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A. Sanierungsbeitrag der Beitragszahlenden

Zu Punkt A1:

Im Rahmen des Stabilisierungsprogrammes 1998 wird der Bundesrat die Weiterführung des dritten Lohnprozentes beantragen. Es ist vorgesehen, die Massnahme bis Ende 2003 zu befristen. Die Weiterführung ist auch unabdingbar, da die aktuellen Ausgaben der ALV zur Zeit mit zwei Beitragsprozenten nicht zu decken sind.

Zu Punkt A2:

Artikel 34 novies Abs. 4 der Bundesverfassung schreibt vor, dass \"das Gesetz die Höhe des beitragspflichtigen Erwerbseinkommens begrenzt.\" Das AVIG stützt sich dabei auf die Bemessungsgrundlage des Unfallversicherungsgesetzes und begrenzt den maximalen versicherten Verdienst auf 97'200 Franken pro Jahr. Der Beitragssatz beträgt zur Zeit drei Prozent. Ausserdem wurde im Rahmen der zweiten Teilrevision des AVIG der maximale Ansatz für die Beitragsbemessung auf das zweieinhalbfache (243'000 Franken) des UV-Maximums erhöht. Auf den Lohnanteilen zwischen 97'200 und 243'000 wird zur Zeit ein Beitrag von einem Prozent erhoben. Diese Einnahmen stellen einen Solidaritätsbeitrag zur Finanzierung der Arbeitslosenversicherung dar, da damit kein Leistungsanspruch erworben wird.

Mit 243'000 Franken als Obergrenze für die Beitragsbemessung sind 99 Prozent der aktiven Bevölkerung erfasst. Es fragt sich, ob der Verfassungsartikel 34 novies Absatz 4, der eine Begrenzung der Solidaritätsfinanzierung durch höhere Einkommen vorsieht, durch eine weitere Erhöhung des beitragspflichtigen Erwerbseinkommens faktisch ausgehölt würde.

Im Rahmen des Stabilisierungsprogrammes 1998 wird der Bundesrat eine Erhöhung des Beitragssatzes für Lohnanteile zwischen 97'200 und 243'000 prüfen.

B. Sanierungsbeitrag der LeistungsbezügerInnen

Auch auf der Leistungsseite sieht das Stabilisierungsprogramm 1998 Massnahmen vor, die es erlauben sollen, die Rechnung der Arbeitslosenversicherung im Jahr 2000 bei 4 Prozent Arbeitslosigkeit wieder ausgeglichen gestalten zu können. Die vom Motionär vorgeschlagenen Massnahmen sind im Stabilisierungsprogramm jedoch nicht vorgesehen.

Zu Punkt B1

Bereits heute kann eine Person verpflichtet werden, eine Stelle anzunehmen, die ihr weniger als 70 Prozent des versicherten Verdienstes einbringt. Diese Person erhält in der Folge Kompensationszahlungen der Arbeitslosenversicherung. Dieses Institut ist vorteilhaft für den Versicherten und für die ALV. Der Versicherte kann sein Einkommen ein wenig erhöhen und für die ALV ergeben sich Einsparungen, weil sie nicht mehr das volle Taggeld bezahlen muss.

Zu Punkt B2

Die Wirtschaftstheorie des moral hazard geht davon aus, dass ein Arbeitsloser seine Suchanstrengungen intensivieren wird, wenn sein Taggeld tiefer ist. Somit würde bei tieferen Taggeldern auch die Arbeitslosigkeit zurückgehen. Die Höhe dieses Effektes ist aber sehr umstritten. Eine empirische Belegung fehlt weitgehend.

Anlässlich der zweiten Teilrevision des AVIG im Jahr 1995 wurde bewusst auf eine Wiedereinführung der Degression verzichtet, da im Gegenzug für Arbeitslose die Pflicht, an einer arbeitsmarktlichen Massnahme teilzunehmen sowie fünf allgemeine Karenztage eingeführt worden sind.

Zu Punkt B3

Diese Massnahme ist vergleichbar mit der Degression. Wenn nach sechs Monaten der maximale versicherte Verdienst auf 80'000 Franken reduziert werden soll, so bedeutet das nichts anderes als eine Reduktion des Taggeldes. Eine solche Reduktion würde aber \"nur\" die höheren Einkommen treffen. Auf die Wiedereinführung der Degression ist jedoch aus den genannten Gründen verzichtet worden.

Der Bundesrat beantragt, die Motion in ein Postulat umzuwandeln.","affair_title",17525,"19973680_1","Titel des Geschäftes",17528,"19973680_6","Begründung","

In seinen Budgetzahlen für die ALV geht das BIGA für die kommenden Jahre von einem Wirtschaftswachstum von 2 Prozent jährlich sowie einem damit einhergehenden Rückgang der Arbeitslosenzahlen aus und rechnet für das Jahr 2000 noch mit 140 000 Arbeitslosen.

Auch wenn die schweizerische Volkswirtschaft mit der erwarteten Rate wachsen sollte, ist jedoch ein Abbau der Arbeitslosigkeit in diesem Ausmass nicht garantiert (Stichwort: jobless growth). Viel eher ist zu erwarten, dass die Zahl der Arbeitslosen in der Schweiz bis auf weiteres in der Nähe von 200 000 Arbeitslosen bzw. etwa 5 Prozent der erwerbstätigen Bevölkerung verharren wird. Damit dürfte sich das jährliche Defizit der Versicherung auf 2 bis 3 Milliarden Franken belaufen. Die Schulden der Versicherung werden bis Ende 1997 auf über 6 Milliarden Franken angewachsen sein. Diese Entwicklung stellt das finanzielle Fundament der ALV in Frage.

Im enormen Strukturwandel, den die Schweiz gegenwärtig erlebt, ist die ALV ein zentraler Stabilitätsfaktor. Ein sicheres finanzielles Fundament der ALV ist unverzichtbar. Es müssen daher so rasch als möglich Schritte unternommen werden mit dem Ziel, das finanzielle Ungleichgewicht der Versicherung zu verringern. Die notwendigen Massnahmen müssen im Sinne einer Opfersymetrie sowohl auf der Einnahmen- wie auf der Ausgabenseite ergriffen werden. Die Lehre, dass nur ein ausgewogenes Massnahmenpaket die Akzeptanz der Bevölkerung und der Versicherten finden wird, kann nicht zuletzt aus dem Abstimmungsresultat vom 28.09.1997 zur Kürzung der Arbeitslosengelder gezogen werden.

Zu den einzelnen vorgeschlagenen Massnahmen:

A. Sanierungsbeitrag der Beitragszahlenden

Die Weiterführung des dritten Lohnprozentes sowie die Erhebung der dreiprozentigen Lohnabgabe auf einen massgebenden Lohn mit höherer Plafonierung (über 243 000 Franken Jahreseinkommen) werden zu rund 2,3 Milliarden Franken jährlichen Mehreinnahmen für die ALV führen.

Die Mehrbelastung der höheren und nicht mehr versicherten Einkommen steht zwar nicht im Einklang mit dem Versicherungsprinzip, als temporäre Massnahme im Sinne eines Solidaritätsbeitrages der Grossverdiener erscheint sie aber durchaus als vertretbar. Da bei der Beitragserhebung für die ALV vom Versicherungsprinzip bereits abgewichen wird, ist nicht einzusehen, weshalb die Einkommen über 243 000 Franken von der Abgabe befreit sein sollen. Die Massnahme soll auf etwa 5 Jahre befristet sein. Zwischenzeitlich muss der Bundesrat dem Parlament Vorschläge zur Erschliessung neuer Einnahmequellen für die ALV unterbreiten.

B. Sanierungsbeitrag der Leistungsbezüger

Es ist unbestritten, dass die Proklamierung von Leistungskürzungen einer Sozialversicherung unpopulär sind. Der riesigen Mehrbelastung der Beitragszahlenden zugunsten der ALV muss aber aus Gründen der gerechten Lastenverteilung ein moderater Beitrag der Leistungsbezüger zur Sanierung der Versicherungskasse gegenübergestellt werden. Die untenstehenden Vorschläge hätten Einsparungen von rund 220 bis 250 Millionen Franken pro Jahr zur Folge. Dieser Betrag nimmt sich angesichts der Höhe der Mehrleistungen der Beitragszahlenden verhältnismässig bescheiden aus.

Zu 1

Die Senkung der Zumutbarkeitsgrenze dient direkt dem Ziel der raschen Rückführung der Erwerbslosen in den Arbeitsprozess. Diese Massnahme ist angesichts der Resultate internationaler Studien (OECD), die einen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen langer Bezugsdauer von Taggeldern und Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit nachweisen, notwendig. Damit die Verhältnismässigkeit gewahrt bleibt, muss die ALV den Einkommensverlust gegenüber dem versicherten Einkommen degressiv decken. Diese Zahlungen sind aber, um dem Missbrauch durch Arbeitgebende vorzubeugen, auf Neueinstellungen zu begrenzen.

Zu 2 und 3

Im Vergleich zum Ausland sind die Taggelder der ALV in der Schweiz relativ hoch bemessen. Im Zuge der letzten Jahre wurden die Leistungen der Versicherung insbesondere auch durch die Verlängerung der Bezugsdauer kontinuierlich ausgebaut. Moderate, nicht lineare und familienpolitisch ausgewogene Kürzungen sind vor diesem Hintergrund vertretbar.

",17527,"19973680_5","Eingereichter Text","

Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, das Arbeitslosenversicherungsgesetz (Avig) in folgendem Sinne zu ändern:

1. Sanierungsbeitrag der Beitragszahlenden

1.1 Art. 4a Abs. 1 Bst. a

Das dritte Lohnprozent ist unter Festsetzung einer neuen Befristung weiterzuführen.

1.2 Art. 4a Abs. 1 Bst. b

Der für die Beitragspflicht massgebende Lohn ist über den heute gültigen Plafond von 243 000 Franken Jahreseinkommen hinaus zu erhöhen. Der Beitragssatz soll neu für den gesamten massgebenden Lohn bei 3 Prozent liegen. Diese Massnahmen sind zeitlich zu befristen.

2. Sanierungsbeitrag der Leistungsbezüger

2.1 Art. 16 Abs. 2 Bst. i

Die den Lohn betreffende Zumutbarkeitsgrenze zur Annahme einer Tätigkeit ist von 68 auf 50 Prozent des versicherten Verdienstes zu senken; dabei ist der Einkommensverlust durch die Versicherung degressiv zu decken.

2.2 Art. 22

Nach sechsmonatiger Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit ist die Taggeldhöhe um durchschnittlich 3 Prozent zu senken. Die Kürzungen sollen nicht linear erfolgen, sondern in Abhängigkeit der Zahl der zu unterstützenden Personen und der Entschädigungshöhe. Dabei darf das sozialhilferechtliche Existenzminimum nicht unterschritten werden.

2.3 Art. 23 Abs. 1

Nach sechsmonatiger Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit wird der Höchstbetrag des versicherten Verdienstes von 97 200 Franken auf 80 000 Franken gesenkt.

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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1613":1614,"_1630":797,"_1631":1632,"_1633":1634,"_1635":984,"_1314":557,"_19":357,"_83":561,"_1636":564,"_1619":367,"_1637":1638,"_1639":768,"_1421":317,"_79":327,"_1616":469,"_85":337,"_81":567,"_87":347,"_1640":1094,"_1641":1228,"_1642":1264,"_1643":1228,"_1644":1645,"_1646":1228,"_1647":1648,"_1649":557,"_1650":736,"_1651":1228,"_1652":1634,"_1653":561,"_1620":436,"_1654":1655,"_1227":1228,"_1656":674,"_1240":1228,"_77":572,"_1657":1449,"_1658":1306,"_1659":1344,"_1660":1638,"_1661":1433,"_1621":377,"_1662":1425,"_1663":1228},"section_switcher",{"_1611":1612,"_1613":1614,"_1615":317,"_21":513,"_79":327,"_1616":469,"_1617":403,"_19":357,"_87":347,"_1618":337,"_1619":367,"_1620":436,"_1621":377,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1721":1722,"_1723":1724,"_1665":1725,"_268":1726},"intro",{"_1667":1668,"_1669":1670,"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674,"_1675":1676,"_1677":1678,"_1679":1680},"en",{"_1681":1716,"_1683":1717,"_1685":1718,"_1687":1719,"_1689":1720},"de",{"_1681":1711,"_1683":1712,"_1685":1713,"_1687":1714,"_1689":1715},"fr",{"_1681":1706,"_1683":1707,"_1685":1708,"_1687":1709,"_1689":1710},"it",{"_1681":1701,"_1683":1702,"_1685":1703,"_1687":1704,"_1689":1705},"es",{"_1681":1696,"_1683":1697,"_1685":1698,"_1687":1699,"_1689":1700},"pt",{"_1681":1691,"_1683":1692,"_1685":1693,"_1687":1694,"_1689":1695},"rm",{"_1681":1682,"_1683":1684,"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1149,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1151,"_1797":1153,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807,"_622":623,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1811,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1815,"_1816":1817},"nav",{"_1613":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":672,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629,"_1615":317,"_21":513,"_1617":403,"_1616":469,"_79":327,"_1620":436,"_19":357,"_87":347,"_1618":337,"_1619":367,"_1621":377,"_1743":1728,"_1744":1745,"_1591":1592,"_1746":1747,"_1593":1594,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1732,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788},{"_1681":1716,"_1683":1717,"_1685":1718,"_1687":1719,"_1689":1720},{"_1727":1728,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1733":1734},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1793":1819,"_1798":1820,"_1821":227,"_1822":204,"_1823":204,"_1824":227,"_1825":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]