ausländische Forscherinnen und Forscher ab der Promotion eine Niederlassungsbewilligung des Typs C erhalten. Damit sollen sie motiviert werden, sich in die Schweizer Wirtschaft zu integrieren, der das während der Ausbildung vom Bund mitfinanzierte Know-how zugute kommen soll.

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Mit der Motion werden primär die Doktoranden an den Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschulen angesprochen (ETH). Ihre mehrjährige Anwesenheit wird in der Praxis jedoch bereits seit langem von den zuständigen kantonalen Behörden mittels Ausweis B geregelt. Obwohl diese Regelung im Rahmen der Verordnung über die Begrenzung der Zahl der Ausländer (BVO) unter dem Aspekt des Studentenstatus ausserhalb der Höchstzahlen bevorzugt erfolgt, wird den Doktoranden, Postdoktoranden und insbesondere den Bundesstipendiaten bei entsprechendem Bedürfnis der Familiennachzug nach den Weisungen des Bundes normalerweise grosszügig gewährt. Der Integrationsfrage, soweit sie für die betreffenden Personen ein spezielles Anliegen darstellt, wird insofern Rechnung getragen.

Soll ein Wissenschaftler nach Erhalt seines Doktorats von den ETH weiterbeschäftigt oder von Unternehmen in der freien Wirtschaft angestellt werden, kann er heute bei entsprechendem Gesuch aufgrund seiner Qualifikation und eines Anstellungsvertrages üblicherweise mit einer sofortigen Aufenthalts- und Arbeitsbewilligung rechnen. Diese Regelung erfolgt ebenfalls in Form eines Ausweises B, nun aber unter Anrechnung an das jeweilige Jahresaufenthalterkontingent der Kantone oder des Bundes. Aufgrund der allgemeinen gesetzlichen Bestimmungen und der bilateralen Niederlassungsvereinbarungen wird ihm in der Folge nach fünf bzw. zehn Jahren die Niederlassungsbewilligung C angeboten und erteilt.

Der Bundesrat unterstützt grundsätzlich die Meinung des Motionärs, wonach jüngere Akademiker, die hier eine teure Aus- und Weiterbildung absolviert haben, der Schweizer Forschung und Wirtschaft erhalten bleiben und ohne weitere Einschränkungen eine entsprechende Aufenthalts- und Arbeitsbewilligung erhalten sollen.

Aus Gründen der Rechtsgleichheit liesse es sich jedoch kaum rechtfertigen, einzelne Personen- oder Studienkategorien aus dem Universitätsbereich von den Begrenzungsmassnahmen auszuklammern. Eine entsprechende Änderung der BVO müsste deshalb mindestens die Doktoranden aller Hochschulen und Studienrichtungen umfassen. Damit wäre eine Vorverlegung der arbeitsmarktlichen Zulassungskontrolle vor den Studienabschluss bzw. eine grundsätzliche Ausnahme vom Kontingentierungssystem mit entsprechenden Auswirkungen auf die Ausländerpolitik verbunden.

Was die Personen aus den EU-Ländern betrifft, so werden die Anliegen des Motionärs mit der Annahme der bilateralen Verträge ohnehin erfüllt. Der Bundesrat ist in diesem Sinne bereit, die Motion als Postulat entgegenzunehmen.

Der Bundesrat beantragt, die Motion in ein Postulat umzuwandeln.",25250,"20003039_1","Titel des Geschäftes",[],32,[116,117,118,119,120],{"_28":179,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":180,"_91":29,"_123":-5,"_124":181,"_125":-5,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_98":148,"_130":182,"_132":183,"_133":184,"_135":185,"_136":175,"_137":176,"_52":155,"_54":97,"_56":-5,"_139":186,"_141":187,"_143":177,"_144":178},{"_28":169,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":170,"_91":29,"_123":-5,"_124":171,"_125":-5,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_98":148,"_130":149,"_132":172,"_133":173,"_135":174,"_136":175,"_137":176,"_52":155,"_54":97,"_56":-5,"_139":156,"_141":157,"_143":177,"_144":178},{"_28":160,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":161,"_91":29,"_123":-5,"_124":162,"_125":-5,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_98":148,"_130":149,"_132":163,"_133":164,"_135":165,"_136":166,"_137":40,"_52":155,"_54":97,"_56":-5,"_139":156,"_141":157,"_143":167,"_144":168},{"_28":145,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":146,"_91":29,"_123":-5,"_124":147,"_125":-5,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_98":148,"_130":149,"_132":150,"_133":151,"_135":152,"_136":153,"_137":154,"_52":155,"_54":97,"_56":-5,"_139":156,"_141":157,"_143":158,"_144":159},{"_28":121,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":122,"_91":29,"_123":-5,"_124":-5,"_125":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_98":129,"_130":131,"_132":-5,"_133":134,"_135":134,"_136":-5,"_137":83,"_52":138,"_54":97,"_56":-5,"_139":140,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5},993698,"20003039_DEP_5_","news_id","person_id","group_id",5769,"meeting_id","session_id","group","role_external_id","leading_department","firstname","lastname","Justiz- und Polizeidepartement","fullname","party_wikidata_id","position",1766768610000,"role","Zuständige Behörde","role_harmonized","Federführendes Departement","party","party_harmonized",363287,"20003039_cosign_338",16983,"person","cosign","Hubert","Lauper","Hubert Lauper","Q659461",3,1755157579000,"Mitunterzeichner(-in)","Mitunterzeichner/in","CVP","Christlichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz",172124,"20003039_cosign_497",21857,"Patrice","Mugny","Patrice Mugny","Q659739","GRÜNE","Die Grünen",550546,"20003039_cosign_309",20723,"Franco","Cavalli","Franco Cavalli","Q303745",1,"SP","Sozialdemokratische Partei",74037,"20003039_correspondent_371",21387,"correspondent","Pierre-Alain","Gentil","Pierre-Alain Gentil","Berichterstattung","Urheber/in",7,[190,191,192,193,194],{"_28":229,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":48,"_197":230,"_137":188,"_199":-5,"_200":-5,"_202":-5,"_91":29,"_203":-5,"_127":-5,"_204":-5,"_205":-5,"_206":-5,"_207":231,"_52":96,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_57":65,"_211":-5,"_212":-5},{"_28":223,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":224,"_197":220,"_137":225,"_199":224,"_200":226,"_202":129,"_91":29,"_203":-5,"_127":-5,"_204":-5,"_205":-5,"_206":-5,"_207":208,"_52":209,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_57":227,"_211":-5,"_212":228},{"_28":218,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":219,"_197":220,"_137":221,"_199":-5,"_200":-5,"_202":-5,"_91":29,"_203":-5,"_127":-5,"_204":-5,"_205":-5,"_206":-5,"_207":208,"_52":216,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_57":222,"_211":-5,"_212":-5},{"_28":214,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":215,"_197":198,"_137":83,"_199":-5,"_200":-5,"_202":-5,"_91":29,"_203":-5,"_127":-5,"_204":-5,"_205":-5,"_206":-5,"_207":208,"_52":216,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_57":217,"_211":-5,"_212":-5},{"_28":195,"_30":31,"_32":33,"_36":196,"_197":198,"_137":154,"_199":196,"_200":201,"_202":129,"_91":29,"_203":-5,"_127":-5,"_204":-5,"_205":-5,"_206":-5,"_207":208,"_52":209,"_54":-5,"_56":-5,"_57":210,"_211":-5,"_212":213},33933,"20","date","2000-09-27","title_external_id","actor_external_id","Council_1","actor_type","meeting_parent_type","meeting_parent_external_id","details_url","details_text","last",false,1730695856000,"Annahme","title_harmonized","actor","Nationalrat",157102,"11",1730695847000,"Motion an 2. 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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1647":1648,"_1664":830,"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668,"_1669":1017,"_1348":590,"_1322":390,"_78":594,"_1670":597,"_1653":400,"_1671":1672,"_1673":801,"_1455":350,"_74":360,"_1650":502,"_19":370,"_76":600,"_81":380,"_1674":1127,"_1675":1261,"_1676":1297,"_1677":1261,"_1678":1679,"_1680":1261,"_1681":1682,"_1683":590,"_1684":769,"_1685":1261,"_1686":1668,"_1687":594,"_1654":469,"_1688":1689,"_1260":1261,"_1690":707,"_1273":1261,"_72":605,"_1691":1483,"_1692":1340,"_1693":1378,"_1694":1672,"_1695":1467,"_1655":410,"_1696":1459,"_1697":1261},"section_switcher",{"_1645":1646,"_1647":1648,"_1649":350,"_70":546,"_74":360,"_1650":502,"_1651":436,"_1322":390,"_81":380,"_1652":370,"_1653":400,"_1654":469,"_1655":410,"_1656":1657,"_1658":1659,"_1660":1661,"_1662":1663},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1755":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1699":1759,"_301":1760},"intro",{"_1701":1702,"_1703":1704,"_1705":1706,"_1707":1708,"_1709":1710,"_1711":1712,"_1713":1714},"en",{"_1715":1750,"_1717":1751,"_1719":1752,"_1721":1753,"_1723":1754},"de",{"_1715":1745,"_1717":1746,"_1719":1747,"_1721":1748,"_1723":1749},"fr",{"_1715":1740,"_1717":1741,"_1719":1742,"_1721":1743,"_1723":1744},"it",{"_1715":1735,"_1717":1736,"_1719":1737,"_1721":1738,"_1723":1739},"es",{"_1715":1730,"_1717":1731,"_1719":1732,"_1721":1733,"_1723":1734},"pt",{"_1715":1725,"_1717":1726,"_1719":1727,"_1721":1728,"_1723":1729},"rm",{"_1715":1716,"_1717":1718,"_1719":1720,"_1721":1722,"_1723":1724},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1823":1824,"_1825":1826,"_1827":1182,"_1828":1829,"_1830":1184,"_1831":1186,"_1832":1833,"_1834":1835,"_1836":1837,"_1838":1839,"_1840":1841,"_655":656,"_1842":1843,"_1844":1845,"_1846":1847,"_1848":1849,"_1850":1851},"nav",{"_1647":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":705,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1656":1657,"_1658":1659,"_1660":1661,"_1662":1663,"_1649":350,"_70":546,"_1651":436,"_1650":502,"_74":360,"_1654":469,"_1322":390,"_81":380,"_1652":370,"_1653":400,"_1655":410,"_1777":1762,"_1778":1779,"_1625":1626,"_1780":1781,"_1627":1628,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1811,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1815,"_1816":1766,"_1817":1818,"_1819":1820,"_1821":1822},{"_1715":1750,"_1717":1751,"_1719":1752,"_1721":1753,"_1723":1754},{"_1761":1762,"_1763":1764,"_1765":1766,"_1767":1768},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1827":1853,"_1832":1854,"_1855":231,"_1856":208,"_1857":208,"_1858":231,"_1859":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]