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Kürzlich haben Kinderhilfswerke und Menschenrechtsorganisationen den zehnten Jahrestag der Verabschiedung des Uno-Übereinkommens über die Rechte des Kindes gefeiert. Diese ist am 20. November 1989 von der Uno-Generalversammlung verabschiedet worden.

Nach einer Debatte im Parlament im Jahre 1996 konnte die Schweiz dieses Übereinkommen am 24. Februar 1997 ratifizieren. Es trat am 26. März 1997 in Kraft.

Bei der Ratifizierung hat die Schweiz fünf Vorbehalte zu Punkten angebracht, in denen ihre Gesetzgebung oder die Praxis damals nicht mit dem Übereinkommen übereinstimmten.

Diese Vorbehalte betreffen die elterliche Gewalt, das Recht auf Einbürgerung, die Familienzusammenführung, die für bestimmte Kategorien von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern nicht sichergestellt ist, den getrennten Strafvollzug für Jugendliche und und Erwachsene, der in Ausnahmefällen nicht gilt, und die Jugendstrafrechtspflege.

Unserer Auffassung nach sollten diese Vorbehalte so rasch als möglich aufgehoben werden. Dies zu tun, beauftragen wir den Bundesrat.

Angesichts der Tatsache, dass die Schweiz in Sachen Schutz der Menschenrechte, zu denen auch die Rechte des Kindes gehören, eine Vorreiterrolle spielen will, sollte sie mit dem guten Vorbild vorangehen, damit auch andere Länder ihrem Beispiel folgen und die Vorbehalte abschaffen, die manchmal so weit greifend sind, dass sie Ziel und Zweck des Übereinkommens widersprechen.

","affair_title",24078,"19993627_5","Eingereichter Text","

Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, die Gesetzgebung so zu ändern, dass die fünf Vorbehalte, die bei der Ratifizierung des Uno-Übereinkommens über die Rechte des Kindes angebracht wurden, aufgehoben werden können.

",24077,"19993627_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

Mit Bundesbeschluss vom 13. Dezember 1996 (AS 1998 2053) ist der Bundesrat ermächtigt worden, das Übereinkommen vom 20. November 1989 über die Rechte des Kindes zu ratifizieren und dabei fünf Vorbehalte anzubringen. Dem Bundesrat ist die Befugnis eingeräumt worden, diese Vorbehalte zurückzuziehen, sollten sie sich dereinst als gegenstandslos erweisen (Art. 1 Abs. 3 des Bundesbeschlusses). Für die Schweiz ist das Übereinkommen am 26. März 1997 in Kraft getreten (AS 1998 2055).

Vorbehalte sind - sofern ein Abkommen solche ausnahmsweise nicht ausdrücklich untersagt - jeweils dann angezeigt, wenn die schweizerische Rechtsordnung den Anforderungen eines völkerrechtlichen Abkommens zwar überwiegend genügt, aber vorläufig noch punktuelle Unvereinbarkeiten festgestellt worden sind. Vorbehalte dürfen nicht gegen Ziel und Zweck des Abkommens verstossen. Nicht zuletzt aufgrund verschiedener parlamentarischer Vorstösse hat der Bundesrat erklärt, dass es ihm ein Anliegen sei, mit den nötigen Gesetzesrevisionen die Voraussetzungen für den baldigen Rückzug der Vorbehalte zu schaffen (vgl. BBl 1994 V 73 f.). Die Frage, ob die Vorbehalte aufrechterhalten werden sollten oder zurückgezogen werden können, ist jeweils vor dem Hintergrund eingeleiteter oder bereits abgeschlossener Revisionen zu untersuchen.

Über die Art und Weise, wie ein Vertragsstaat das Übereinkommen umgesetzt hat und welche Schwierigkeiten ihm dabei erwachsen sind, hat jeder Vertragsstaat dem Uno-Ausschuss für die Rechte des Kindes (nachfolgend Ausschuss) Bericht zu erstatten (Art. 44 Abs. 1 und 2 des Übereinkommens). Diese Erst- und Folgeberichte haben sich auch zu den Gründen zu äussern, welche einen Vertragsstaat veranlasst haben, zu einzelnen Bestimmungen des Übereinkommens Vorbehalte anzubringen. Der Erstbericht der Schweiz wurde von der Bundesverwaltung entworfen und einer breiten Vernehmlassung unterzogen; er soll im Laufe dieses Jahres fertig gestellt, vom Bundesrat genehmigt und dem Ausschuss unterbreitet werden. Es ist anzunehmen, dass sich der Ausschuss für die Rechte des Kindes zu den Vorbehalten der Schweiz äussern und gegebenenfalls Empfehlungen formulieren wird (vgl. Art. 45 Bst. d des Übereinkommens).

1. Artikel 5 verlangt, dass die Vertragsstaaten die Aufgaben, Rechte und Pflichten der Eltern achten, das Kind bei der Ausübung seiner Rechte in einer seiner Entwicklung entsprechenden Weise angemessen zu leiten und zu führen. Der Vorbehalt der Schweiz, wonach \"die schweizerische Gesetzgebung über die elterliche Sorge\" vorbehalten bleibt, ist erst vom Parlament angebracht worden. Unter den mittlerweile 191 Vertragsparteien hat einzig die Schweiz einen Vorbehalt zu Artikel 5 formuliert.

Der Vorbehalt der Schweiz markiert nicht Unvereinbarkeiten zwischen dem schweizerischen Recht und dem Übereinkommen, sondern will dem Umstand Rechnung tragen, dass die Konvention die Elternrechte nicht näher umschreibt. Überwiegend wird angenommen, dass es sich bei diesem Vorbehalt aufgrund seiner primär politischen und nicht rechtlichen Motivation um einen unechten, interpretierenden Vorbehalt handelt (vgl. AB S 1996 349 und 1048). Mithin gibt es auch keine konkreten gesetzgeberischen Schritte, die den Vorbehalt gegenstandslos werden lassen könnten. Berechtigung und Fortbestand des Vorbehaltes unterliegen vielmehr einer politischen Bewertung, wofür auch allfällige Bemerkungen des Ausschusses zum Erstbericht der Schweiz berücksichtigt werden sollten.

2. Für das in Artikel 7 des Übereinkommens garantierte Recht auf Erwerb einer Staatsbürgerschaft hat die Schweiz die Bürgerrechtsgesetzgebung vorbehalten, \"die keinen Anspruch auf Erwerb der schweizerischen Staatsangehörigkeit einräumt\". Die Rechtslage hat sich mit dem Inkrafttreten der neuen Bundesverfassung insofern geändert, als dass dem Bund die Erleichterung der Einbürgerung staatenloser Kinder aufgetragen wird (Art. 38 Abs. 3 BV). Mit einer Revision der Bürgerrechtsgesetzgebung, welche dieses Mandat zu konkretisieren haben wird, könnte die schweizerische Rechtsordnung dereinst in Einklang mit Artikel 7 des Übereinkommens gebracht werden. Ob und allenfalls in welchem Umfang der Vorbehalt noch berechtigt sein wird, muss näher untersucht werden, wenn diese Gesetzesänderungen vorliegen. Hingewiesen werden darf in diesem Zusammenhang auch auf die erleichterte Einbürgerung junger Ausländer und Ausländerinnen bzw. die dafür erforderliche Verfassungsgrundlage, wie sie vom Bundesrat in seinen Zielen für die Legislaturperiode 2000-2003 angekündigt worden ist. Auch dieses Vorhaben kann einen Einfluss auf den Fortbestand des Vorbehaltes haben.

3. Artikel 10 Absatz 1 des Übereinkommens verlangt, dass Anträge auf Familiennachzug wohlwollend, human und beschleunigt behandelt werden. Die Schweiz hat mittels Vorbehalt erklärt, dass bestimmten Kategorien von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern kein Recht auf Familiennachzug gewährt wird. Dem Bundesgericht zufolge vermittelt Artikel 10 des Übereinkommens keinen absoluten und gerichtlich durchsetzbaren Anspruch auf Familienzusammenführung für alle Ausländer und Ausländerinnen, sondern räumt den Vertragsstaaten bei der Ausgestaltung der Einwanderungsgesetzgebung einen Ermessensspielraum ein (BGE 124 II 361, E. 3b). Das geltende Ausländerrecht gewährt Ausländerinnen und Ausländern mit zeitlich begrenzten Aufenthaltsbewilligungen (Saisonbewilligung, Kurzaufenthalterbewilligung und dergleichen) keinen Anspruch auf Familiennachzug. Ähnlich verhält es sich im Asylrecht, welches Asylsuchenden während eines hängigen Asylverfahrens keinen Anspruch auf Familiennachzug gewährt. Bei vorläufig aufgenommenen Personen und vorläufig aufgenommenen Flüchtlingen ist der Familiennachzug nur unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen möglich (Art. 24 der Verordnung über den Vollzug der Weg- und Ausweisung von ausländischen Personen, SR 142.281 sowie Art. 51 Abs. 5 Asylgesetz, AsylG, SR 142.31 in Verbindung mit Art. 39 Abs. 2 Asylverordnung 1, SR 142.311). Der Familiennachzug ist für anerkannte Flüchtlinge und Schutzbedürftige grundsätzlich möglich (Art. 4 AsylG), jedoch kann er im Einzelfall verweigert werden.

Der Bundesrat hat gegenüber den Räten wiederholt seine Absicht bekräftigt, im Bereich des Ausländerrechtes jene Reformen einzuleiten, die einen Rückzug des Vorbehaltes erlauben könnten. Einerseits wird sich zwar die Totalrevision des Anag einlässlich mit Fragen des Familiennachzuges und den Anforderungen von Artikel 10 Absatz 1 des Übereinkommens zu befassen haben; andererseits aber scheint eine Neuregelung des Asylrechtes politisch offenbar wenig wünschbar, zumal eine weitergehende Gewährung des Familiennachzuges zur Folge haben könnte, dass die Zahl der Asylsuchenden in der Schweiz anwachsen dürfte, was wiederum mit finanziellen Auswirkungen verbunden wäre. Unabhängig von der Frage, ob und inwieweit Artikel 10 Absatz 1 überhaupt ein durchsetzbares Recht auf Familiennachzug vermittelt - eine Frage, zu der sich vermutlich auch der Ausschuss anlässlich der Beratung des Erstberichtes der Schweiz äussern könnte -, behält der Vorbehalt für den Bundesrat insbesondere im Asylbereich seine Berechtigung. Die anstehenden Gesetzesreformen im Ausländerbereich sowie die einschlägigen Empfehlungen des Ausschusses werden aufzeigen, in welchen Bereichen der Vorbehalt keine Wirkung mehr haben wird. Angesichts der Folgen im Asylbereich scheint dem Bundesrat ein vollständiger Rückzug des Vorbehaltes zum heutigen Zeitpunkt nicht opportun.

4. Mittels Vorbehalt zu Artikel 37 Buchstabe c wird darauf Rücksicht genommen, dass in der schweizerischen Rechtsordnung die Trennung von Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen im Freiheitsentzug nicht ausnahmslos gewährleistet ist. Am 21. September 1998 hat der Bundesrat seine Vorschläge für ein Bundesgesetz über das Jugendstrafverfahren verabschiedet. Der Entwurf sieht eine vollständige Trennung vor, und zwar sowohl für die Untersuchungshaft als auch für den Freiheitsentzug als Massnahme oder Strafe. Der Bundesrat hat bereits angekündigt, dass diese Reform den Rückzug des entsprechenden Vorbehaltes zur Folge haben dürfte (vgl. BBl 1999 2279). Gemäss dem Gesetzentwurf (Art. 47) soll den Kantonen allerdings eine zehnjährige Übergangsfrist eingeräumt werden, um den Straf- und Massnahmenvollzug an das neue Gesetz anzupassen (vgl. BBl 1999 2415). Der Zeitpunkt für einen Rückzug des Vorbehaltes wird daher davon abhängig sein, wie rasch die Kantone die erforderlichen Anpassungen vornehmen können.

5. Schliesslich hat die Schweiz einen Vorbehalt zu den strafprozessualen Garantien von Artikel 40 angebracht; dieser betrifft den Anspruch auf Verbeiständung und auf organisatorische und personelle Trennung von untersuchenden und urteilenden Behörden, die Ausnahmen von der Anfechtbarkeit von Strafurteilen in Fällen einer erstinstanzlichen Beurteilung durch das Bundesgericht sowie die endgültige Kostenbefreiung für die Inanspruchnahme eines Dolmetschers.

Mittlerweile ist der Rückzug jener Vorbehalte zu Artikel 6 EMRK eingeleitet worden, welche die Inanspruchnahme eines Dolmetschers betreffen und die insofern dem Vorbehalt zum Uno-Übereinkommen über die Rechte des Kindes als Vorlage gedient haben. Der Bundesrat hat sich bereit erklärt, nach parlamentarischer Genehmigung des Rückzuges der Vorbehalte zu Artikel 6 EMRK den Rückzug des Vorbehaltes zu Artikel 40 des Uno-Übereinkommens über die Rechte des Kindes zu prüfen (vgl. BBl 1999 3667).

Weiter wird das zukünftige Bundesgesetz über das Jugendstrafrecht Rechtsänderungen bewirken, welche sich auf den Vorbehalt zu Artikel 40 erstrecken (vgl. BBl 1999 2279 f.). So soll u. a. die Bestellung eines amtlichen Verteidigers in den Fällen der notwendigen Verteidigung ermöglicht werden. Die Vereinheitlichung des Strafprozessrechtes, für welche die Justizreform die verfassungsrechtliche Grundlage schafft und zu der die Vorarbeiten an die Hand genommen worden sind, wird auch das Jugendstrafprozessrecht einbeziehen. Mit der Vernehmlassung zu dieser Vorlage darf für das nächste Jahr gerechnet werden. Die Vorlage wird an den Vorgaben des Übereinkommens auszurichten sein und die vom erwähnten Vorbehalt erfassten Probleme im Einzelnen untersuchen müssen.

Der Bundesrat ist weiterhin der Auffassung, dass die bestehenden Vorbehalte so rasch als möglich zurückgezogen werden sollten; er hat dafür wesentliche Schritte unternommen, um die von der Motion geforderten und für einen Rückzug notwendigen Rechtsänderungen zu prüfen und vorzubereiten: In nahezu allen Bereichen, die von den echten Vorbehalten erfasst werden, sind in der Zwischenzeit Revisionsarbeiten eingeleitet worden, welche dereinst eine Neubeurteilung der Notwendigkeit der Vorbehalte erforderlich machen werden. Solange diese Revisionen, die sich in unterschiedlichen Verfahrensstadien befinden, noch nicht abgeschlossen sind, sind die Vorbehalte noch nicht gegenstandslos geworden. Als Folge des vorliegenden parlamentarischen Vorstosses wird der Bundesrat auf der Grundlage allfälliger Empfehlungen des Ausschusses den Rückzug des unechten (oder erklärenden) Vorbehaltes zu Artikel 5 prüfen.

Der Bundesrat beantragt, die Motion in ein Postulat umzuwandeln.",24076,"19993627_1","Titel des 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Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1634":1635,"_1651":817,"_1652":1653,"_1654":1655,"_1656":1004,"_1335":577,"_1309":377,"_78":581,"_1657":584,"_1640":387,"_1658":1659,"_1660":788,"_1442":337,"_74":347,"_1637":489,"_19":357,"_76":587,"_81":367,"_1661":1114,"_1662":1248,"_1663":1284,"_1664":1248,"_1665":1666,"_1667":1248,"_1668":1669,"_1670":577,"_1671":756,"_1672":1248,"_1673":1655,"_1674":581,"_1641":456,"_1675":1676,"_1247":1248,"_1677":694,"_1260":1248,"_72":592,"_1678":1470,"_1679":1327,"_1680":1365,"_1681":1659,"_1682":1454,"_1642":397,"_1683":1446,"_1684":1248},"section_switcher",{"_1632":1633,"_1634":1635,"_1636":337,"_70":533,"_74":347,"_1637":489,"_1638":423,"_1309":377,"_81":367,"_1639":357,"_1640":387,"_1641":456,"_1642":397,"_1643":1644,"_1645":1646,"_1647":1648,"_1649":1650},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1686":1746,"_288":1747},"intro",{"_1688":1689,"_1690":1691,"_1692":1693,"_1694":1695,"_1696":1697,"_1698":1699,"_1700":1701},"en",{"_1702":1737,"_1704":1738,"_1706":1739,"_1708":1740,"_1710":1741},"de",{"_1702":1732,"_1704":1733,"_1706":1734,"_1708":1735,"_1710":1736},"fr",{"_1702":1727,"_1704":1728,"_1706":1729,"_1708":1730,"_1710":1731},"it",{"_1702":1722,"_1704":1723,"_1706":1724,"_1708":1725,"_1710":1726},"es",{"_1702":1717,"_1704":1718,"_1706":1719,"_1708":1720,"_1710":1721},"pt",{"_1702":1712,"_1704":1713,"_1706":1714,"_1708":1715,"_1710":1716},"rm",{"_1702":1703,"_1704":1705,"_1706":1707,"_1708":1709,"_1710":1711},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1810":1811,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1169,"_1815":1816,"_1817":1171,"_1818":1173,"_1819":1820,"_1821":1822,"_1823":1824,"_1825":1826,"_1827":1828,"_642":643,"_1829":1830,"_1831":1832,"_1833":1834,"_1835":1836,"_1837":1838},"nav",{"_1634":1756,"_1757":1758,"_1759":692,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1643":1644,"_1645":1646,"_1647":1648,"_1649":1650,"_1636":337,"_70":533,"_1638":423,"_1637":489,"_74":347,"_1641":456,"_1309":377,"_81":367,"_1639":357,"_1640":387,"_1642":397,"_1764":1749,"_1765":1766,"_1612":1613,"_1767":1768,"_1614":1615,"_1769":1770,"_1771":1772,"_1773":1774,"_1775":1776,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1794,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802,"_1803":1753,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807,"_1808":1809},{"_1702":1737,"_1704":1738,"_1706":1739,"_1708":1740,"_1710":1741},{"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1814":1840,"_1819":1841,"_1842":225,"_1843":201,"_1844":201,"_1845":225,"_1846":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]