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Bekanntlich lässt die Schweizerische Akademie der medizinischen Wissenschaften die passive Sterbehilfe heute zu. Im Schweizerischen Strafgesetzbuch hingegen ist die aktive Sterbehilfe immer noch strafbar, und dies selbst dann, wenn sie auf Verlangen der kranken Person geleistet wird.

Achtet man die Freiheit des Einzelnen in einem Klima der Toleranz, so sollte der Wunsch nach einem menschenwürdigen Sterben erfüllt werden können. Eine diesem Zweck dienende Lockerung der Bestimmungen von Artikel 115 StGB ist von der Vereinigung \"à propos\" gründlich geprüft und in einen konkreten Textvorschlag umgesetzt worden. Die Vereinigung hat dabei darauf geachtet, dass jede Missbrauchsmöglichkeit ausgeschlossen ist.

Ein vom Patienten bei klarem Bewusstsein getroffener und unzweideutig bekräftigter Entscheid soll respektiert und in die Tat umgesetzt werden; es soll verhindert werden, dass Dritte den Patienten um das Recht auf den eigenen Tod bringen und dass er ein Opfer ärztlicher Machtanmassung wird; gleichzeitig sind die mit solchen Grenzsituationen verbundenen Missbrauchsmöglichkeiten auszuschalten. Nach diesen Vorgaben könnte der Entwurf für einen neuen Artikel 115bis (neu) des Schweizerischen Strafgesetzbuches wie folgt lauten:

Straflose Unterbrechung des Lebens

Weder Tötung auf Verlangen im Sinne von Artikel 114 noch Beihilfe zum Selbstmord im Sinne von Artikel 115 liegt vor, wenn folgende Voraussetzungen kumulativ erfüllt sind:

1. Der Tod der betreffenden Person ist auf deren ernsthaftes und eindringliches Verlangen herbeigeführt worden.

2. Die verstorbene Person hat an einer unheilbaren, irreversibel verlaufenden Krankheit gelitten, für die ein tödlicher Ausgang prognostiziert worden ist und die mit unerträglichen körperlichen und seelischen Leiden verbunden ist.

3. Zwei diplomierte und sowohl voneinander wie gegenüber dem Patienten unabhängige Ärzte haben zuvor beide bescheinigt, dass die Voraussetzungen nach Ziffer 2 erfüllt seien.

4. Die zuständige ärztliche Behörde hat sich vergewissert, dass der Patient angemessen informiert worden ist, urteilsfähig ist und das Gesuch um Sterbehilfe wiederholt gestellt hat.

5. Die Sterbehilfe muss von einem eidgenössisch diplomierten Arzt geleistet werden, den der Gesuchsteller selber unter seinen Ärzten ausgewählt hat.

","affair_title",7983,"19943370_5","Eingereichter Text","

Trotz allen Mitteln, die für die Lebensverlängerung heute zur Verfügung stehen, gibt es weiterhin unheilbare Krankheiten, welche mit fortschreitender Entwicklung die Würde des Menschen in schwerer Weise beeinträchtigen. Angesichts dieser Tatsache haben in unserer Gesellschaft immer mehr Menschen den Wunsch, selber über ihr Ende mitbestimmen und in Würde sterben zu können.

Daher ersuche ich den Bundesrat, einen Entwurf für einen neuen Artikel 115bis des Schweizerischen Strafgesetzbuches vorzulegen.

",7982,"19943370_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

1. Dank der in der Medizin und in der Pharmakologie erzielten Fortschritte ist es heute möglich geworden, bei einem unheilbar erkrankten Menschen den Eintritt des Todes in einer noch vor wenigen Jahrzehnten unvorstellbaren Art und Weise hinauszuzögern. Auf Medikamente und Apparate gestützte lebenserhaltende Massnahmen können andererseits bei einem Kranken auch Ängste vor den menschenunwürdigen Qualen einer unabsehbaren Verlängerung des Leidens und des Sterbens hervorrufen. In derartigen Situationen kann sich für den Arzt die Frage stellen, ob ihn in jedem Fall die Rechtspflicht trifft, das erlöschende Leben so lange zu erhalten, als dies technisch möglich ist.

Die im Jahre 1990 neu gefassten Tatbestände zum Schutze von Leib und Leben richten sich nicht nur gegen das eigentliche Abbrechen, sondern auch gegen jedes Verkürzen des Lebens eines andern Menschen. Insbesondere wird im Tatbestand der Tötung auf Verlangen von Artikel 114 StGB den Schutzinteressen des unheilbar Kranken vor einer ihm allenfalls gegen seinen Willen aufgenötigten Verlängerung seines Lebens und damit auch seines Leidens nicht ausdrücklich Rechnung getragen. Soweit der Respekt vor dem Selbstbestimmungsrecht des dem Tode nahen Patienten dies verlangt und die Regeln der ärztlichen Heilkunst dies erfordern, ist die durch die Nichtaufnahme oder durch den Abbruch einer Behandlung geleistete Sterbehilfe keine strafbare Tötung. Ebenso sind Massnahmen zur Schmerzlinderung strafrechtlich zulässig, selbst wenn dabei der Eintritt des Todes als mögliche oder sogar unvermeidliche Folge in Kauf genommen werden muss. Mit dem geltenden Strafrecht unvereinbar ist dagegen jeder ärztliche Eingriff, dessen Hauptzweck in einer gezielten Lebensverkürzung besteht.

2. Durch die Motion wird der Bundesrat ersucht, den Tatbestand der Tötung auf Verlangen von Artikel 114 StGB sowie der Beihilfe zum Selbstmord von Artikel 115 StGB durch eine gesetzliche Vorschrift zu ergänzen. Diese soll unter einschränkenden Voraussetzungen dem Patienten die Möglichkeit eröffnen, das Ende seines Lebens dann durch seine eigene Entscheidung mitzubeeinflussen, wenn die Achtung vor der Freiheit und der Würde des Einzelnen es nahelegt, dass einer Verlängerung seines Lebens und damit seines Leidens ein Ende gesetzt wird. Die Motion enthält in diesem Sinne einen ausformulierten Vorschlag für die Ausgestaltung eines Artikels 11 5bis StGB.

3. Bei Anlass der Beantwortung von zwei durch Herrn Eggly und Herrn Petitpierre eingereichten Interpellationen hatte der Bundesrat in diesem Jahr bereits die Gelegenheit, zur Frage der strafrechtlichen Regelung der Sterbehilfe Stellung zu nehmen. In den Antworten auf diese beiden InterpeIlationen hat der Bundesrat darauf hingewiesen, dass er es derzeit nicht für angezeigt hält, durch eine neue Fassung oder durch eine Ergänzung der Tötungsdelikte die Voraussetzungen einer zulässigen Sterbehilfe im Strafgesetzbuch zu regeln. Für diese Stellungnahmen war dabei im wesentlichen die Überlegung massgebend, dass eine Sterbehilfe mit dem alleinigen Zweck, den Tod des Patienten herbeizuführen und ihn so von seinem Leiden zu erlösen, mit der Schutzpflicht des Staates für das menschliche Leben, wie sich diese aus der unserer Verfassung zugrunde liegenden Wertordnung ergibt, nicht zu vereinbaren wäre. Insbesondere müsste jede gesetzliche Einschränkung des Tatbestandes der Tötung auf Verlangen im Ergebnis einer strafrechtlichen Lockerung des Verbotes einer Fremdtötung mit aus heutiger Sicht kaum übersehbaren Fernwirkungen gleichkommen. Schliesslich stehe in der Extremsituation des menschlichen Sterbens das ärztliche Handeln unter komplexen Anforderungen, welche sich in ihren Einzelheiten ohne Rückgriff auf die ärztliche Berufspflicht und die ärztliche Standesethik durch den Gesetzgeber kaum abschliessend regeln liessen.

4. Anlässlich der mündlichen Beantwortung der Interpellation von Herrn Ständerat Petitpierre hat der Vorsteher des Eidgenössischen Justiz und Polizeidepartementes dargetan, dass der Bundesrat trotz den schwerwiegenden Bedenken gegen eine generell abstrakte Regelung der Sterbehilfe nicht verkenne, dass Ärzte und Ärztinnen angesichts von todkranken Patienten vor äusserst heiklen Berufs und Gewissensentscheiden stehen. Der Bundesrat habe unter diesem Gesichtspunkt ein gewisses Verständnis dafür, dass zu diesem schwierigen Thema eine öffentliche Diskussion in Gang gekommen sei. Die Grundlagen für eine vertiefte Diskussion sind heute aber ungenügend. Der Bundesrat beabsichtigt deshalb, eine aus Fachleuten aus den Gebieten Recht, Medizin und Ethik sowie aus interessierten öffentlichen und privaten Organisationen bestehende Arbeitsgruppe einzusetzen mit dem Auftrag, die sich hier stellenden komplexen Fragen eingehender zu klären.

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group/body name, function and membership type.","controls_search_hint_interests","Searches organisation name, function and parliamentary group.","controls_search_hint_votes","Searches the voting title and the affair title.","controls_search_hint_access_badges","Searches guests' name and organisation.","controls_search_hint_contributors","Searches the affair title.","controls_search_hint_speeches","Searches the speech text.","controls_sort_status","Sorted by {field}, {direction}","sort_affair_date","Affair date","sort_role","Role","sort_affair_type","Affair type","sort_affair_number","Affair number","sort_valid_from","Valid from","sort_valid_to","Valid until","sort_version","facet_latest","Latest","gender_f","Female","gender_m","Male","gender_d","Diverse","lang_de","German","lang_fr","French","lang_it","Italian","lang_rm","Romansh","lang_en","English","lang_es","Spanish","bodies_title","affairs_title","no_bodies","No institutions found.","facet_has_parliament","With parliament","sort_canton","Canton","sort_position","Order","sort_population","Population","controls_search_placeholder_bodies","Search institutions…","controls_search_hint_bodies","Searches name, canton and key.","body_population","Residents","body_seats","Seats","controls_no_results","No matches for your search.","controls_filter_search","controls_loading","Loading results…","body_section_profile","Profile","body_has_parliament","Has parliament","body_languages","Languages","body_seats_legislative","Seats (legislative)","body_executive","Executive","body_seats_executive","Seats (executive)","body_consultations","Consultations","body_elections_votings","Elections & votings","body_flag","Flag","body_key_label","Body key","body_source_lang","Source language","body_people_directory_title","All people of this institution","body_composition_title","Current composition","body_chambers_title","Chambers","body_votings_title","no_votings","No recorded votings.","controls_search_placeholder_votings","Search votings…","controls_search_hint_votings","body_affairs_title","no_affairs","No recorded affairs.","affair_untitled","Untitled affair","affair_long_title","Full title","affair_number","Number","affair_official_record","affair_external_id","External ID","affair_agenda_section","Agenda items","controls_search_placeholder_affairs","Search affairs…","controls_search_hint_affairs","Searches affair title and affair number.","sort_affair_title","facet_state","State","view_all_votings","View all votings","view_all_affairs","View all affairs","external_link","External link","docs_title","docs_loading","Searching documents…","section_docs","no_docs","No documents.","view_all_docs","View all documents","controls_search_placeholder_docs","Search documents…","controls_search_hint_docs","Searches name and category.","facet_category","Category","facet_format","Format","facet_lang","facet_case","Case sensitive","facet_word","Whole word","facet_match_on","facet_match_off","section_events","no_events","No recorded events.","view_all_events","View full timeline","controls_search_placeholder_events","Search events…","controls_search_hint_events","Searches title, actor and details.","facet_actor_type","Actor type","event_untitled","Event","texts_title","texts_loading","Searching texts…","section_texts","no_texts","No texts.","view_all_texts","View all texts","controls_search_placeholder_texts","Search texts…","controls_search_hint_texts","Searches type and body text.","sort_type","text_untitled","Text","facet_position_country","facet_position_canton","facet_position_city","City","facet_position_commune","Commune","facet_position_other","Other","votings_title","voting_result_section","voting_decision","Decision","voting_meaning_yes","A yes means","voting_meaning_no","A no means","voting_affair","voting_chart_title","How they voted","voting_chart_alt","Seat map of {count} members, coloured by {mode}. {summary}","voting_table_alt","Table of how {count} members voted, one row per member, with their party and parliamentary group.","chart_export","chart_export_title","Export chart","chart_export_failed","Export failed.","chart_exporting","Exporting…","chart_download","Download","chart_close","chart_fullscreen","Fullscreen","chart_title","chart_title_ph","Optional title","chart_subtitle","Subtitle","chart_subtitle_ph","Optional subtitle","chart_colors","Colours & labels","chart_color_for","Colour for","chart_label_for","Label for","chart_reset","chart_order","chart_output","Output","chart_format","chart_theme","Theme","chart_theme_light","Light","chart_theme_dark","Dark","chart_size","Size","chart_options","Options","chart_show_legend","Show legend","chart_transparent","Transparent background","chart_interactive","Interactive","chart_credits","Credit","voting_chart_no_votes","No votes recorded.","voting_chart_seats","seats","voting_chart_no_seatmap","No seat data available.","voting_chart_col_person","Person","voting_chart_col_party","voting_chart_col_group","voting_chart_col_vote","voting_chart_by_party","Vote by party","voting_chart_by_party_seats","Seats by party","voting_chart_colour_by","Colour seats by","voting_chart_majority","Majority","voting_chart_edit","Edit & export","voting_chart_seat_note","Seat positions are illustrative, not the real chamber layout. Open the editor to rearrange the colours, labels and order, and export.","speeches_title","speeches_loading","Searching speeches…","speech_person","Speaker","speech_body","Institution","speech_affair","speech_meeting","groups_title","no_groups","No groups found.","group_untitled","Untitled group","section_meetings","no_meetings","No recorded meetings.","view_all_meetings","View all meetings","meetings_title","meeting_untitled","meeting_upcoming","Upcoming","facet_time","When","facet_upcoming","facet_past","Past","group_abbreviation","Abbreviation","group_description","Description","group_official_record","Official page","group_contact","member_unknown","section_votings","interests_title","interest_details","Details","interest_person","Declared by","interest_body","Granting body","interest_role","interest_type","interest_group","interest_place","Place","interest_period","Period","meeting_details","meeting_type","meeting_state","meeting_number","meeting_location","Location","meeting_period","meeting_group","meeting_body","group_type","description","controls_search_placeholder_meetings","Search meetings …","controls_search_hint_meetings","Name, location or description","section_agendas","no_agendas","No agenda items.","view_all_agendas","View all agenda items","agenda_untitled","speech_speaker_unknown","video","doc_untitled","Document","doc_body","doc_affair","doc_meeting","doc_agenda","section_contributors","Contributors","no_contributors","No contributors.","view_all_contributors","View all contributors","sort_number","topics_title","Most-used words","topics_intro","The words this person uses most across their speeches, with common filler words removed. Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1613":1614,"_1630":796,"_1631":1632,"_1633":1634,"_1635":983,"_1314":556,"_1288":356,"_78":560,"_1636":563,"_1619":366,"_1637":1638,"_1639":767,"_1421":316,"_74":326,"_1616":468,"_19":336,"_76":566,"_81":346,"_1640":1093,"_1641":1227,"_1642":1263,"_1643":1227,"_1644":1645,"_1646":1227,"_1647":1648,"_1649":556,"_1650":735,"_1651":1227,"_1652":1634,"_1653":560,"_1620":435,"_1654":1655,"_1226":1227,"_1656":673,"_1239":1227,"_72":571,"_1657":1449,"_1658":1306,"_1659":1344,"_1660":1638,"_1661":1433,"_1621":376,"_1662":1425,"_1663":1227},"section_switcher",{"_1611":1612,"_1613":1614,"_1615":316,"_70":512,"_74":326,"_1616":468,"_1617":402,"_1288":356,"_81":346,"_1618":336,"_1619":366,"_1620":435,"_1621":376,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1721":1722,"_1723":1724,"_1665":1725,"_267":1726},"intro",{"_1667":1668,"_1669":1670,"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674,"_1675":1676,"_1677":1678,"_1679":1680},"en",{"_1681":1716,"_1683":1717,"_1685":1718,"_1687":1719,"_1689":1720},"de",{"_1681":1711,"_1683":1712,"_1685":1713,"_1687":1714,"_1689":1715},"fr",{"_1681":1706,"_1683":1707,"_1685":1708,"_1687":1709,"_1689":1710},"it",{"_1681":1701,"_1683":1702,"_1685":1703,"_1687":1704,"_1689":1705},"es",{"_1681":1696,"_1683":1697,"_1685":1698,"_1687":1699,"_1689":1700},"pt",{"_1681":1691,"_1683":1692,"_1685":1693,"_1687":1694,"_1689":1695},"rm",{"_1681":1682,"_1683":1684,"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. Configúrelo en Ajustes › Idioma del contenido (arriba a la derecha).","Esta página también está disponible en español.","Ver en español","No volver a mostrar","Utilizziamo solo cookie essenziali e funzionali. Nessuna analisi, nessun tracciamento.","La Svizzera ha quattro lingue nazionali e questi dati esistono in diverse di esse. Alcune voci sono in più lingue, altre in una sola. Puoi scegliere in quale lingua mostrare i contenuti; se la tua scelta non è disponibile per una voce, vengono usate le altre lingue secondo un ordine di priorità prestabilito. Questo è indipendente dalla lingua dell'interfaccia. Impostabile in Impostazioni › Lingua del contenuto (in alto a destra).","Questa pagina è disponibile anche in italiano.","Vedi in italiano","Non mostrare più","Nous utilisons uniquement des cookies essentiels et fonctionnels. Aucune analyse, aucun suivi.","La Suisse a quatre langues nationales, et ces données existent dans plusieurs d'entre elles. Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1789":1790,"_1791":1792,"_1793":1148,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1150,"_1797":1152,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807,"_621":622,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1811,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1815,"_1816":1817},"nav",{"_1613":1735,"_1736":1737,"_1738":671,"_1739":1740,"_1741":1742,"_1622":1623,"_1624":1625,"_1626":1627,"_1628":1629,"_1615":316,"_70":512,"_1617":402,"_1616":468,"_74":326,"_1620":435,"_1288":356,"_81":346,"_1618":336,"_1619":366,"_1621":376,"_1743":1728,"_1744":1745,"_1591":1592,"_1746":1747,"_1593":1594,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1732,"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1788},{"_1681":1716,"_1683":1717,"_1685":1718,"_1687":1719,"_1689":1720},{"_1727":1728,"_1729":1730,"_1731":1732,"_1733":1734},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1793":1819,"_1798":1820,"_1821":226,"_1822":203,"_1823":203,"_1824":226,"_1825":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]