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1. Das Zollausschlussgebiet Samnaun ist historisch begründet: keine ganzjährig befahrbare Zufahrtsstrasse über Schweizer Gebiet, Wirtschaftsbeziehungen fast nur mit Österreich. Die historischen Gründe für diese Massnahme sind heute nicht mehr gegeben. Deshalb ist sie als Anachronismus aufzuheben.

2. Die zollfreien Güter in Samnaun erreichen ein sehr grosses Volumen. So wurden im Jahre 1992 rund 15 Millionen Liter Treibstoffe, 400 000 Liter Spirituosen und 25,2 Millionen Stück Zigaretten verkauft (Angaben der Bündner Regierung vom 27. Mai 1993). Diese Waren müssen per Lastwagen auf der langen, kurvenreichen und engen Strasse ins 1800 Meter hoch gelegene Samnaun geführt werden, damit sie von den Benzin-, Schnaps- und Tabaktouristen per Auto abgeholt werden können und auf der gleichen Strasse wieder zurückgeführt werden. Dies ist weder ökologisch noch wirtschaftlich sinnvoll.

3. Nach der Erhöhung des Treibstoffzolles im Frühjahr 1993 um 20 Rappen ist die Diskrepanz zwischen dem Benzinpreis in Samnaun und in der übrigen Schweiz noch grösser geworden. Damit nimmt der Benzintourismus weiter zu.

4. Im Sanierungsprogramm 1993 für den Bundeshaushalt schlägt das Eidgenössische Finanzdepartement die Aufhebung der Zollrückerstattung für die Land- und Forstwirtschaft sowie für SBB, PTT und Bundesstellen vor. Es gibt keinen Grund, dieses Privileg einer einzigen Gemeinde in der Schweiz zuzugestehen.

5. Das einzige stichhaltige Argument, welches gegen die Aufhebung des Zollausschlussgebietes Samnaun spricht, ist das Weiterbestehen eines zweiten Zollausschlussgebietes in der Region: Livigno (Italien). Würde allein das Zollausschlussgebiet von Samnaun aufgehoben, gäbe es nur eine Umlagerung des Zollfreitourismus von Samnaun nach Livigno. Die Zufahrtswege nach Livigno führen zu einem Teil ebenfalls durch die Schweiz (Puschlav, Engadin). Das Problem lässt sich also durch eine einseitige Aufhebung eines Zollausschlussgebietes nicht lösen. Deshalb sind zunächst Verhandlungen mit Italien aufzunehmen, damit ein koordiniertes Vorgehen möglich ist.

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Der Bundesrat wird eingeladen,

- mit den zuständigen italienischen Behörden Verhandlungen aufzunehmen mit dem Ziel, gleichzeitig die Zollausschlussgebiete Livigno (Italien) und Samnaun (Schweiz) aufzuheben;

- den eidgenössischen Räten nach erfolgreichem Abschluss dieser Verhandlungen eine Vorlage zur Revision des Zollgesetzes (Streichung von Art. 2 Abs. 2) zu unterbreiten, damit das Zollausschlussgebiet Samnaun aufgehoben werden kann.

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Die politische Landesgrenze der Schweiz und die schweizerische Zollgrenze verlaufen grundsätzlich identisch. Mit Rücksicht auf ihre Lage können schweizerische Grenzgebiete oder Grenzliegenschaften vom schweizerischen Zollgebiet ausgeschlossen werden. In einem Zollausschlussgebiet liegen die Talschaften Samnaun und Sampuoir. Samnaun besteht aus den Gemeindefraktionen Compatsch, Laret, Plan, Ravaisch und Samnaun. Das angrenzende Val Sampuoir, in dem vor allem Landwirtschaft betrieben wird, gehört zur Unterengadiner Gemeinde Tschlin. Die geographische und wirtschaftliche Situation dieses Landesteils und die schlechten Wegverbindungen zum Unterengadin bewogen den Bundesrat am 29. April 1892 bzw. am 15. Juni 1892, die Talschaft Samnaun bzw. das angrenzende Val Sampuoir aus der schweizerischen Zollinie auszuschliessen.

In den nachfolgenden Jahren haben die Bundesbehörden mit weiteren Massnahmen den Weg geebnet, um die besonderen Standortnachteile dieses Landesteils abzubauen: Anschluss an das inländische Strassennetz (1912), Gewährung von Zollbefreiungen oder Zollvergünstigungen, kriegswirtschaftliche Massnahmen usw. Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, namentlich des Samnauntals, gedieh dadurch erfreulich. Die geschaffene Situation zeigte bald aber auch gewichtige Nachteile, so dass die Bundesbehörden in den Nachkriegsjahren die Aufhebung des Zollstatuts ernstlich in Betracht zogen.

Die Entwicklung im Zollausschlussgebiet Samnaun wurde auch in der Öffentlichkeit immer wieder erörtert. 1975 erwähnte Nationalrat Grolimund (Postulat vom 17. Juni 1975; AB 1975 N 1472) die ständige Zunahme des Automobilverkehrs nach dem Samnauntal und bat den Bundesrat um einen Bericht \"über die Zollausfälle und über die Möglichkeit einer Aufhebung des Ausnahmestatuts\". Der Bundesrat plädierte indes für das weitere Beibehalten des Zollfreistatuts, bis die touristische Entwicklung die wirtschaftliche Unabhängigkeit der Talschaft ohne diese Begünstigung gewährleiste (BBl 1976 I 1241ff.). In seiner Antwort auf die Interpellation Diener (12. Juni 1989) liess der Bundesrat die Frage offen, ob die Geltung des vorgesehenen Mineralölsteuergesetzes auf das Zollausschlussgebiet ausgedehnt werden sollte. 1993 verwies die Regierung des Kantons Graubünden bei der Behandlung der Interpellation Weber im Grossen Rat auf die vom Motionär erwähnten Jahresumsätze und die laut Gemeinderechnung von Samnaun 1991 erzielte Sondergewerbesteuer von rund 2,6 Millionen Franken. Die Regierung hielt fest, dass die Gemeinde Samnaun als Folge des Zollausschlusses heute der Finanzkraftgruppe 1 angehöre und aus dem kantonalen Finanzausgleich habe entlassen werden können. Sie sehe sich daher nicht veranlasst, beim Bund die Aufhebung des Zollausschlussstatuts zu verlangen, zumal die wirtschaftlichen Folgen für die Gemeinde schwerwiegend wären, der Kanton zusätzlich belastet und die Umweltproblematik wegen des nahe gelegenen Livigno kaum gelöst würde.

Der Motionär verlangt, dass der Bundesrat mit den zuständigen italienischen Behörden Verhandlungen aufnimmt mit dem Ziel, die Zollausschlussgebiete Samnaun und Livigno (Italien) gleichzeitig aufzuheben. Das südlich des Nationalparks gelegene Livignotal ist von Italien 1910 zum Zollausschlussgebiet erklärt worden. Es ist von Italien her über den Passo die Foscagno (im Winter geschlossen) und von der Schweiz aus über die Zollämter La Drossa und La Motta (im Winter ebenfalls geschlossen) erreichbar. Die Bevölkerung des Livignotals lebt vorwiegend vom Winter- und Einkaufstourismus (Benzin, Alkohol, Tabak- und Parfümeriewaren). Die Gemeindeeinnahmen aus der Sondergewerbesteuer betragen jährlich rund 4 Millionen Franken. Der Sonderstatus von Livigno ist seinerzeit von der EWG ausdrücklich anerkannt worden. 1991 befasste sich die Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften erneut mit Zollausschlussgebieten. Bezüglich Livigno hielt sie fest: \".... und die Verbindungen zwischen Livigno und der Schweiz sind bedeutsam und problemlos. Aus historischen und geographischen Gründen hat die Gemeinschaft der besonderen Lage dieser Gebiete Rechnung getragen, indem sie sie aus dem Zollgebiet der Gemeinschaft sowie in bezug auf die 6. Richtlinie des Rates zur Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Mehrwertsteuersystems aus dem italienischen Hoheitsgebiet ausgeschlossen hat. Die Kommission sieht gegenwärtig keinerlei Anlass zu einer Änderung des Status dieser Gebiete als Exklaven.\" (Amtsblatt der Europäischen Gemeinschaften, C 195, 25.7.1991, S. 26 f.) In der Berichterstattung des Rechnungshofes vom 27. Dezember 1993 wird an dieser Meinung festgehalten (ABl. C. 347/1, Ziff. 3.22).

Bilaterale Verhandlungen zwischen der Schweiz und Italien dürften somit in nützlicher Frist nicht zu dem vom Motionär gewünschten Ziel führen. Der Bundesrat ist zwar durchaus bereit zu prüfen, ob und inwieweit die Aufhebung des Zollausschlusses für die Talschaften verträglich ausfallen könnte und ob Verhandlungen mit Italien oder der EU zu führen sind. Er verkennt auch nicht, dass die Bevölkerung im Zollausschlussgebiet einesteils das Privileg geniesst, dass sie für aus dem Ausland bezogene Waren weder Zölle noch andere Abgaben zu entrichten hat, und andernteils für einen beträchtlichen Teil ihrer ins schweizerische Zollinland eingeführten Erzeugnisse Zollvergünstigungen geniesst und dass damit Verkehrsbewegungen in einem Ausmass verbunden sind, die den Bemühungen im Bereiche Umweltschutz zuwiderlaufen. Der Bundesrat ist sich auch bewusst, dass er ähnliche Begehren um Zollausnahmeregelungen von anderen Landesteilen bisher immer abgelehnt hat.

Die Frage der Aufhebung des Zollausschlussstatuts stellt sich nicht zuletzt auch im Hinblick auf den Erlass neuer Sonderverbrauchssteuern (z. B. Mineralölsteuer, Automobilsteuer, CO2-Abgabe), deren Erhebung im Zollausschlussgebiet erwogen wird. Artikel 2 des Zollgesetzes gibt dem Bundesrat die Kompetenz, Zollausschlussgebiete vorzusehen oder aufzuheben. Würde der Bundesrat seine Beschlüsse über das Zollausschlussgebiet Samnaun/Sampuoir aufheben und diesen Landesteil wieder ins schweizerische Zollgebiet einschliessen, wäre für die künftige Gesetzgebung Klarheit geschaffen. Ein solcher Schritt stellte für die Talschaften aber zweifellos die radikalste Massnahme dar, wogegen das erlassweise Einführen von Sonderverbrauchssteuern, welches ohne Aufheben des Zollausschlusses erfolgen könnte, lediglich einem schrittweisen Abbau des Zollfreistatuts gleichkäme.

In den bisherigen Kontakten mit der Bündner Regierung und kommunalen Behörden und Stellen der Talschaften haben die Bundesbehörden stets darauf hingewiesen, die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung des Zollausschlussgebietes müsse auf eine Zeit ohne Sonderstatus ausgerichtet werden. Mit diversen Massnahmen (Revision der Ortsplanung, Schaffung günstiger Rahmenbedingungen für die Landwirtschaft, Förderung des Winter- und Sommertourismus, Erstellen benötigter Infrastrukturanlagen usw.) sind Behörden und Bevölkerung vom Samnaun diesen Forderungen auch nachgekommen und haben sich auf den Abbau des Sonderstatus vorbereitet. Im November 1988 beschloss die Gemeindeversammlung Samnaun zudem, ein Gutachten über die Auswirkungen des Zollfreistatuts für Samnaun, insbesondere die Auswirkungen eines EG-Binnenmarktes auf den Zollausschluss, in Auftrag zu geben. Die Forschungsstelle für empirische Wirtschaftsforschung (FEW), St. Gallen, kam 1990 zum Ergebnis, dass ein EG-Binnenmarkt die Zollfreizone Samnaun nicht grundlegend beeinflussen würde, dass sich die positiven und negativen EG-Effekte ausgleichen dürften. Als Strategie wurden die Fortführung der bisherigen Qualitätspolitik der Gemeinde, die vermehrte Förderung des Sommertourismus und die breitere Diversifikation im Warenangebot vorgeschlagen. Nicht explizit untersucht wurde, welche Folgen ein Aufheben des Zollfreistatuts oder das Erheben von Sonderverbrauchssteuern ohne Einführung des EG-Binnenmarktes hätte.

Im Entwurf für ein Mineralölsteuergesetz wurde die Einführung der Mineralölsteuer im Zollausschlussgebiet bereits behandelt. Der Gesetzentwurf wurde in zwei Varianten erarbeitet und in die Vernehmlassung geschickt. Im Erläuterungsbericht wurde darauf hingewiesen, dass, nachdem die Gründe für die Privilegierung von Samnaun/Sampuoir weggefallen sind, der Sonderstatus mit dem Grundsatz der Rechtsgleichheit (Art. 4 BV) nicht mehr in Einklang zu bringen ist. Die bis zum Ablauf der Vernehmlassungsfrist eingegangenen Antworten zeigen eine breite Zustimmung für die Abschaffung des Sonderstatus. Es ist vorgesehen, die Frage der Aufhebung des Zollausschlusses bzw. der Einführung von Sonderverbrauchssteuern in Samnaun anlässlich der parlamentarischen Beratung des Mineralölsteuergesetzes zur Behandlung zu bringen. In diesem Sinne ist der Bundesrat bereit, die Motion als Postulat entgegenzunehmen.

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Tile size shows how often a word is used.","topics_all_time","All time","topics_last_4y","Last 4 years","topics_last_8y","Last 8 years","topics_from","topics_to","topics_speeches","speeches","topics_words","words (filtered)","topics_distinct","distinct words","topics_uses","uses","topics_alt","Treemap of the {count} most-used words, sized by how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_alt","Table of the {count} most-used words and how often each is used. {ctx}","topics_table_toggle","Show as table","topics_table_word","Word","topics_empty","No speeches with usable text in this period. Try widening the range.","loyalty_title","Party loyalty","loyalty_subtitle","Share of a member's votes cast against their group's majority line (higher = more independent). Abstentions count as a position.","loyalty_axis","Dissent rate: share of votes against own group","loyalty_dissent","dissent","loyalty_ballots","votes","loyalty_empty","No votes in this period meet the thresholds for a loyalty score. Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1607":1608,"_1624":790,"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1629":977,"_1308":550,"_1282":350,"_78":554,"_1630":557,"_1613":360,"_1631":1632,"_1633":761,"_1415":310,"_74":320,"_1610":462,"_19":330,"_76":560,"_81":340,"_1634":1087,"_1635":1221,"_1636":1257,"_1637":1221,"_1638":1639,"_1640":1221,"_1641":1642,"_1643":550,"_1644":729,"_1645":1221,"_1646":1628,"_1647":554,"_1614":429,"_1648":1649,"_1220":1221,"_1650":667,"_1233":1221,"_72":565,"_1651":1443,"_1652":1300,"_1653":1338,"_1654":1632,"_1655":1427,"_1615":370,"_1656":1419,"_1657":1221},"section_switcher",{"_1605":1606,"_1607":1608,"_1609":310,"_70":506,"_74":320,"_1610":462,"_1611":396,"_1282":350,"_81":340,"_1612":330,"_1613":360,"_1614":429,"_1615":370,"_1616":1617,"_1618":1619,"_1620":1621,"_1622":1623},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1715":1716,"_1717":1718,"_1659":1719,"_261":1720},"intro",{"_1661":1662,"_1663":1664,"_1665":1666,"_1667":1668,"_1669":1670,"_1671":1672,"_1673":1674},"en",{"_1675":1710,"_1677":1711,"_1679":1712,"_1681":1713,"_1683":1714},"de",{"_1675":1705,"_1677":1706,"_1679":1707,"_1681":1708,"_1683":1709},"fr",{"_1675":1700,"_1677":1701,"_1679":1702,"_1681":1703,"_1683":1704},"it",{"_1675":1695,"_1677":1696,"_1679":1697,"_1681":1698,"_1683":1699},"es",{"_1675":1690,"_1677":1691,"_1679":1692,"_1681":1693,"_1683":1694},"pt",{"_1675":1685,"_1677":1686,"_1679":1687,"_1681":1688,"_1683":1689},"rm",{"_1675":1676,"_1677":1678,"_1679":1680,"_1681":1682,"_1683":1684},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. 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Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1783":1784,"_1785":1786,"_1787":1142,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1144,"_1791":1146,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1797,"_1798":1799,"_1800":1801,"_615":616,"_1802":1803,"_1804":1805,"_1806":1807,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1811},"nav",{"_1607":1729,"_1730":1731,"_1732":665,"_1733":1734,"_1735":1736,"_1616":1617,"_1618":1619,"_1620":1621,"_1622":1623,"_1609":310,"_70":506,"_1611":396,"_1610":462,"_74":320,"_1614":429,"_1282":350,"_81":340,"_1612":330,"_1613":360,"_1615":370,"_1737":1722,"_1738":1739,"_1585":1586,"_1740":1741,"_1587":1588,"_1742":1743,"_1744":1745,"_1746":1747,"_1748":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":1753,"_1754":1755,"_1756":1757,"_1758":1759,"_1760":1761,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1726,"_1777":1778,"_1779":1780,"_1781":1782},{"_1675":1710,"_1677":1711,"_1679":1712,"_1681":1713,"_1683":1714},{"_1721":1722,"_1723":1724,"_1725":1726,"_1727":1728},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1787":1813,"_1792":1814,"_1815":220,"_1816":200,"_1817":200,"_1818":220,"_1819":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]