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Mit der in den letzten Jahren laufend gestiegenen Steuerquote wird das Prinzip der tragbaren Steuerbelastung für Private und Wirtschaft mehr und mehr ausgehöhlt. Zudem gibt die Schweiz - entgegen der Zielsetzung des Bundes - im internationalen Vergleich deutlich Wettbewerbsvorteile preis.

Um die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Wirtschaftsstandortes Schweiz zu erhalten, ist dem Trend der steigenden Steuerlast heute entgegenzuwirken, solange mit geringen Mitteln noch eine Trendwende erreicht werden kann. Dazu gehört als probates Mittel zum Tiefhalten der Steuerquote das Erhalten des gesunden Steuerwettbewerbes. Die aktuellen Bemühungen um einen Finanzausgleich zwischen den Kantonen führen bereits zu einer gewissen Einschränkung dieses Wettbewerbes. Weitere Einschränkungen würden langfristig zu einer Aufhebung des Wettbewerbes führen und damit jegliche Barriere gegen Steuererhöhungen ausschalten.

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Wir fordern den Bundesrat auf, einen Bundesbeschluss vorzulegen, in dem der konsequente Verzicht auf weitere Steuerharmonisierungen und damit der Verzicht auf eine weitere Einschränkung des Steuerwettbewerbes zwischen den Kantonen im Rahmen der Gesetzgebung erklärt werden.

",23917,"19993582_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

1. Am 4. Oktober 1999 verabschiedete der Bundesrat sein Finanzleitbild. Es enthält Ziele, Grundsätze und Instrumente für seine Finanzpolitik. Eines der Ziele lautet dahingehend, dass die Steuer-, die Fiskal- und die Staatsquote der Schweiz zu den tiefsten in der OECD gehören sollen. Im Einzelnen wird dazu Folgendes festgehalten: \"Die Steuer- und Staatsquote unseres Landes sind zu stabilisieren. Zur Erhaltung bzw. Steigerung der Standortattraktivität ist längerfristig eine Senkung anzustreben. Gleichzeitig soll die Bundesstaatsquote reduziert werden. Neben den Anstrengungen im eigenen Bereich wirkt der Bund ferner darauf hin, dass Kantone und Gemeinden ähnliche Bemühungen unternehmen. Ziel ist es, dass die Belastung von Privatpersonen oder Unternehmen mit Steuern in der Schweiz zu den tiefsten unter den OECD-Ländern mit vergleichbarem Entwicklungsstand zählt.\" Im Grundsatz 16 des Finanzleitbildes bekräftigt der Bundesrat seine Absicht, das Steuersystem so zu gestalten, dass die Standortattraktivität der Schweiz erhalten und gestärkt werden kann und hohe Steuern und hohe Grenzsteuersätze vermieden werden können. Dabei will er die Attraktivität des Standortes Schweiz in erster Linie über eine möglichst tiefe allgemeine Steuerbelastung anstreben. Daraus folgt klar und eindeutig, dass es dem Bundesrat ein Anliegen ist, einer steigenden Steuerlast entgegenzuwirken.

Wie aus der Begründung zur Motion folgt, wird die Erhaltung des gesunden Steuerwettbewerbes als probates Mittel zum Tiefhalten der Steuerquote betrachtet. Die Motionäre vertreten die Auffassung, dieser Wettbewerb werde bereits durch die aktuellen Bemühungen um einen Finanzausgleich zwischen den Kantonen in gewissem Masse eingeschränkt. Weitere Einschränkungen würden zu einer Aufhebung des Wettbewerbes führen und damit jegliche Barriere gegen Steuererhöhungen ausschalten. Offenbar befürchten die Motionäre, dass weitere Schritte in Richtung Steuerharmonisierung den Steuerwettbewerb zwischen den Kantonen weiter einschränken; sie verlangen daher vom Bundesrat, einen Bundesbeschluss vorzulegen, der solche Schritte ausdrücklich ausschliesst.

2. Seit 1977 besteht der Verfassungsauftrag, die direkten Steuern von Bund, Kantonen und Gemeinden zu harmonisieren (Art. 129 BV). Danach legt der Bund die Grundsätze über die Harmonisierung der direkten Steuern von Bund, Kantonen und Gemeinden fest. Die Harmonisierung erstreckt sich auf Steuerpflicht, Gegenstand und zeitliche Bemessung der Steuern, ebenso auf Verfahrensrecht und Steuerstrafrecht. Von der Harmonisierung ausdrücklich ausgenommen sind insbesondere die Steuertarife, die Steuersätze und die Steuerfreibeträge. Zur Höhe der Steuerbelastung und des Steuerertrages in den Kantonen und Gemeinden hat der Bund daher nach wie vor nichts zu sagen. Die Bundesverfassung beschränkt sich also darauf, eine formelle Harmonisierung der direkten Steuern anzuordnen, während eine materielle Steuerharmonisierung unter der geltenden Bundesverfassung ausgeschlossen ist.

Ende Dezember 1990 verabschiedeten die eidgenössischen Räte nach über sieben Jahren Beratung die Gesetzgebung über die Steuerharmonisierung. Das Bundesgesetz über die Harmonisierung der direkten Steuern der Kantone und Gemeinden (StHG) wurde auf Anfang 1993, das Bundesgesetz über die direkte Bundessteuer auf Anfang 1995 in Kraft gesetzt. Die Kantone haben ihre Steuergesetzgebung innert acht Jahren, d. h. auf den 1. Januar 2001, an das StHG anzupassen.

Ein wichtiger Teil der Harmonisierung ist der Bereich der zeitlichen Bemessung. Bei den juristischen Personen werden am 1. Januar 2001 alle Kantone die einjährige Gegenwartsbesteuerung anwenden. Bei den natürlichen Personen kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass ab dem Jahre 2001 insgesamt 23 der 26 Kantone die einjährige Gegenwartsbesteuerung kennen werden. Nach Artikel 70 StHG hat der Bundesrat der Bundesversammlung nach dem 1. Januar 2001 einen Bericht zu unterbreiten und Antrag zu stellen zwecks Vereinheitlichung der zeitlichen Bemessung.

3. Der Internationale Währungsfonds hat im Rahmen seiner jährlichen Länderexamen der Schweiz zwar jeweils gute Noten erteilt, aber wiederholt einen \"Steuerdschungel\" festgestellt. Auch die OECD hat verschiedentlich die Komplexität des schweizerischen Steuersystems kritisiert. Diese Unübersichtlichkeit ist vor allem auf die noch teilweise fehlende formelle Harmonisierung der direkten Steuern zurückzuführen. Auch der Bundesrat hat daher in seinem Finanzleitbild bekräftigt, dass das Steuersystem vereinfacht werden muss. Konkret geht es darum, die formelle Steuerharmonisierung so weit umzusetzen, dass die Bemessungsgrundlagen für die Einkommens-, die Vermögens-, die Gewinn- und die Kapitalsteuer und allenfalls auch für die Grundstückgewinnsteuer in allen Kantonen und beim Bund gleich festgelegt werden (Finanzleitbild, S. 31).

4. Zwar wird ab dem Jahre 2001 bezüglich der zeitlichen Bemessung eine gewisse Harmonisierung erreicht werden können. Die teilweise noch laufenden Gesetzgebungsarbeiten und die Praxen in den Kantonen zeigen aber auch, dass eine formelle Steuerharmonisierung, wie sie die Bundesverfassung verlangt, mit dem geltenden StHG nur teilweise erreicht wird. Unterschiedliche kantonale Gesetzgebungen und Praxen führen dazu, dass namentlich der Steuergegenstand nicht einheitlich bestimmt wird. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass das StHG teilweise lückenhaft ist und beträchtliche Interpretationsspielräume aufweist.

Nicht von ungefähr fordert der Bundesrat in seinem Finanzleitbild eine Vereinfachung des Steuer- und Abgabewesens. Ein wichtiges Mittel hierzu ist seines Erachtens die vollständige Umsetzung der formellen Steuerharmonisierung, hier namentlich eine Vereinheitlichung der Bemessungsgrundlagen. Dabei wird ausdrücklich darauf hingewiesen, dass der interkantonale Steuerwettbewerb weiterhin über die Steuersätze erfolgen kann.

5. Es sei nochmals festgehalten, dass der Bund nicht ermächtigt ist, den Kantonen und Gemeinden Schritte in Richtung einer materiellen Harmonisierung der direkten Steuern abzuverlangen. Diese sind daher weiterhin berechtigt, die bestehenden Belastungsunterschiede bei den natürlichen und den juristischen Personen beizubehalten, welche namentlich bei den natürlichen Personen zum Teil sehr gross sind und bei gleichen Einkommensverhältnissen zwischen 100 Prozent und 250 Prozent betragen können.

Auch weiter gehende Schritte in Richtung formeller Harmonisierung werden daran nichts ändern und die Steuerkonkurrenz zwischen den Kantonen nicht beeinträchtigen. Diese kann sich weiterhin via unterschiedliche Steuertarife, Steuersätze und Steuerfreibeträge entfalten und gewährleistet, dass Kantone, welche sich Steuersenkungen leisten können, diese auch umsetzen können. Allerdings ermöglicht auch der Steuerwettbewerb anderen Kantonen aus budgetären Gründen oftmals nicht, ihre vergleichsweise hohen Steuersätze zu senken.

Da die formelle Steuerharmonisierung den Steuerwettbewerb nicht behindert, ist auch nicht einzusehen, warum weitere formelle Harmonisierungsschritte für die Zukunft unterbunden werden sollen. Der Bundesrat sieht daher keine Notwendigkeit, mittels Bundesbeschluss eine Vervollständigung der formellen Steuerharmonisierung und damit die Durchsetzung eines klaren Verfassungsauftrages zu verunmöglichen.

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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search 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group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1609":1610,"_1626":792,"_1627":1628,"_1629":1630,"_1631":979,"_1310":552,"_1284":352,"_78":556,"_1632":559,"_1615":362,"_1633":1634,"_1635":763,"_1417":312,"_74":322,"_1612":464,"_19":332,"_76":562,"_81":342,"_1636":1089,"_1637":1223,"_1638":1259,"_1639":1223,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1223,"_1643":1644,"_1645":552,"_1646":731,"_1647":1223,"_1648":1630,"_1649":556,"_1616":431,"_1650":1651,"_1222":1223,"_1652":669,"_1235":1223,"_72":567,"_1653":1445,"_1654":1302,"_1655":1340,"_1656":1634,"_1657":1429,"_1617":372,"_1658":1421,"_1659":1223},"section_switcher",{"_1607":1608,"_1609":1610,"_1611":312,"_70":508,"_74":322,"_1612":464,"_1613":398,"_1284":352,"_81":342,"_1614":332,"_1615":362,"_1616":431,"_1617":372,"_1618":1619,"_1620":1621,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1717":1718,"_1719":1720,"_1661":1721,"_263":1722},"intro",{"_1663":1664,"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668,"_1669":1670,"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674,"_1675":1676},"en",{"_1677":1712,"_1679":1713,"_1681":1714,"_1683":1715,"_1685":1716},"de",{"_1677":1707,"_1679":1708,"_1681":1709,"_1683":1710,"_1685":1711},"fr",{"_1677":1702,"_1679":1703,"_1681":1704,"_1683":1705,"_1685":1706},"it",{"_1677":1697,"_1679":1698,"_1681":1699,"_1683":1700,"_1685":1701},"es",{"_1677":1692,"_1679":1693,"_1681":1694,"_1683":1695,"_1685":1696},"pt",{"_1677":1687,"_1679":1688,"_1681":1689,"_1683":1690,"_1685":1691},"rm",{"_1677":1678,"_1679":1680,"_1681":1682,"_1683":1684,"_1685":1686},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1144,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1146,"_1793":1148,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_617":618,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1811,"_1812":1813},"nav",{"_1609":1731,"_1732":1733,"_1734":667,"_1735":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1618":1619,"_1620":1621,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625,"_1611":312,"_70":508,"_1613":398,"_1612":464,"_74":322,"_1616":431,"_1284":352,"_81":342,"_1614":332,"_1615":362,"_1617":372,"_1739":1724,"_1740":1741,"_1587":1588,"_1742":1743,"_1589":1590,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1728,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784},{"_1677":1712,"_1679":1713,"_1681":1714,"_1683":1715,"_1685":1716},{"_1723":1724,"_1725":1726,"_1727":1728,"_1729":1730},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1789":1815,"_1794":1816,"_1817":200,"_1818":175,"_1819":175,"_1820":200,"_1821":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]