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1. Bereits im Rahmen früherer parlamentarischer Vorstösse habe ich darauf hingewiesen, dass das WEG-System zwar Verdienste um den Wohnungsbau erworben hat, dass es aber (weil auf einer als kontinuierlich vorgestellten Kaufkraftsteigerung beruhend) bei wirtschaftlicher Stagnation nicht mehr finanzierbar ist. Damit sind heute die planmässigen Mietzinserhöhungen durch das Marktgeschehen nicht mehr sichergestellt, was zu entsprechenden Kündigungen führt und die Rückzahlung der Grundverbilligungsvorschüsse gefährdet.

2. Die Erfahrungen mit dem WEG (vgl. u. a. Schriftenreihe \"Wohnungswesen\", Band 59) haben gezeigt, dass die Grundverbilligungen als Objekthilfe allzuwenig jenen zugute kommen, welche sie wirklich nötig hätten. Zahlreich sind die Fälle des blossen Mitnahmeeffektes durch Investoren, weil so höhere Bruttorenditen erzielt werden konnten. Andererseits ist das Auslaufen der Subjekthilfe/Zusatzverbilligungen (heute, nach elf Jahren) für tatsächlich Minderbemittelte bei gleichzeitig stufenweiser Anhebung der Mieten sozial kaum vertretbar.

3. Nach dem Gesagten drängt sich - im Hinblick auf die Bereitstellung neuer Kredite - ein Umbau des WEG in jene Richtungen auf, wo das WEG-System Erfolge aufweisen kann und wo der Einsatz von Bundesmitteln sozial- und staatspolitisch (auch in Zeiten der Finanzknappheit) vertretbar bleibt.

Gleichzeitig müssen Sofortmassnahmen im Interesse der Schadenminderung getroffen werden (Sistierung der Grundverbilligungsbevorschussung, längere Auszahlung von Zusatzverbilligungen, Auffanggesellschaft für \"Altlasten\" usw.). Auch mit der Umwandlung von WEG-Mietwohnungen in Stockwerkeigentum kann ein erheblicher Beitrag zur finanziellen Sanierung geleistet werden.

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Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, dem Parlament Bericht und Antrag zu stellen für die Revision des Wohnbau- und Eigentumsförderungsgesetzes (WEG) und den Einsatz allfälliger neuer WEG-Bundesmittel in folgenden Richtungen:

1. sozialverträgliche Regelung der als Folge des WEG-Systems im veränderten Markt finanziell notleidend gewordenen Objekte und Bürgschaften;

2. Abbau der Objekthilfe und Intensivierung der Subjekthilfe im Mietwohnungsbau, d. h. Abbau der Grundverbilligungen und Ausbau der Zusatzverbilligungen;

3. Verstärkung des Mitteleinsatzes zugunsten der Eigentumsförderung, insbesondere auch Unterstützung der Umwandlung von WEG-Mietwohnungen in WEG-Stockwerkeigentum.

",13628,"19963509_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

1. Es trifft zu, dass in der heutigen Wirtschaftslage der im Grundverbilligungsmodell des WEG vorgesehene zweijährliche Mietzinsanstieg zu Problemen führen kann. Bei laufenden Geschäften wurden die Mietzinserhöhungen daher bereits in den Jahren 1996 und 1997 auf 3 Prozent reduziert. Wenn die Umstände es erfordern, kann eine Erhöhung sogar sistiert werden, wobei es dank sinkender Hypothekarzinsen deswegen nicht automatisch zu einer Verlängerung der Fristen für die Rückzahlung der Grundverbilligungsvorschüsse kommen muss. Auf Jahresbeginn 1997 wurde ausserdem bei neuen Geschäften der Anfangssatz für die grundverbilligten Mietzinse von 5,3 Prozent auf 5,6 Prozent der Anlagekosten erhöht, was in den Folgejahren grössere Freiräume für die Reduktion oder Sistierung der Mietzinsanstiege erlaubt. Ferner wird zurzeit eine Revision der Verordnung zum WEG geprüft, mit der die Laufzeit der Zusatzverbilligung I verlängert und der mit dem Wegfall der Subvention verbundene Mietzinssprung gemildert würde. Daneben haben bereits in der Vergangenheit zahlreiche Eigentümer von mit Bundeshilfe gefördertem Wohneigentum von der Möglichkeit der vorzeitigen Rückzahlung der Grundverbilligungsvorschüsse Gebrauch gemacht. Diese Umfinanzierungsmöglichkeit könnte je nach Förderungsjahrgang inskünftig vermehrt auch bei Mietobjekten sinnvoll werden, was die weiteren Mietzinserhöhungen ebenfalls dämpfen würde, ohne dem Bund zusätzliche Lasten aufzubürden. Eliminieren lässt sich das Risiko späterer Nachzahlungen im Grundverbilligungsmodell aber nicht bzw. nur mit Aufwendungen, die im heutigen Zeitpunkt unvertretbar wären. Um so wichtiger ist es, dass bei Neugeschäften in Zukunft höhere Anfangsmieten festgelegt werden.

Für notleidende Geschäfte besteht im Sinne der vom Motionär empfohlenen Auffanggesellschaft mit der Sapomp AG bereits eine entsprechende Institution. Sie gründet auf der Erfahrung, dass Bürgschaftsverpflichtungen meistens im ungünstigsten Moment, d. h. bei tiefsten Liegenschaftspreisen, eingelöst werden müssen. Ihre Aufgabe besteht darin, notleidende Geschäfte innerhalb bestimmter Rahmenbedingungen zu ersteigern und so lange im eigenen Portefeuille zu verwalten, bis eine Wiederveräusserung Aussicht auf die Abwendung oder Minimierung von Bürgschaftsverlusten des Bundes bietet. Wie die bisherigen Erfahrungen zeigen, können bei Objekten, die mittelfristig Aussicht auf Werterhaltung haben, die Verluste im Vergleich zur sofortigen Einlösung der Bürgschaften reduziert werden. In Anbetracht der vom Bund eingegangenen substantiellen Bürgschaftsverpflichtungen ist es unerlässlich, die Sapomp AG zu einem wirksamen Instrument auszubauen. Zur Verbesserung ihrer finanziellen Basis ist deshalb im Voranschlag 1997 ein Betrag von 15 Millionen Franken aufgenommen worden.

2. Zu dem vom Motionär geforderten Abbau der Objekthilfe zugunsten einer Intensivierung der Subjekthilfe ist zu bemerken, dass im Vergleich zur jetzigen Bundeshilfe mit ungleich höheren Aufwendungen zu rechnen wäre. In Anbetracht der Haushaltlage des Bundes ist ein solcher Mehraufwand für die Wohnbauhilfe nicht vertretbar. Vor zwanzig Jahren wurde das WEG deshalb als Verbilligungsmodell gewählt, weil es im Vergleich zur Subjektförderung oder zu Objekthilfen mit nichtrückzahlbaren Beiträgen die kostengünstigste Variante war. Bis heute hat sich daran, trotz der heute bestehenden Verlust- und Nachfinanzierungsrisiken, nichts geändert. Alle Erfahrungen mit früheren Wohnbauhilfen des Bundes und mit den Wohnbausubventionen im Ausland belegen das. Die Eidgenössische Wohnbaukommission hat daher erst kürzlich wieder festgestellt, dass die Subjekthilfe auf Bundesebene heute keine zweckmässige Alternative ist. Dank der gezielteren Einsetzbarkeit ist die Subjekthilfe allenfalls auf kantonaler oder kommunaler Ebene ein Instrument, das sich als Ergänzung zur Bundeshilfe anbietet. Auch vor dem Hintergrund der in Aussicht genommenen Neuregelung des Finanzausgleiches, welche eine Übertragung der Wohnbauförderung in die ausschliessliche Zuständigkeit der Kantone zur Diskussion stellt, ist auf Bundesebene ein kurzfristiger Systemwechsel zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt wenig sinnvoll. Wie unter Ziffer 1 ausgeführt, ist ein Ausbau der Zusatzverbilligung I zur Milderung sozialer Härten für wirtschaftlich schwache Haushalte jedoch wünschenswert. Durch einen solchen Ausbau darf aber der bisherige Kostenrahmen für die Zusatzverbilligungen nicht überschritten werden. Im Gegenzug soll daher die Laufzeit der Zusatzverbilligung II von 25 auf 20 Jahre verkürzt werden.

Entgegen der Auffassung des Motionärs haben die im Auftrag der Bundesverwaltung und der parlamentarischen Kontrollorgane des Bundes erfolgten Untersuchungen zum WEG ergeben, dass die sogenannten Mitnahmeeffekte sowohl im Bereich der Eigentumsförderung als auch bei der Mietwohnungsförderung schon in der Vergangenheit erstaunlich gering waren. Seither wurden die Kostengrenzen für WEG-Objekte gesenkt, und im Rahmen der geplanten Verordnungsänderung werden restriktivere Anforderungen für die Gewährung von Zusatzverbilligungen geprüft.

Über die Weiterführung des WEG wird das Parlament bei der Beratung der Botschaft vom 17. Februar 1997 über Rahmenkredite für die Wohnbau- und Eigentumsförderung zu beraten haben. Der Bundesrat ist der Auffassung, dass angesichts der heutigen Wohnungsmarktlage mit zunehmenden Leerständen eine an quantitativen Zielen orientierte Wohnbauförderung, im Unterschied zur ersten Hälfte der neunziger Jahre, nicht nötig ist, dass hingegen eine selektive Wohnbauförderung weiterhin gerechtfertigt ist und dass hierfür das WEG nach wie vor einen geeigneten Rahmen bietet. Wie aus den Darlegungen hervorgeht, wurde auf die veränderten Verhältnisse bereits mit verschiedenen Anpassungen reagiert, und weitere Änderungen sind in Prüfung. Als Übergangslösung für die Jahre 1998 bis 2000 ist deshalb vorgesehen, das Förderungsvolumen gegenüber dem Durchschnitt der letzten fünf Jahre massiv zu reduzieren. Die Bundeshilfe soll dabei schwerpunktmässig auf die Förderung preisgünstiger Mietwohnungen für Familien, von Alters- und Behindertenwohnungen, auf die Eigentumsförderung sowie die Altbauerneuerung konzentriert werden. Nach drei Jahren sollten genauere Aussagen über die Entwicklung des Wohnungsmarktes und die weitere Zweckmässigkeit dynamischer Finanzierungsmodelle möglich sowie weitere Erkenntnisse in bezug auf die Neuregelung des Finanzausgleiches verfügbar sein.

3. Wie die vorstehenden Ausführungen belegen, wird den Anliegen des Motionärs nach verstärkter Eigentumsförderung und sozialverträglicherer Ausgestaltung der Mietzins- und Lastenpläne Rechnung getragen. Die Umwandlung von WEG-Mietwohnungen in Stockwerkeigentum wird ebenfalls seit jeher praktiziert und gefördert.

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options","sort_begin_date","Start","sort_end_date","End","sort_name","Name","facet_all","All","facet_yes","facet_no","facet_payment","Compensation","facet_body","facet_date_from","From","facet_date_to","To","sort_voting_date","Date","sort_voting_title","Title","facet_vote","Vote","vote_yes","vote_no","vote_abstention","Abstention","sort_date_start","Speech date","sort_date_end","End date","facet_has_video","With video","sort_begin","sort_end","sort_group_name","sort_active","facet_type","Type","facet_active","facet_party","facet_group","facet_gender","facet_chamber","Chamber","chamber_both","Both","facet_deceased","Deceased","sort_firstname","First name","people_title","no_people","No people found.","controls_per_page","Per page","facet_country","Country","facet_electoral_district","country_che","Switzerland","country_lie","Liechtenstein","also_active_in","controls_search_placeholder_people","Search people…","controls_search_placeholder_alignment","Search members…","controls_search_placeholder_memberships","Search memberships…","controls_search_placeholder_interests","Search interests…","controls_search_placeholder_organizations","Search organizations…","controls_search_placeholder_votes","Search votes…","controls_search_placeholder_access_badges","Search access badges…","controls_search_placeholder_contributors","Search contributions…","controls_search_placeholder_speeches","Search speeches…","controls_search_hint_people","Searches names, place and postcode.","controls_search_hint_groups","Searches name, abbreviation and description.","controls_search_placeholder_groups","Search committees & groups…","controls_search_hint_organizations","Searches the organization name.","controls_search_hint_agendas","Searches title, description, number and category.","controls_search_placeholder_agendas","Search agenda items…","controls_search_hint_alignment","Searches the name of the compared member.","controls_search_hint_memberships","Searches group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1617":1618,"_1634":801,"_1635":1636,"_1637":1638,"_1639":988,"_1318":561,"_19":361,"_83":565,"_1640":568,"_1623":371,"_1641":1642,"_1643":772,"_1425":321,"_79":331,"_1620":473,"_85":341,"_81":571,"_87":351,"_1644":1098,"_1645":1232,"_1646":1268,"_1647":1232,"_1648":1649,"_1650":1232,"_1651":1652,"_1653":561,"_1654":740,"_1655":1232,"_1656":1638,"_1657":565,"_1624":440,"_1658":1659,"_1231":1232,"_1660":678,"_1244":1232,"_77":576,"_1661":1453,"_1662":1310,"_1663":1348,"_1664":1642,"_1665":1437,"_1625":381,"_1666":1429,"_1667":1232},"section_switcher",{"_1615":1616,"_1617":1618,"_1619":321,"_21":517,"_79":331,"_1620":473,"_1621":407,"_19":361,"_87":351,"_1622":341,"_1623":371,"_1624":440,"_1625":381,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629,"_1630":1631,"_1632":1633},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1725":1726,"_1727":1728,"_1669":1729,"_272":1730},"intro",{"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674,"_1675":1676,"_1677":1678,"_1679":1680,"_1681":1682,"_1683":1684},"en",{"_1685":1720,"_1687":1721,"_1689":1722,"_1691":1723,"_1693":1724},"de",{"_1685":1715,"_1687":1716,"_1689":1717,"_1691":1718,"_1693":1719},"fr",{"_1685":1710,"_1687":1711,"_1689":1712,"_1691":1713,"_1693":1714},"it",{"_1685":1705,"_1687":1706,"_1689":1707,"_1691":1708,"_1693":1709},"es",{"_1685":1700,"_1687":1701,"_1689":1702,"_1691":1703,"_1693":1704},"pt",{"_1685":1695,"_1687":1696,"_1689":1697,"_1691":1698,"_1693":1699},"rm",{"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690,"_1691":1692,"_1693":1694},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1793":1794,"_1795":1796,"_1797":1153,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1155,"_1801":1157,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1811,"_626":627,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1815,"_1816":1817,"_1818":1819,"_1820":1821},"nav",{"_1617":1739,"_1740":1741,"_1742":676,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629,"_1630":1631,"_1632":1633,"_1619":321,"_21":517,"_1621":407,"_1620":473,"_79":331,"_1624":440,"_19":361,"_87":351,"_1622":341,"_1623":371,"_1625":381,"_1747":1732,"_1748":1749,"_1595":1596,"_1750":1751,"_1597":1598,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1736,"_1787":1788,"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792},{"_1685":1720,"_1687":1721,"_1689":1722,"_1691":1723,"_1693":1724},{"_1731":1732,"_1733":1734,"_1735":1736,"_1737":1738},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1797":1823,"_1802":1824,"_1825":231,"_1826":208,"_1827":208,"_1828":231,"_1829":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]