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Seit Jahren ist eine atomwaffenfreie Welt erklärtes Ziel der schweizerischen Aussenpolitik. Die Verhinderung der Weiterverbreitung aller Massenvernichtungswaffen geniesst für den Bundesrat sehr hohe Priorität. Sie ist nur machbar, wenn alle Staaten ihr Möglichstes dafür einsetzen, diese bedrohlichste aller Waffen abzuschaffen.

1. Nachdem der geltende Artikel VI NVV, der die atomare Abrüstung fordert und verspricht, in den letzten Jahren, weil zu allgemein formuliert, keine Wirkung mehr zeigte, muss er mit einem Zusatzartikel verstärkt werden.

Atomare Abrüstung, vor zehn Jahren in viel versprechender Weise in Bewegung gekommen, ist in letzter Zeit nicht nur ins Stocken gekommen, sondern ist dabei, wieder in eine fatale Aufrüstungsspirale zu geraten (Indien und Pakistan etablieren sich als Atommächte; Weigerung des russischen Parlamentes, Start II zu ratifizieren; Weigerung des amerikanischen Senates, den Atomteststopp-Vertrag zu ratifizieren; Infragestellung des ABM-Abkommens von 1972 durch die Amerikaner).

Der unübersichtlichen Verzettelung plutoniumhaltigen Kriegsmaterials muss mit einem entsprechenden Vertrag Einhalt geboten werden. Dieser hat aber nur dann die Chance der Verwirklichung, wenn die grossen Atommächte gleichzeitig durch Taten beweisen, dass sie umfassende atomare Abrüstung wollen.

Die Gefahr, dass regionale Konflikte unkontrollierbar zu atomaren Katastrophen eskalieren, wächst in beängstigendem Masse. Während des Kosovo-Krieges sagte Viktor Tschernomyrdin am 27. Mai 1999: \"Die Welt ist in dieser Dekade noch nie so nahe am Rande eines Atomkrieges gestanden.\"

Eine internationale Expertengruppe der Uno wie auch die Canberra-Kommission und viele bekannte Militärs, wie der amerikanische Oberbefehlshaber der strategischen atomaren Streitkräfte in den Jahren 1993 bis 1995, General Lee Butler, kamen zum Schluss, dass die Atomwaffen heute die grösste Gefahr für die internationale Sicherheit darstellten und dass die Vorstellung, den Frieden und die Stabilität in der Welt durch die Fortdauer der Abschreckung bewahren zu können, der gefährlichste kollektive Irrtum sei.

Der eminent wichtige NVV mit über 160 Mitgliedern steht vor der nächsten Revisionskonferenz in New York im Frühling 2000, droht aber zur Farce zu werden. Dies kann nur verhindert werden, wenn die Atommächte unmissverständlich mit Fakten zeigen, dass sie zur echten Abrüstung bereit sind. Ein Beweis dafür wäre ihre Zustimmung zum vorgeschlagenen Zusatzartikel zu Artikel VI NVV, die auch gemäss Artikel VIII Ziffer 2 für dessen definitive Aufnahme notwendig ist.

Durch ihre einzigartig ungebundene Stellung ist die Schweiz prädestiniert für einen entschiedenen Schritt, um die Abrüstungsverhandlungen wieder in Gang und die NPT-Konferenz 2000 zum notwendigen Erfolg zu bringen.

2. Ganz Lateinamerika, ganz Afrika, Australien, Neuseeland und der Südpazifik sind atomwaffenfreie Zonen, somit ist die südliche Hemisphäre atomwaffenfrei. Auch Südostasien ist deklarierte atomwaffenfreie Zone, die Mongolei ist als Einzelstaat atomwaffenfreie Zone, und für Zentralasien wird im Sommer 2000 der Vertrag zur Unterschrift bereit sein.

Es ist höchste Zeit, dass sich auch in Europa ein Fortschritt anbahnt. Die Situation erscheint jetzt günstig: Es ist die Rede davon, dass die USA ihre Atomwaffen aus Europa entfernen wollen. Auch in Nato-Kreisen, d. h. unter Politikern derjenigen Mitgliedstaaten, die keine eigenen Atomwaffen haben, wird der Sinn dieser Waffen in Frage gestellt.

Seit Sommer 1999 ist Österreich verfassungsrechtlich ein atomfreier Staat, gemäss Paragraph 1 des Bundesverfassungsgesetzes für ein atomfreies Österreich: \"In Österreich dürfen Atomwaffen nicht hergestellt, gelagert, transportiert, getestet oder verwendet werden. Einrichtungen für die Stationierung von Atomwaffen dürfen nicht geschaffen werden.\" Damit erfüllt unser Nachbar die notwendigen Bedingungen für eine atomwaffenfreie Zone.

Die Schweiz ist de facto atomwaffenfrei, de iure jedoch noch nicht atomwaffenfreie Zone. Da sie jedoch alle Bedingungen dafür erfüllt, steht ihr nichts im Wege, zusammen mit Österreich eine solche Zone gemäss den Uno-Grundsätzen 3472B (XXX) zu bilden, die von der Abrüstungskonferenz im April 1999 ausdrücklich bestätigt wurden. Wichtigstes Merkmal des Status als Zone ist das Verbot von Lagerung und Transport in und durch das eigene Territorium. Weitere mögliche Partner sind die Slowakei, Slowenien und Rumänien, Staaten, mit denen die Schweiz jetzt schon im Rahmen der Cencoop (Central European Nations Cooperation in Peace Support) sicherheitspolitisch zusammenarbeitet.

Als Vorreiterin für den Kern einer atomwaffenfreien Zone in Europa kann die Schweiz einen mutigen Weg einschlagen und unabhängig, zielgerichtet und Brücken bauend ihren sicherheits- wie friedenspolitischen Traditionen gerecht werden. Die Schaffung der atomwaffenfreien Zone Lateinamerikas begann anfänglich auch mit solidarischer Zusammenarbeit einiger weniger Staaten für den Kern eines in der Folge sukzessiv wachsenden Bündnisses, das zu einem riesigen atomwaffenfreien Gebiet von Feuerland bis zum Rio Grande in Mexiko führte.

Ist einmal eine atomwaffenfreie Zone entstanden oder im Entstehen begriffen, werden Verhandlungen aufgenommen, damit die Atommächte durch Zusatzprotokolle mit Sicherheitsgarantien an diesen Vertrag gebunden werden können. So geschah es mit den meisten schon bestehenden atomwaffenfreien Zonen, allerdings seitens der Atommächte oft widerwillig und mit grosser zeitlicher Verzögerung. Mit dem unbeirrbaren Willen der an einer atomwaffenfreie Zone teilnehmenden Staaten für Atomwaffenfreiheit konfrontiert, müssen die Atommächte früher oder später mitmachen. Wollten sich diese jedoch mit Langstreckenraketen gegenseitig zerstören, könnten auch die atomwaffenfreien Zonen das atomare Inferno nicht verhindern. Die atomwaffenfreien Zonen reduzieren aber die atomare Dimension kriegerischer Konflikte: Je weiter geografisch getrennt mögliche atombewaffnete Gegner, je geringer ist die Gefahr, dass militärische Scharmützel zu einer globalen Katastrophe eskalieren können.

Meinungsumfragen über die Wünschbarkeit von atomwaffenfreien Zonen ergeben regelmässig eindeutige Zustimmung der Bevölkerung (Ausnahme: Indien und Pakistan). Jeder Staat, auf dessen Gebiet Atomwaffen stationiert sind oder wo solche vertragsrechtlich installiert werden können, wird dadurch auch automatisch Ziel eines möglichen atomaren Angriffes. Von dieser Gefahr sind die Mitglieder atomwaffenfreier Zonen weitgehend befreit. Selbstständige Entspannungsschritte auch kleiner Nationen bewirken, dass die atomaren Risiken auf das eigentliche Staatsgebiet der Atommächte zurückgedrängt werden.

Ein wachsendes weltweites Netz von atomwaffenfreien Zonen wird die Atommächte immer mehr einschnüren und deren Bevölkerung zur Wahrnehmung führen, dass atomare Bewaffnung von der Weltbevölkerung höchst unerwünscht und für ihr eigenes Land eine potenziell katastrophale Basis ihrer Sicherheitspolitik geworden ist.

In der EU ist eine von der entsprechenden Kommission einstimmig befürwortete Resolution für eine atomwaffenfreie Zone in Europa hängig. Im Rahmen der OSZE stehen der Schweiz Wege zu einer aktiven Aussen- und Abrüstungspolitik offen. Die parlamentarische Session der OSZE hat die Schaffung von atomwaffenfreien Zonen eindeutig gefordert.

Unter \"Principles and Objectives for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament\" hat die NVV-Konferenz in New York am 11. Mai 1995 entschieden, dass die Schaffung von atomwaffenfreien Zonen regional und global Frieden und Sicherheit fördert, besonders in Krisengebieten. Sie sollten mit Priorität unterstützt werden. Die Schaffung von zusätzlichen atomwaffenfreien Zonen bis zur Überprüfungskonferenz im Jahre 2000 ist willkommen.

Der Einsatz für eine atomwaffenfreie Zone in Europa, als Ausdruck einer multidimensionalen Aussenpolitik kleiner und mittelgrosser Staaten, als Indiz kooperativer Aussenpolitik kann diesen Kontinent vom atomaren Damoklesschwert befreien und könnte zugleich den Anfang vom Ende des Atomwaffenzeitalters bedeuten.

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Der Bundesrat wird beauftragt, die nötigen Schritte in die Wege zu leiten:

1. damit die Schweiz als Mitglied des Vertrages über die Nichtverbreitung von Kernwaffen (NVV) gemäss Artikel VIII dieses Vertrages einen Zusatzartikel vorschlägt, der den Artikel VI klarer definiert, indem er völkerrechtlich verbindliche Vereinbarungen postuliert, die möglichst bald zu vollständiger nuklearer Abrüstung führen sollen, unter effektiver internationaler Kontrolle;

2. damit die Schweiz als ein de facto atomwaffenfreier Staat das Verfahren einleitet, um mit dem de facto und de iure atomwaffenfreien Österreich eine atomwaffenfreie Zone gemäss den Richtlinien der Uno zu bilden.

",24150,"19993648_14","Antwort BR / Büro","

1. Der Bundesrat unterstützt alle Bemühungen, die zu internationalen Vereinbarungen über möglichst rasche und vollständige nukleare Abrüstung unter effektiver internationaler Kontrolle führen. Die Schweizer Delegationen haben dies in Interventionen, namentlich im Rahmen der Überprüfungskonferenzen des Vertrages über die Nichtverbreitung von Kernwaffen, im Ersten Ausschuss der Generalversammlung der Vereinten Nationen und in der Genfer Abrüstungskonferenz, immer wieder klargemacht.

1998 gelang es der Schweiz während ihrer Präsidentschaft der Genfer Abrüstungskonferenz, die Grundlagen für einen Kompromiss über ein Arbeitsprogramm für jenes Jahr zu schaffen, in dem sie der Tatsache zur Anerkennung verhalf, dass die Frage der weiteren nuklearen Abrüstung den Schlüssel für eine Deblockierung dieser Konferenz darstellte. Die Schweiz unterstützte im Übrigen auch die Initiative der so genannten \"New Agenda Coalition\" (Erklärung von acht Aussenministern vom 9. Juni 1998), in der angesichts der unbefriedigenden Fortschritte bei der nuklearen Abrüstung konkrete Schritte vorgeschlagen wurden. 1999 unterzeichnete die Schweizer Delegation im Rahmen der Vorbereitungen für die Überprüfungskonferenz 2000 des Vertrages über die Nichtverbreitung der Kernwaffen eine gemeinsame Erklärung von 44 Staaten, in der die Ideen der \"New Agenda Coalition\" aufgenommen wurden.

Der Bundesrat erachtet indessen das in der Motion vorgeschlagene Vorgehen zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt als unrealistisch. Änderungen des Vertrages über die Nichtverbreitung von Kernwaffen bedürfen nach Artikel VIII Absatz 2 der Genehmigung aller Kernwaffenstaaten, die Vertragspartei sind. Es ist von vornherein klar, dass die heutigen fünf Kernwaffenstaaten im Sinne von Artikel IX Absatz 3 des Vertrages einem Zusatzartikel im Sinne der Motion nicht zustimmen würden.

2. Der Bundesrat unterstützt die Schaffung neuer kernwaffenfreier Zonen, z. B. in Zentralasien. Ohne rechtlich verbindliche Sicherheitsgarantien der Kernwaffenstaaten für die Nichtkernwaffenstaaten haben solche Zonen allerdings wenig Bedeutung, und das Stationierungsverbot ist angesichts der grossen Reichweiten moderner Waffen und des Einsatzes von U-Booten militärisch nicht mehr sehr relevant.

Die letztes Jahr von der Uno-Abrüstungskommission verabschiedeten Richtlinien enthalten Bedingungen für die Schaffung kernwaffenfreier Zonen, die in Europa einstweilen nicht erfüllt sind. Die Richtlinien weisen u. a. darauf hin, dass der Schaffung einer solchen Zone alle Staaten einer Region zustimmen müssen und dass ein allfälliger Vertrag bestehende andere Verpflichtungen der teilnehmenden Staaten voll berücksichtigen muss.

Eine kernwaffenfreie Zone in Europa wird so lange schwer zu realisieren sein, als sowohl die Militärdoktrin Russlands als auch jene der Nato den Einsatz und die Stationierung von Kernwaffen nicht ausschliessen. Auch das neue strategische Konzept der Nato vom 24. April 1999 verzichtet nicht auf Kernwaffen. Mit der Nato-Osterweiterung ist die Idee einer europäischen Zone noch weniger realistisch geworden, und die meisten der dafür in Frage kommenden Staaten haben sie im Übrigen mehrmals ausdrücklich abgelehnt. 13 Staaten Ost- und Mitteleuropas (alles neue bzw. potentielle Nato-Mitglieder, darunter sämtliche in der Motion erwähnten möglichen Partner der Schweiz) haben letztes Jahr mehrmals die Schaffung einer solchen Zone ausdrücklich abgelehnt. Eine nur schweizerisch-österreichische Zone brächte weder für die Schweiz noch für Europa einen Sicherheitsgewinn.

Die Schweiz hat bereits mit der Ratifizierung des Vertrages über die Nichtverbreitung von Kernwaffen in völkerrechtlich bindender Weise auf Kernwaffen verzichtet und ist auch de facto eine kernwaffenfreie Zone. Auch gemäss Artikel 7 Absatz 1 des neuen Kriegsmaterialgesetzes vom 13. Dezember 1996 (SR 514.51) ist es verboten, Kernwaffen zu entwickeln, herzustellen, zu vermitteln, zu erwerben, jemandem zu überlassen, ein-, aus-, durchzuführen, zu lagern oder anderweitig über sie zu verfügen.

Der Bundesrat beantragt, die Motion abzulehnen.",24149,"19993648_1","Titel des 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Widen the range.","loyalty_chart_alt","Beeswarm plot of the dissent rate of {count} members, one dot per member, coloured by party. {ctx}","loyalty_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their votes, dissents and dissent rate. {ctx}","loyalty_col_member","loyalty_col_party","loyalty_col_group","loyalty_col_ballots","loyalty_col_dissents","Against","loyalty_col_rate","Dissent","loyalty_from","loyalty_to","loyalty_scale","Scale","loyalty_scale_log","Log","loyalty_scale_linear","Linear","loyalty_filters","Filters","cohesion_title","Group cohesion","cohesion_hint","mean Agreement Index (1 = unanimous)","section_alignment","Voting alignment","no_alignment","Not enough shared votes to compare.","view_all_alignment","View full alignment","alignment_agreed_of_shared","agreed on {agreed} of {shared} shared votes","sort_agreement","Agreement","sort_shared","Shared votes","facet_min_shared","Min. shared","min_shared_10","≥ 10","min_shared_20","≥ 20","min_shared_50","≥ 50","min_shared_100","≥ 100","section_body_alignment","body_alignment_subtitle","How members of this chamber vote relative to one another, from the votes they have in common. In the map, members who vote alike sit close together and opponents far apart. Colours are parties, so blocs and coalitions show up as clusters. The grid gives the average agreement between each pair of parties (the diagonal is each party's own internal cohesion).","alignment_from","alignment_to","alignment_view","View","alignment_view_scatter","Map","alignment_view_heatmap","Party grid","alignment_empty","Not enough votes in this window to build the model.","alignment_window_note","Most meaningful within a single legislative period: the model compares members from the votes they have in common. If the window spans an election or a change in composition, members with different terms barely overlap and positions become less comparable.","alignment_no_parties","No party groups to compare in this window.","alignment_scatter_alt","Scatter plot of {count} members placed by how similarly they voted, coloured by party. {ctx}","alignment_pairs","pairs","alignment_heatmap_note","Each cell is the average agreement between members of the two parties (diagonal = a party's internal cohesion). ± is the 95% confidence range and n the number of member-pairs behind it. A small range over many pairs means the alignment is well-established; a wide range means it's only suggestive.","alignment_heatmap_alt","Grid of the average voting agreement between {count} parties. {ctx}","alignment_members_heading","Members","alignment_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their agreement with the chamber and with their own party. {ctx}","alignment_col_member","alignment_col_party","alignment_col_votes","alignment_col_chamber","Aligns with chamber","alignment_col_party_align","Within party","alignment_zoom_in","Zoom in","alignment_zoom_out","Zoom out","alignment_zoom_reset","Reset zoom","alignment_filters","section_lobby","Lobby network","lobby_subtitle","The organizations members of this chamber declare in their register of interests, and where those ties overlap. In the network, members are dots (coloured by party) and organizations shared by two or more members are squares. Members who share the same organizations pull together. The breakdown shows how many mandates are paid versus unpaid, and who holds the most.","lobby_empty","No declared interests for this chamber in this window.","lobby_no_shared","No organizations are shared by two or more members here. See the breakdown.","lobby_network_alt","Network graph of {members} members and the {orgs} organizations they share, linked by declared interests. {ctx}","lobby_mandates","mandates","lobby_members_tied","members","lobby_unknown","Unknown","lobby_org_node","Organization","lobby_payment_heading","Paid vs unpaid mandates","lobby_top_orgs","Most-shared organizations","lobby_top_members","Members by mandates","discussion_title","Speech profiles","discussion_intro","Where members sit on a latent axis derived purely from the words they use in their speeches (Wordfish scaling).","discussion_calculating","Scaling speeches…","lobby_calculating","Computing lobby network…","discussion_error","The speech scaling could not be computed.","discussion_converged","Model converged","discussion_not_converged","Model did not fully converge. Read positions with extra caution.","discussion_members_scored","Members scored","discussion_vocab","Vocabulary","discussion_window","Window","discussion_show_all","discussion_show_reliable","Reliable only","discussion_methodology","How this is computed","discussion_range_label","Time range","discussion_range_1y","1 year","discussion_range_2y","2 years","discussion_range_4y","4 years","discussion_range_8y","8 years","discussion_plot_alt","Beeswarm plot of {count} members placed along a word-choice axis, one dot per member. {ctx}","discussion_plot_caption","Each dot is one member, placed by the words they use in their speeches. Members who reach for the same distinctive words sit close together; members who talk very differently sit far apart. So a member's spot isn't assigned by us; it comes out of how they actually speak. For example, someone who keeps saying “tax”, “budget” and “spending” lands far from someone who mostly says “asylum”, “border” and “integration”. Hover any dot for its details. Filled dots have enough speech to place reliably; hollow rings spoke too little, so read their position with caution.","discussion_empty","No speeches are available for this parliament, so its members can't be placed on the axis. This scaling reads the words members actually speak, and the data set only holds speech transcripts for a few parliaments: the federal chambers and a handful of cantons such as Bern, Basel-Stadt or St. Gallen. You can also try a longer time range above.","discussion_empty_sparse","There is too little speech transcript text for this parliament to place its members on the axis. Try a longer time range above.","discussion_pole_a","One pole","discussion_pole_b","Other pole","discussion_col_party","discussion_key_filled","Enough text (reliable)","discussion_key_ring","Below the word floor (low confidence)","discussion_align_title","Does the axis track party?","discussion_align_hint","How much of the spread in positions is explained by party membership (η²): 100% = parties are perfectly separated, ~0% = party tells you nothing.","discussion_align_strong","parties are clearly separated","discussion_align_moderate","parties are partly separated","discussion_align_weak","party barely explains the axis","discussion_poles_title","What the axis is made of","discussion_poles_hint","The words that most pull members towards each pole. The axis only means something once you read these. Its direction is arbitrary.","discussion_no_party","No party","discussion_col_name","discussion_col_position","Position","discussion_col_words","Words","discussion_col_speeches","discussion_low_confidence","low confidence","discussion_table_title","discussion_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their position on the word-choice axis. {ctx}","discussion_read_title","How to read this","discussion_read_direction","The axis direction is arbitrary: Wordfish finds the split, not which side is “left” or “right”. Read the word poles to see what each side means.","discussion_read_uncertainty","Positions are standardized, so the spread is a convention, not a real distance. Wider error bars (and hollow dots) mean less certainty, so don't over-read those members.","discussion_read_confound","Speech style reflects role as much as ideology: committee chairs, ministers and frequent speakers can land at a pole because of what they do, not only what they believe.","organizations_title","organizations_none","No organizations.","org_members","org_mandates","org_bodies","org_members_heading","org_members_table_alt","Table of {count} members with their party, body, role, payment and period. {ctx}","org_no_members","No members.","org_col_member","org_col_party","org_col_body","org_col_role","org_col_payment","Payment","org_col_period","sort_members","sort_mandates","Mandates","interest_unknown","lobby_panel_person","Declared organizations","lobby_panel_org","Members with this mandate","lobby_table_heading","Who is tied to what","lobby_table_explain","The full matrix marks every member against every shared organization: one dot per declared tie, the exhaustive view of who is tied to what.","lobby_table_large","For this chamber that is","lobby_table_cells","cells","lobby_table_show","Show table","lobby_table_alt","Table marking each of {count} members against the {orgs} organizations they are tied to, one dot per declared tie. {ctx}","lobby_select_hint","Select a member or organization to see its ties.","lobby_filters","lobby_error","The lobby network could not be computed.","lobby_clear_selection","Clear selection","close","not_found_person","Person not found","not_found_body","Parliament not found","not_found_affair","Affair not found","not_found_group","Committee or group not found","not_found_voting","Voting not found","not_found_meeting","Meeting not found","not_found_interest","Interest not found","not_found_organization","Organization not found","not_found_text","Text not found","not_found_doc","Document not found","not_found_speech","Speech not found","not_found_hint","There is no entry with the ID {id}. It may have been removed, or the link may be outdated.","not_found_back","Back to the overview","about","About","faq","FAQ","section_title","section_title_bodies","section_title_affairs","section_title_votings","section_title_texts","section_title_docs","section_subtitle_search","section_subtitle_discussion",{"_1627":1628,"_1644":810,"_1645":1646,"_1647":1648,"_1649":997,"_1328":570,"_1302":370,"_78":574,"_1650":577,"_1633":380,"_1651":1652,"_1653":781,"_1435":330,"_74":340,"_1630":482,"_19":350,"_76":580,"_81":360,"_1654":1107,"_1655":1241,"_1656":1277,"_1657":1241,"_1658":1659,"_1660":1241,"_1661":1662,"_1663":570,"_1664":749,"_1665":1241,"_1666":1648,"_1667":574,"_1634":449,"_1668":1669,"_1240":1241,"_1670":687,"_1253":1241,"_72":585,"_1671":1463,"_1672":1320,"_1673":1358,"_1674":1652,"_1675":1447,"_1635":390,"_1676":1439,"_1677":1241},"section_switcher",{"_1625":1626,"_1627":1628,"_1629":330,"_70":526,"_74":340,"_1630":482,"_1631":416,"_1302":370,"_81":360,"_1632":350,"_1633":380,"_1634":449,"_1635":390,"_1636":1637,"_1638":1639,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643},"section_title_speeches","section_title_groups","section_title_interests","section_title_meetings","section_title_organizations","label_section","Section","home","Home","people","affairs","groups","documents","interests","meetings","organizations","group_parliament","Actors","group_proceedings","Proceedings","group_records","Records","group_lobbying","Lobbying","search","eyebrow","Data on {{name}}","overview","Overview","personal_data","memberships","access_badges","Lobby","images","texts_overview","text_details","docs_overview","doc_details","votings_overview","Voting","voting_details","voting_diagram","Diagram","voting_tally","speeches_overview","speech_details","groups_overview","contributions","interests_overview","Interest","meetings_overview","vocabulary","loyalty","alignment","lobby","discussion","organizations_overview","org_details",{"_1735":1736,"_1737":1738,"_1679":1739,"_281":1740},"intro",{"_1681":1682,"_1683":1684,"_1685":1686,"_1687":1688,"_1689":1690,"_1691":1692,"_1693":1694},"en",{"_1695":1730,"_1697":1731,"_1699":1732,"_1701":1733,"_1703":1734},"de",{"_1695":1725,"_1697":1726,"_1699":1727,"_1701":1728,"_1703":1729},"fr",{"_1695":1720,"_1697":1721,"_1699":1722,"_1701":1723,"_1703":1724},"it",{"_1695":1715,"_1697":1716,"_1699":1717,"_1701":1718,"_1703":1719},"es",{"_1695":1710,"_1697":1711,"_1699":1712,"_1701":1713,"_1703":1714},"pt",{"_1695":1705,"_1697":1706,"_1699":1707,"_1701":1708,"_1703":1709},"rm",{"_1695":1696,"_1697":1698,"_1699":1700,"_1701":1702,"_1703":1704},"cookie","Nus duvrain mo cookies essenzials e funcziunals. Nagina analitica, nagin tracking.","dataLang","La Svizra ha quatter linguas naziunalas, e questas datas datti en pliras da quellas. Intgins records èn plurilings, auters mo en ina lingua. Vus pudais tscherner en tge lingua ch'il cuntegn vegn mussà; sche vossa tscherna n'è betg disponibla per in record, vegnan duvradas las autras linguas en in urden da prioritad fix. Quai è independent da la lingua da l'interfatscha. As lascha reglar sut Configuraziuns › Lingua dal cuntegn (sura a dretga).","alt","Questa pagina è era disponibla per rumantsch.","switch","Mussar per rumantsch","dismiss","Betg pli mussar","Utilizamos apenas cookies essenciais e funcionais. Sem análises, sem rastreio.","A Suíça tem quatro línguas nacionais, e estes dados existem em várias delas. Alguns registos estão em várias línguas, outros apenas numa. Pode escolher em que idioma os conteúdos são apresentados; quando a sua escolha não está disponível para um registo, as restantes línguas são usadas por uma ordem de prioridade fixa. Isto é independente do idioma da interface. Configure em Definições › Idioma dos conteúdos (canto superior direito).","Esta página também está disponível em português.","Ver em português","Não mostrar novamente","Solo utilizamos cookies esenciales y funcionales. Sin análisis, sin seguimiento.","Suiza tiene cuatro lenguas nacionales, y estos datos existen en varias de ellas. Algunos registros están en varias lenguas, otros en una sola. Puede elegir en qué idioma se muestra el contenido; cuando su elección no está disponible para un registro, se utilizan las demás lenguas en un orden de prioridad fijo. Esto es independiente del idioma de la interfaz. 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Certaines entrées sont en plusieurs langues, d'autres dans une seule. Vous pouvez choisir la langue d'affichage du contenu ; si votre choix n'est pas disponible pour une entrée, les autres langues sont utilisées selon un ordre de priorité défini. Ceci est indépendant de la langue de l'interface. Réglable dans Paramètres › Langue du contenu (en haut à droite).","Cette page est aussi disponible en français.","Voir en français","Ne plus afficher","Wir verwenden nur essenzielle, funktionale Cookies. Keine Analyse, kein Tracking.","Die Schweiz hat vier Landessprachen, und diese Daten liegen in mehreren davon vor. Manche Einträge sind mehrsprachig, andere nur in einer Sprache. Sie können wählen, in welcher Sprache die Inhalte angezeigt werden; ist Ihre Wahl für einen Eintrag nicht verfügbar, werden die übrigen Sprachen in einer festen Prioritätsreihenfolge verwendet. Dies ist unabhängig von der Oberflächensprache. Einstellbar unter Einstellungen › Inhaltssprache (oben rechts).","Diese Seite ist auch auf Deutsch verfügbar.","Auf Deutsch anzeigen","Nicht mehr anzeigen","We use only essential, functional cookies. No analytics, no tracking.","Switzerland has four national languages, and this data comes in several of them. Some records are in multiple languages, some in only one. You can choose which language the content is shown in; when your choice isn't available for a record, the remaining languages are used in a set priority order. This is independent of the interface language. Set it under Settings › Content language (top right).","This page is also available in English.","View in English","Don't show again","settings",{"_1803":1804,"_1805":1806,"_1807":1162,"_1808":1809,"_1810":1164,"_1811":1166,"_1812":1813,"_1814":1815,"_1816":1817,"_1818":1819,"_1820":1821,"_635":636,"_1822":1823,"_1824":1825,"_1826":1827,"_1828":1829,"_1830":1831},"nav",{"_1627":1749,"_1750":1751,"_1752":685,"_1753":1754,"_1755":1756,"_1636":1637,"_1638":1639,"_1640":1641,"_1642":1643,"_1629":330,"_70":526,"_1631":416,"_1630":482,"_74":340,"_1634":449,"_1302":370,"_81":360,"_1632":350,"_1633":380,"_1635":390,"_1757":1742,"_1758":1759,"_1605":1606,"_1760":1761,"_1607":1608,"_1762":1763,"_1764":1765,"_1766":1767,"_1768":1769,"_1770":1771,"_1772":1773,"_1774":1775,"_1776":1777,"_1778":1779,"_1780":1781,"_1782":1783,"_1784":1785,"_1786":1787,"_1788":1789,"_1790":1791,"_1792":1793,"_1794":1795,"_1796":1746,"_1797":1798,"_1799":1800,"_1801":1802},{"_1695":1730,"_1697":1731,"_1699":1732,"_1701":1733,"_1703":1734},{"_1741":1742,"_1743":1744,"_1745":1746,"_1747":1748},"project.title","Project","project.desc","About parlhub: what the portal is, answers to common questions, and how the data fits together.","experiments.title","Experiments","experiments.desc","Experimental analyses and methodology showcases on parlhub, including the Wordfish scaling of parliaments from their speeches.","parlhub home","skip_to_content","Skip to main content","explore","start","Start here","start_desc","Quicklinks to chambers, cantons and communes","project","project_desc","The project at a glance","about_desc","What parlhub is and who is behind it","faq_desc","Answers to common questions","sustainability","Sustainability","sustainability_desc","How parlhub is hosted and what it costs the planet","accessibility","Accessibility","accessibility_desc","What works, what doesn't, and how to report a barrier","traffic_stats","Traffic statistics","traffic_stats_desc","Which parts of the site get requested, and by whom","imprint","Imprint","imprint_desc","Who runs parlhub, contact, and the licenses","github","GitHub","github_desc","The project's source code on GitHub","data_guide","Data guide","data_guide_desc","Every kind of data, in plain terms, with examples","data_map","Data map","data_map_desc","How the data fits together, at a glance","methodology","Methodology","methodology_desc","How each figure is calculated, with links to the code","experiments","experiments_desc","Experimental analyses and methodology write-ups","wordfish","Wordfish scaling","wordfish_desc","Placing members on an axis by the words in their speeches","menu_label","Settings","appearance","Appearance","theme","theme_system","System","theme_light","theme_dark","font_size","Font size","font_size_decrease","Decrease font size","font_size_increase","Increase font size","high_contrast","High contrast","grayscale","Grayscale","interface_language","Interface","content_language","Content language","content_language_auto","Auto (follow interface)","content_language_note","Language of the displayed data (names, titles, texts). Independent of the interface; when a record isn't available, the next language is used.","content_language_priority","Priority",{"_1807":1833,"_1812":1834,"_1835":212,"_1836":199,"_1837":199,"_1838":212,"_1839":-5},"system",100,"show_cookie_consent_message","ui_high_contrast","ui_grayscale","msg_lang_hint","content_lang"]